Composition Liu Zongyuan

Liu Zongyuan: How much sadness is there in a cavity?

Brief introduction of the author

◆ Character lead

Adversity produces results. Sima Qian, a historian of the Han Dynasty, analyzed the creations of some ancient sages and said: "The ancient people are famous for their wealth, but the charming people are not famous." King Gavin was arrested and played a role in Zhouyi, while Zhong You wrote Chunqiu. Qu Yuan was exiled, while Li Sao was assigned. Zuo Qiu was blind, Mandarin was lost, and The Art of War was revised. He didn't move to Shu, and handed down Lu Lan and Han Fei to imprison Qin, saying unspeakable things and lonely anger. In fact, throughout the ages, how many people who have achieved immortal works have not been honed in adversity? Li Yu is like this, Su Shi is like this, and so is Liu Zongyuan.

● Writer file

Liu Zongyuan: 773 —8 19.

Font size: font thickness; Because he was from Hedong, he was finally appointed as the secretariat of Liuzhou, so he was called "Liu Hedong" or "Liu Liuzhou"

Time: Tang Dynasty

Native place: Hedong (now yongji city).

Life experience:

Liu Zongyuan was born in an official family for generations. His great-grandfather died because he offended Wu Zetian. His father, Jin Ryu, suffered an Anshi Rebellion when he was in Gaozong, and took refuge in the King of Wu with his family. After that, he wrote a letter and awarded an official position. He worked under Guo Ziyi and was promoted many times.

Liu Zongyuan is a child prodigy. History books say that he was "very elegant and sensitive" when he was a child, and "Zhuo Wei was good at writing". At the age of 20, he was the top scholar in the same subject as Liu Yuxi and was officially awarded the school book lang. At the age of thirty, I met Wang with Liu Yuxi and Lu Wen. Wang and others regarded him as a wizard, promoted him to be the minister of rites, and prepared to make great use of him. However, the "Wang Group" and the "Yongzhen Innovation" soon failed, and Liu Zongyuan was also demoted as the secretariat of Shaozhou because of his relationship with Wang. On his way to office, he was once again demoted to Sima Yongzhou. At the same time, Liu Yuxi and other six people were similarly punished, which is the "two kings and eight horses incident" in history.

He stayed in Yongzhou for ten years, which was a "barren land", so he "let himself go" and kept company with mountains and rivers. In the tenth year of Yuanhe (8 15), he returned to Beijing and Liuzhou as a secretariat until he died in Liuzhou in 8 19. Before his death, Liu Zongyuan wrote to his good friend Liu Yuxi and left the manuscript to him. Later, Liu Yuxi compiled the Collection of Liu Zongyuan.

Works: Collection of Works of Mr. Hedong

Fame: a famous writer, thinker, philosopher and politician in the Tang Dynasty. One of the active advocates of the ancient prose movement, he advocated the ancient prose movement in Tang Dynasty together with Han Yu, and called it "Liu Han". People often compare Wei Wu Ying with a great poet of his time. They are two famous pastoral poets (Wang Wei and Meng Haoran) after Wang Meng. Critics believe that they inherited the tradition of Tao Yuanming and were called "Wang Meng" with Wang Wei, Meng Haoran and Wei. Together with Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan in the Tang Dynasty, Ouyang Xiu, Su San, Wang Anshi and Ceng Gong in the Song Dynasty, they are called "the Eight Masters of Tang and Song Dynasties".

Second, the reasons for becoming famous

▲ Overview of contribution

Liu Zongyuan and Han Yu initiated and led an ancient prose movement in the literary world. They put forward a series of ideological theories and literary ideas. In the content of the article, in view of the shortcomings of parallel prose, such as not paying attention to the content and being empty, this paper puts forward the viewpoints of "the unity of literature and Taoism" and "the unity of literature and Taoism" The article requires to reflect the reality, and "injustice will sound", which is full of critical spirit of getting rid of the disadvantages of the times. In the form of the article, it is proposed to innovate the style, break through the shackles of parallel prose, and the sentence length is not limited, requiring innovative language to "speak out" and "speak out". In addition, it is also pointed out that "stand" first and then "stand". This is a progressive literary proposition.

Liu Zongyuan has made brilliant achievements in literature, and made outstanding contributions in poetry, prose, travel notes, fables, novels, essays and literary theories.

In addition to his literary achievements, Liu Zongyuan is also a famous thinker. In his works such as Non-Mandarin, Seasonal Theory, Criminal Argument, and Theory of Heaven, he explained the "time between heaven and man" (that is, the relationship between heaven and man) from the viewpoint of simple materialism and criticized the idealistic theory of destiny.

▲ Outstanding achievements

Liu Zongyuan's landscape travel notes are the most popular. They developed into an independent literary genre in the hands of Liu Zongyuan, and Liu Zongyuan was therefore called "the originator of travel notes". The famous masterpiece of Liu Zongyuan's landscape travel notes is Eight Records of Yongzhou. This "Eight Notes" is not a simple description of the scenery, but often expresses distant meanings in the scenery and expresses all kinds of grievances in the chest, which makes the landscape also human.

▲ Review materials

Su Shi's After the Collection of Poems by Huang Zisi said: "Hair is thicker than simple and ancient, but indifferent to taste."

Su Shi said: "It is almost impossible to be given by heaven." "What is more expensive than talking is that it is dry outside and creamy in the middle. It looks light and beautiful, and it is deep and heavy."

Yan Yu in Song Dynasty said: "The reason why Tang people learn Sao is only because their sons are thick."

Gong Wenxuan of the Ming Dynasty said, "The index of the Tang family is named Longcheng."

Jie Jin said: "The name of Zihou is Maihantang."

Wang Qiyuan, a native of Liuzhou in the Ming Dynasty, praised: "Liu's landscape is the best in the world and has already been developed. Hedong took Tang Wenchen as my willow secretary, so he opened my willow. "

196 1 year, when Guo Moruo came to Liuzhou to play, there was a poem saying: "Liuzhou Old Liu Hou Temple is virtuous for the people."

Third, the work is online.

◆ Overview of works

Liu Zongyuan's experience and creation can be roughly divided into three stages:

The first stage, adolescence. Liu Zongyuan's parents settled in Chang 'an (now Xi 'an, Shaanxi), with a farmhouse and many books. Liu Zongyuan was educated by his mother Lu from an early age. At the age of 4, he could read 14 ancient poems. /kloc-When he was 0/3 years old, he wrote Watching Cui Zhongcheng, He Ping and Li Huaiguang, which had a "strange name" a long time ago. He was ambitious when he was a teenager.

The second stage, the formal period. In the spring of the ninth year of Zhenyuan (793), 20-year-old Liu Zongyuan took the exam, entered the officialdom and participated in politics. In the first year of Jixian Temple Academy, he wrote "Love Monument in Yangcheng, Ye Si, Guo Yi", praising Dr. Yangcheng who had the courage to stick to his own opinions on national affairs; The following year, he wrote "Debate and Invasion", expressing his strong desire to persist in unity and oppose separatism.

The third stage is the period of relegation to Yuanzhou. In the winter of Yongzhenyuan, Liu Zongyuan arrived in Yongzhou. During my nine years in Yongzhou, I had the opportunity to deeply understand the people's sufferings, visited the scenic spots in the state and wrote many famous poems. Eight Notes of Yongzhou, Three Commandments, Anecdotes of Duan Taiwei, Zhen Fu, Non-Mandarin, Tian Shuo, Tian Dui and Snake Catcher are all works of this period.

◆ Reading and thinking of works

Selected Works 1: Eight Records of Yongzhou (Excerpt)

guide reading

After Liu Zongyuan was demoted to Yongzhou, his political opponents still refused to let him go. Rumors and slander, personal attacks, turned him into a "strange man", and a few years later, he still kept calling names. This shows the extent to which conservatives dislike him. In Yongzhou, cruel political persecution and hard living environment made Liu Zongyuan sad, angry, depressed and miserable. Coupled with several ruthless fires, his health was seriously damaged, even to the point where his knees trembled when he walked, but he was paralyzed when he sat down.

However, all kinds of persecution and hardships he suffered in his relegation career failed to shake Liu Zongyuan's political ideal. Although he was "rejected by everyone, he was no worse". During the 10 years when he was relegated to Yongzhou, Liu Zongyuan completed a major turning point in his life. In the face of all kinds of suffering, depression, grief and indignation from time to time, he toured everywhere, seeking novelty and winning, in order to broaden his mind and gain spiritual comfort. The famous Eight Chapters of Yongzhou is the crystallization of traveling under this mentality.

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Eight Records of Yongzhou

liu zongyuan

(1) Travel Notes of Xishan Banquet.

I am a person, and I live in a state. Always anxious. The time period is also the same, then give and do, and travel for a long time. The sun is not far from climbing mountains, entering deep forests and returning to streams and secluded springs and rocks. When you arrive, you will sit on the grass and get drunk. If you are drunk, you will lie on the pillow and dream. The meaning is extreme and the dream is very interesting. Get up, get up, come back. I thought all the scenery in this state was different, but I didn't know the strangeness of the Western Hills.

On September 28th this year, I started pointing fingers because I was sitting in Fahua Xiting and watching the Western Hills. So he ordered his servants to cross the Xiangjiang River, where the riverside was stained, hazel trees were wild, grass was burning, and poor mountains were high. Climb, climb, squat, roam, and then the soil in several States is under the mat. However, the trend of its competition is bleak. If it is like a cave with a size of thousands of miles, it is accumulated and accumulated, so it can't be hidden. It is blue and dazzling, and looks like the sky outside. Later, I learned that the mountain is unique, not like Peiyuan, but like heroism. Swimming with the creator, but I don't know what he is. If you are full of action, you will be drunk and ignorant. Pale but dusk, from far away, I can't see anything, but still don't want to return. The shape of the heart is in harmony with everything. Then I know I haven't started swimming yet. I have already started swimming, so I am writing for it. Its ages are years old, yuan and four years.

The story of Koishiyama.

From Xishan Road north to Huangmaoling, there are two roads: one goes west and gets nothing; One is less in the north and east, but 40 feet, the soil is broken, the two rivers are separated, and there are accumulated stones across its vast expanse. It is the shape of a beam; Next to the castle pier, if there is a door, you can see that it is black, throwing pebbles, and there is water in the cave, which has been ringing for a long time. The ring can look far up. Without soil, a beautiful arrow was born, strange and firm, and strange was suppressed, which is also applied by the wise.

Hey! I have long doubted the existence of the creator, and the more I think about it, the more I feel that it is sincere. I also blame it for not being classified as a barbarian in Zhongzhou, and it is useless to sell it for thousands of years. If it is not suitable for God, it will be fruitless. Or: comfort your husband and feel ashamed of this person. Or: its spirit of qi is not for great men, but for things, so there are few people and many stones in southern Chu. I don't trust them.

Overall perception

Eight Notes on Yongzhou includes eight articles in turn, such as Travel Notes of Shide Xishan Banquet, Kunteng Xishan, Little Shitang to Xiaoqiu in Kunteng West, Yuan Jiake, Shiqu, Shi Jian and Little Rock Mountain. The eight notes are independent and interrelated. On the one hand, "Eight Records" accurately reproduces the beautiful landscape, making the readers immersive; On the other hand, it weaves their own frustrations and worries into it, and their own figures emerge everywhere, truly blending the scene, which makes Yongzhou shrouded in a rich melancholy mood.

The first banquet on a journey to the west means "beginning", with concise and vivid language and vivid description. Through the description of what I saw and felt when I climbed to the top of the Western Hills, I enthusiastically praised the strangeness of the Western Hills, showing the noble character of the author who stood up in nature and got spiritual relief.

At the beginning of the article, the author's situation and state of mind were revealed from the fear and roaming after being demoted, which made the natural scenery in the work closely combined with the author's life experience and formed a strong contrast with the noisy and ugly social reality. The author has traveled all over Yongzhou, thinking that I have all the wonders of Yongzhou, but "I don't know the wonders of the western hills."

Next, I wrote about the discovery of Xishan and my first trip to Xishan, focusing on what I saw and felt at the top of the mountain. Climbing high and overlooking, its competitive trend is like a cave, thousands of miles in size, many a mickle makes a mickle, invisible and dazzling, and shaped like a sky. Then knowing is the uniqueness of the mountain, which is different from training. You are full of enthusiasm, but you can't get it; Swimming with the creator, but I don't know what he is.

The author's description does not directly focus on the scenery of the western hills, but uses the perspective principle to describe the prospect obtained from the distant view. Through their mutual contrast and vivid rendering, a colorful landscape picture is formed. The author has great political ambition and noble character without power. His repeated contrast, deliberate exaggeration and warm praise of the peculiar features of Xishan Mountain are the self-expression of his noble character of standing upright and standing out from the crowd in adversity. In the face of such beautiful scenery, the author "was drunk when he was drunk, and he didn't know what was going on" until "the twilight came from afar and he didn't want to return." The release of the heart, and the combination of all things. "At that time, the author was often worried and full of resentment. However, the feeling of being integrated with nature and detached from things gained by climbing to the top of the Western Hills swept away the author's troubles and anger, and he was relieved mentally for the time being.

Koishiyama's story is the last of the eight stories in Yongzhou. At first, the author focuses on describing the shape, layout and strange scenery of Koishiyama, and then turns to discussing the existence of the creator, criticizes the concept of fate with a skeptical pen, and at the same time pours out his grief and indignation at being relegated and having great ambitions. The article is ups and downs, and the length is thousands of miles. As the predecessors said: "There is a small scene in front of the pen, and there is a strange feeling outside the pen." The author writes about the scenery of Koishiyama, mainly to express a feeling. At that time, some people thought that beautiful things were used by heaven to comfort insulted sages, while others thought that beautiful scenery was caused by the spirit of exquisite beauty, which the author denied.

"alas! I doubt whether the creator has existed for a long time. Yes, the more I think it's sincere. It is also blamed that it is not Zhongzhou, but Yidi, and it is useless to sell it for thousands of years. If god is not suitable for this, is there no result? Or: comfort your husband and feel ashamed of this person. Or: its spirit of qi is not for great men, but only for this thing, so there are few people and many stones in southern Chu. Both, I don't believe it. "

The author's feelings in this article are closely combined with the life experience in the above article. If you believe in providence, then the author's condemnation is providence, so don't worry about injustice. If you believe that these beautiful scenery are used by heaven to comfort sages, you will inevitably be narcissistic and forget your grievances of persecution. It is precisely because the author does not believe in these things that he combines his personal life experience with mountains and rivers to write in a harmonious way. From these landscapes, the author shows that he doesn't believe in providence and laments his ideological interest in persecution:

Pay you with a cavity of worry, how much sorrow and smoke!

Reading and thinking in hand

Yongzhou, now Lingling, Hunan, was an undeveloped area in the Tang Dynasty, remote and desolate. Sima Yong Zhou is only a nominal position for placing exiled officials. As an innovator with great political aspirations, Liu Zongyuan is always worried about being persecuted more seriously under such circumstances, and his depression and anguish can be imagined. But it is in such a harsh environment that Liu Zongyuan has made such brilliant and outstanding achievements. How do you feel after reading it?

Puzzle reference

It can be said that the ten years in Yongzhou were the most difficult, difficult and lonely years in Liu Zongyuan's life, but as the saying goes, misfortune is like a blessing and misfortune is like leaning on. This decade's poverty has really created the peerless demeanor of ancient Chinese writers. In this environment and in this mood, Liu Zongyuan's melancholy talent was strongly aroused. He spoke as a text, so he was sad. Eight Chapters of Yongzhou, The Snake Catcher, The Three Commandments, The Anecdotes of Duan Taiwei ... These represent the highest achievements of Liu Zongyuan, and all the famous chapters in the history of prose are written in this remote and lonely Yongzhou. Fortunately and unfortunately, I can say it!

Selected Book 2: Biography of Planting Trees and Camels

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The ancients were diligent in planting trees, which benefited them. Therefore, the poems of literati in past dynasties were inspired, and they often recited their favorite poems in trees. Tao Yuanming planted five willows in front of the door after he retired in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and left a poem "Wandering under the window, gathering willows in front of the hall". When Du Fu, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, was playing in Huanhuaxi, Chengdu, Sichuan Province because of the war, he asked local acquaintances for peach saplings. "Planting hundreds of peaches in the air and sending them to Huanhuaxi before spring" is a vivid portrayal. After Liu Zongyuan was demoted to the history of Liu Ci, he planted many trees along the coast of Liuzhou, and once left the saying that "Liu Ci history of Liuzhou, planting trees along the Liujiang River". His essay "Biography of Planting Trees and Camels" not only has high scientific value to guide tree planting, but also has great allegorical significance.

main body

Biography of planting trees and camels

Guo Tuo, I don't know this name. Those who can't afford to fall ill have people like camels, camels in their hometown. The camel heard this and said, "Very good. Say my name. " Because of its name, it also calls itself Camel Cloud.

Its hometown is Fengle Township, in the west of Chang 'an. Camel industry plants trees, and all the rich people in Chang 'an are eager to welcome and raise them for sightseeing and selling fruits. Trees planted by camels, or migrated, survived; And it's lush, with few fleas. Although other growers are also watching the effect, they can't be like this.

When asked about this, he said: "Camels can't let trees survive and reproduce, so they can adapt to the nature of trees, so their nature is not good." As far as the nature of planting trees is concerned, it hopes to be comfortable, its cultivation hopes to be flat, its soil hopes to be old and its buildings hope to be dense. Now that you're gone, don't move, don't worry, don't look back. If it is also a child, if it is abandoned, it will be perfect and its nature is good. Therefore, I don't harm its long term, and there is no need to have a strong and prosperous one. In fact, it's just that it is not a flea, but it is also a flea. Others are not: roots are fists, and soil is easy. It is also cultivated, if not too much, it will be inferior. If you have the opposite ability, you will love too much and worry too much. When I looked at it, I caressed it, but I had already left, looking back; More importantly, it touches its skin with its claws to test its health and dryness, shakes its roots to observe its density, and the nature of wood is separated from it every day. Although you love it, it is actually harmful; Although I am worried about it, I actually hate it, so what can I do if I don't do it? "

The questioner said: "Is it ok to mobilize official management through children?" Yan said, "I only know how to plant trees. Official management is not my business. However, I live in my hometown, and I am good at communicating with people. I was very annoyed at his orders. If I am poor, I will die in the disaster. At dusk, the official came and shouted:' The official ordered me to plow, sow and harvest, and the fleas spun and knitted. The words were still young, so I became a chicken and a dolphin!' Collect drums, knock on wood, and call them. My little man dropped out of school to be an official. He has no leisure time. Why should he like my life and protect my nature? Therefore, it is morbid and dangerous. If so, is it similar to our industry? "

The questioner smiled and said, "What a good husband! I asked about raising trees, and I have to raise people. " Pass this story on as an official warning.

Appreciation guidance

It is a traditional practice for ancient China literati to comment on the emperor or the upper rulers by fable. The main idea of this paper is to talk about the nature of obeying the people in order to support the people and rule the road. However, the article is not dialectical in theory, but through biography of Guo Tuo, introducing the experience of planting trees, and then transferring the way of planting trees to official management, skillfully linking "planting trees" with "supporting people" and skillfully explaining the truth of obeying the people to support them. It exposes and satirizes the harassment and infringement of the harsh policies and orders of the rulers on the people, and puts forward the political proposition of "leniency and simplicity" to make the people live and work in peace and contentment.

Reading and thinking in hand

Analyze the writing characteristics of this fable.

Puzzle reference

1, concise and vivid.

In an article, brevity and vividness are not easy to survive. This fable biography is both concise and vivid. Conciseness embodies the characteristics of historical biography, while vividness contains literary interest. For example, the first paragraph introduces the characters, and only uses the words "Long Ran Fu Xing" to write the image characteristics of the characters; And use "very good. The words "I am solid" describe the character. In this way, through concise narration and vivid description, an extraordinary "camel" image will stand out. In just a few words, this perfect combination of historical writing and literary expression shows the author's superb language expression ability.

2. Contrast and contrast.

The starting point of this biography writing is to take "planting trees" as the metaphor of "governing the people", and the writing method of contrast and contrast is also the need of this fable style.

Contrast can highlight the characteristics of things, show the differences between things, strengthen the strength of reasoning, and even receive self-evident results. The comparison in this paper is narrative, such as the comparison of two tree planting methods; There are discussions, such as Guo Tuo's induction of his own tree planting methods and his criticism of "others".

Set-off is the writing of mutual care, which strengthens the expression effect through the echo of context or meaning. This paper first talks about "raising trees" and then "raising people", which in itself adopts the writing method of contrast. In this way, the topics about trees and people are integrated and complement each other, which enhances the momentum of the article. Examples of semantic contrast, such as Guo Tuo's talk about "raising trees", begin with "I can't let trees live and grow" and end with "What can I do?" This has played a role in strengthening my point of view in self-modesty; The beginning and end of the paragraph about "cultivating people" also echo in this way.

3. Elegant and ironic.

At the end of this article, the writing intention is expressed in one sentence, that is, "tell this story as an official warning." It has the characteristics of euphemism and implication, and it is also mixed with humorous elements. Liu Zongyuan's biography is also admonished through stories, which determines his "graceful and ironic" style. This style is basically expressed through the words of the characters. For example, in the fourth paragraph, a camel who "knows how to plant trees" wants to stop talking and reveals the disadvantages of official management with a simple analogy, which is quite ironic. Some of these words, such as "Reason is none of my business", "If you are very sympathetic, you will die of disaster" and "If you are, it is similar to my business", are tactfully humorous and contain endless meanings.

Selected Edition 3: Preface to Yuxi Poetry

guide reading

There are no pavilions, romantic leisure, brilliant and successful official life, only complaints and resentment that have been demoted. How can I spit out the obstacles in my chest?

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Preface to Yuxi's poems

There is a stream in the sun and a drizzle in the east. Or: Ran's family tasted the house, so it was named, namely. Or: You can dye it. It is named after its ability, so it is called Dyeing Creek. Stupidly touch the crime and jump into the water. Love is a stream. When you enter the second or third mile, you will get the greatest benefit from it. In ancient times, there was the Gong Yu Valley. Today, home is a stream, but the name is uncertain. People living in the soil are still [teeth] [teeth], so there are not many people, so it is called Yuxi.

Buy a mountain above Yuxi, it's a stupid mountain. Walking 60 steps from the northeast of Yu Qiu, you get a spring and buy it. It's a stupid spring. Yuquan six points are all built from the mountain. The confluence bends to the south, which is a stupid ditch. Therefore, it is a foolish pool to bear the burden of mud and stones and block its passage. To the east of the stupid pool is the stupid hall. To the south of it is a stupid pavilion. In the pool, this is a stupid island. The dislocation of beautiful trees and different stones is a wonder of mountains and rivers, which can give old people salt and be humiliated by stupidity.

A wise man is happy when there is plenty of water. Today, it is a shame to see a fool alone. Why? Cover with water, so that it can't be irrigated; It's so steep and rocky that big ships can't get in. Quiet and shallow, the dragon disdains, can't make love, can't benefit the world, and is suitable for giving, but although it is humiliating and stupid, it can also be.

Ning Wuzi said: "The country is stupid if it has no way", and wisdom is stupid. Yan zi is "stupid all day long" and sharp and stupid. No one is really stupid. Today, I was treated properly, but I violated my reason and acted improperly. Therefore, whoever is a fool is a fool. If you are a husband, you can't fight for a stream in the world, you can be famous for it.

Although the stream is not beneficial to the world, it is good at learning all kinds of things, clear and transparent. It can make fools laugh and admire, but it won't go. Although giving is not in line with the custom, it is equivalent to masturbating with pen and ink, washing everything, and holding all kinds of cages without avoiding them. Singing a stupid song about a stupid stream is at a loss without violating it, but unconscious, reaching the same goal, surpassing the HarmonyOS system, mixing with foreigners, and being lonely without knowing what I know. So he wrote "Poems of Eight Fools" and recorded it on a flowing stone.

Overall appreciation

Reading Liu Zongyuan's Preface to Yuxi Poetry is not only because of his uneven situation, but also because of the ingenious artistic techniques of the article. The ancients said: if it is unfair, there must be sound. Liu Zongyuan's malicious resentment can't be said, but he dare not say it directly; You can't help complaining, but you dare not complain directly. Because if you are not careful, you will lose your life Rainbow Wen Shu. Liu Zongyuan is a master of prose after all. This poem "Preface to Yuxi", as "Preface to Eight Fools' Poems", skillfully expressed his heartfelt wishes.

In the whole article, "stupidity" is a clue, and "stupidity" is everywhere, but where is it? It is not difficult to find the answer by reading the article. There are some words in this article, such as Yuxi, Yu Qiu, Yuquan, Yugou, Yuchi, Yutang and Yudao. It seems that this "stupidity" lies in mountains and rivers. But what's stupid about mountains and rivers? There is no doubt that the author is talking about people through streams and comparing himself with streams. The article said: "Suitable for giving."

So what do Liu Zongyuan and Yu Xi have in common? Cover it up, you can't irrigate it, you can't have sex, you can't benefit the world. Is Liu Zongyuan really "stupid" and useless? A little understanding of the author and his writing background will reveal that he is not "stupid" at all. He entered the North Korean government and tried to reform, but failed and was demoted because he touched the interests of those in power. Since Liu Zongyuan is not stupid, who is stupid? This question touches the key of the article. Liu Zongyuan devoted himself to the reform of the country and the people, but when he was attacked, no one saw his loyalty and justice. Who is the fool, is it not clear? Step by step, we can know that the author is hurting himself with "stupidity", which is an irony: all people are "stupid", but only I know. After reading this step, I can understand why Liu Zongyuan made such a complaint without being killed. It turned out that he hid his ideas behind layers of cover.

Reading and thinking in hand

Why does the author say that Ning Wuzi and Yan Zi are "not real fools"?

Puzzle reference

Here, the author comprehensively uses the methods of contrast and contrast to highlight his "stupidity". Ning Wuzi can distinguish "Tao" from "no Tao", and "Tao" is "wisdom" and "no Tao" is "stupidity", which shows that it is not really "stupidity"; Although Yan Zi never mentioned different opinions when listening to Confucius' lectures, he did understand what the teacher said, which showed that he got the message, but he just didn't say it. This is not really "stupid". And "I" met a wise monarch but said unreasonable things and did unreasonable things. This is the real "stupidity". The author said that Ning Wuzi and Yan Zi "can't be real fools". First, judging from the facts, these two people are really "still wiser than fools". More importantly, it can fully show that only they are real fools. In self-mockery, the grievances in my heart and my dissatisfaction with Xianzong are very strong, leaving no handle.

Fourth, anecdotes

Demote Liuzhou

Liu Zongyuan lived in Yongzhou for ten years. At the age of 43, I suddenly received a letter from the emperor calling him to Beijing. He was so happy that he thought he could go back to his hometown again.

Liu Zongyuan was summoned to Beijing together with his good friend Liu Yuxi and other four demoted officials. It turned out that some ministers in power at that time pitied their talents and suggested recalling them for use. But as soon as they arrived in Chang 'an, some ministers who hated them spoke ill of them in front of Tang Xianzong:

"Your Majesty, Liu Zongyuan and his gang hold a grudge against you, but they can't be reused!"

"Your majesty, they have what" innovation ",just want to be high, ambition can be big! In any case, you can't leave them in the court to be an official! "

Tang Xianzong listened to the straight nod. Within a month, five officials, including Liu Zongyuan, were sent to remote areas to be officials. Liu Zongyuan was sent to Liuzhou (now Liuzhou, Guangxi) to be the governor of a state. Although the official position is higher than Sima, the place is farther and more remote than Yongzhou. In fact, it is another exile. Although Liu Zongyuan was disappointed, he still went and did some good things for the people. At that time, Liuzhou was overgrown with vegetation, sparsely populated, frequented by poisonous snakes and beasts, and theft and robbery became a common practice. Most of the residents live in huts, most of them are illiterate and superstitious, and the mortality rate of people and animals is high, and there is a desolate and horrible atmosphere everywhere.

Liu Zongyuan is determined to change the face here. He formulated a series of laws and took various measures to lead the people to reclaim wasteland, develop production, plant trees, rectify public order and set up schools, which made Liuzhou have a new atmosphere in a short time. He also released more than 1000 handmaiden and reunited with his family.

In spring, he went to Qiu Lai. In the blink of an eye, Liu Zongyuan has been in Liuzhou for more than three years. At first, the willows he planted by the river were covered by trees. This symbolizes his work achievements in recent years and makes him happy. He intends to do more good for the people. However, due to overwork and poor living conditions, his health became worse and worse, and he finally fell ill. After treatment by local famous doctors, the effect is not good. The following winter, Liu Zongyuan died at the age of 47.

(2) Please transfer for Liu Yuxi.

Just when Liu Zongyuan was transferred to Liuzhou Secretariat, Liu Yuxi was also transferred to Bozhou. Liu Zongyuan thinks Bozhou is too bitter to live in, and Liu Yuxi has an old mother in court, so he can't bear to go there to suffer. But if his mother doesn't go with Liu Yuxi, it may be the mother and son forever.

Therefore, he wrote to the emperor, requesting to exchange his position of Liuzhou secretariat with Liu Yuxi, so that Liu Yuxi could personally go to Liuzhou to broadcast state affairs. In order to fulfill his friend's filial piety, he volunteered to go to an "uninhabited" place to suffer, and he might never get out. His lofty spirit is really admirable.

Due to Liu Zongyuan's request and other ministers' intercession, Liu Yuxi was finally transferred to Lianzhou, and Liu Zongyuan still went to Liuzhou to work. This event not only goes down in history, but is often written by later generations when editing anthologies of Tang poetry and writers' profiles.

(3) Pawn

After Liu Zongyuan arrived in Liuzhou, he found that the poor people in Liuzhou often pawned their children for money. If the pawn cannot be redeemed at maturity, both the pawnbroker and the pawnbroker will become rich handmaiden. Liu Zongyuan tried his best to redeem these pawned people and go home to reunite with his family. He tried to get the extremely poor people to exchange their labor for pawn money. When their families died, he used his own money to redeem those pawned people, so that they would not fall into the miserable fate of others' handmaiden. His kindness is really a "parent official" and has won the respect and love of the local people. People admire his personality and articles because he traveled thousands of miles in the south from Zongyuan as a scholar. After his personal guidance, his articles have made great progress, and people respectfully called him "Liu Longzhou", and his reputation spread like wildfire.

Five, wonderful quotations

"Fiona Fang can't see anything for 300 miles, only fuzzy Woods and mountains, and the meandering Jiuqu River in our stomachs."

"The disadvantages of the husband are great, nothing more than accepting bribes and chaos."

"If you want to become 100 billion, you will climb to the top and see your hometown."

"The hibiscus flowers on the moat were blown by the wind, and the vines on the wall were whipped by the oblique rain. We can't see anything within 300 miles, only a vague forest and mountains, and nine river bends winding in our stomachs. "

6. Appreciation of excellent works

Liu Zongyuan's Time and Space

Nature makes people. Whether it is free and easy Li Bai, serious Du Fu, loyal Qu Yuan or natural Tao Qian, people always seem to be unable to escape the trick of fate. They can't get what they seek, but they long for what they can't get, and persistent and noble Liu Zongyuan is no exception.