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The origin of mahjong tiles

Now people are familiar with mahjong tiles, and there is a sad story in the legend.

Once upon a time, there was a teenager whose parents died. His surname is Ma, and he has only one name. He is smart, diligent and competitive, but his family is poor.

One day, a general won in North Korea. He was dressed in red and rode a big horse, which attracted citizens to watch in the street. Centaur is one of them. He looked around at the commander-in-chief and said to his companions around him, "I want to be the commander-in-chief in the future, so I can be the commander-in-chief!" " Hearing this, his companions laughed their heads off and laughed at him: "a thousand troops are easy to get, but generals are hard to find;" You can't even eat, but you still want to be a general? "

Upon hearing this, Mamin said nothing. From then on, he began to practice martial arts in the dark. Seeing that he wanted to be a general, his companions nicknamed him "Mahjong". Later, I called Shun, but I forgot my real name.

It won't be long before mahjong can be practiced. Because only practicing martial arts and not working, there is no food, and the stick can't move. I have no choice but to work first to earn money to buy food.

Mahjong has the ability to rub hemp rope with one hand, which is fast and good, so many people ask him to work. "Hey, mahjong, come to my house to rub it today." "Mahjong, come to my house to rub it tomorrow." In this way, rub the hemp rope for the boss today and rub the hemp rope for the family tomorrow. Mahjong simply gave up practicing martial arts and started the business of selling hemp rope in the Jianghu. I secretly swear in my heart that if I can't be a general, I should at least be a monopoly!

Since then, mahjong has always had strings of different sizes. When it earns a penny, it is strung together with thread. What the mouth says is, "One copper, two copper, three copper …" After nine copper coins are tied in a circle, they are called a string. There are ten strings, called ten thousand strings. He also prepared four whiteboard boxes, which he planned to store up to 100,000 and fill with four boxes.

After a lot of hardships, he finally accumulated 90 thousand, and his friends advised him: "You have experienced so many spring, summer, autumn and winter, and your temples are stained with frost;" Traveling all over the southeast and northwest, I not only watched Mei Zhu Lanju everywhere, but also suffered from wind, frost, rain and snow. Don't concentrate on getting rich, but also take care of yourself and go home and enjoy life. "Mahjong listened to, feel reasonable, and went home.

But when Mahjong came home, I was shocked: all four whiteboard boxes were empty.

It turns out that mahjong is bent on making money, all for money and neglecting discipline for children. His son built a house, married and had children for ostentation and extravagance, and spent all his hard-earned money like water. When Mahjong learned the truth, he was so angry that he smashed four whiteboard boxes into pieces and soon became angry.

Mahjong friends rushed over to help with the funeral. They collected the broken whiteboard boxes. Strangely, these fragments are all about the same size, with a total of 144 pieces. To commemorate Mahjong, they carved his life experience on the board. Since then, there have been Tongzi cards, Wanzi cards, Southeast and Northwest cards, Meilan Zhuju cards, Caifu cards, Whiteboard cards and Hong Zhong cards, which are called "Mahjong Cards" and soon became popular among the people.

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The Origin of Mahjong Once upon a time, there was a man named March. He is smart, diligent and competitive, but he lives a poor life.

One day, a general won the victory in North Korea. He wore red clothes, rode on a high horse and marched in the street. Local citizens crowded in the street to watch. March and his companions were among them. He looked around at the commander-in-chief and said to his companions, "I want to be the commander-in-chief in the future."

From then on, he began to practice martial arts in the dark. Seeing that he really wanted to be a general, his companions nicknamed him "Mahjong".

Mahjong has the ability to rub hemp rope with one hand. It is fast and good, and many people invite him. In this way, he scrimped and saved a sum of money, and mahjong started the business of selling hemp rope. He secretly swore in his heart that he would be a millionaire if he didn't become a general!

Mahjong is equipped with fine hemp ropes of different sizes. If you earn a penny, wear it with a thin rope. You also like to say "one copper, two copper, three copper ..." After nine copper coins, add another copper coin and tie it into a circle, which is called a string. One beam, two beams, three beams ... After nine beams, one more beam is called Wan. He prepared four whiteboard boxes. The first goal is to deposit100000, which is exactly 4 boxes. Mahjong has gone through a lot of hardships and finally accumulated to 90 thousand yuan. His friend advised him: "Mahjong, you have experienced spring, summer, autumn and winter, and it is already silver frost on your temples. You have experienced the joy of seeing Mei Lan and Zhu Ju all over the world, and you have also experienced the hardships of traveling around the world, suffering from wind, frost, rain and snow. Don't concentrate on making a fortune, but also take care of yourself, discipline your children and enjoy your old age. " Mahjong listened, felt reasonable, and went home.

However, when Mahjong came home, he was shocked. Four crates are empty!

It turns out that mahjong is all about money, ignoring the education of children. His son has a successful career, building a house, marrying and having children, and spending hard-earned money like water. Mahjong smashed four whiteboard boxes when he learned the truth. Soon, he died of illness.

Mahjong friends rushed over to help with the funeral. They collected the broken whiteboard boxes. Strangely, these pieces are all about the same size, totaling 144 pieces. In order to commemorate mahjong, they carved the life experience of mahjong on the board, so they had barrels, bundles, millions, southeast and northwest winds, plum blossoms, bamboo chrysanthemums, wealth, whiteboards and red cards, which were called "mahjong cards". Since then, mahjong tiles have spread among the people.

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According to relevant data, there used to be a royal granary in Taicang County, Jiangsu Province, which hoarded rice for the "South Grain to North Transfer Project" all the year round. Many natural birds suffer from food, and a lot of food is lost every year because of the pain of birds. In order to reward the bird catcher and protect the grain, the officials in charge of the granary recorded the number of birds with bamboo pieces and paid them accordingly. This is Taicang's "food protection card". This card is engraved with various symbols and numbers, which can be watched and played, and can also be used as a voucher for exchanging bonuses. The games, symbols and appellations of this kind of food protection card are all related to bird catching.

For example, the pattern of "barrel" is the cross section of powder gun, and "barrel" is the barrel, and several barrels represent several powder guns. "Rope" means "bundle", which means birds strung together with thin ropes, so the pattern of "one rope" is represented by birds, and several ropes are bundles of birds. The bonus is calculated according to the number of birds. "Ten thousand" is the unit that rewards money, and ten thousand is the number of rewards.

There is also "southeast and northwest" as the wind direction, so it is called "wind", and the wind direction should be considered when shooting birds with gunpowder. "Hua Bai Fa": "Hua" means to fight, so it is red; "White" is a whiteboard, emitting blank; "Fa" means to make a fortune.

The terms of playing mahjong are all related to catching birds and protecting food. Such as "bang" or "bang". Another example is called "paste", which is homophonic with "paste" and "stork" The stork is an eagle that catches birds. In addition, terms such as "eat" and "bar" are also related to bird catching. Then why is it called "mahjong"? In Taicang dialect, "sparrow" is called "mahjong", so playing mahjong is naturally called playing mahjong.

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Mahjong's real name should be "Mojiang", which is the 108 hero of Water Margin. According to legend, there was a man named Wan Bingtiao at the end of Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of Ming Dynasty, who praised the Liangshan heroes written by Shi Naian. He wanted to let the dignitaries know the story of Liang Shanbo, and then he invented mahjong to love and protect the people and integrate the heroes of Liang Shanbo into this game. Mahjong is based on 108 cards, which are metaphors of 108 heroes respectively. For example, nine of them are called Nine Dragons, two are called Shuang Bian Hu, and one is called Black Cyclone jy.

The reason why it is divided into three categories: ten thousand, cake and strip is that it takes the homonym of its own name. There are four cards in each category from one to nine, which is exactly 108. Article 108 gathered in Liangshan from all directions, so add up the four squares of east, west, south, north and noon, and each square has 20 cards. These heroes are rich and poor, so if you add "fat" and "white" to represent the rich and the poor, and add eight cards, the whole deck is 136.

Later, various cards were added, and the whole deck was 144. There is also a folk joke that playing mahjong at a square table is not only in four directions, but also refers to the four seasons of spring, summer, autumn and winter, with thirteen cards for each person, because there are thirteen weeks in a season. The four seasons are 52 weeks, * * * 364 days, plus the day you win, representing the last day of the year * * * 365 days, which is exactly a year. This is another kind of joke.

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The earliest record of mahjong in China is the Mahjong Classic written by Yang Danian in Song Dynasty. The content is similar to today's mahjong. In the development of Mahjong in Qing Dynasty, there was no "one bird" (one rope), and the seven characters were "Gong", "Hou", "Jiang", "Xiang", "Wen", "Wu" and "Bai". The Qing court suspected that these seven words were related to the anti-Qing dynasty and the restoration of sight, so it ordered the ban. During the Daoguang period, Chen Shimen, a scholar, traveled around in his brother's boat, and the crew on board were bored by gambling. Chen Shimen watched it day by day, so he had the idea of improving gambling tools. When the ship was sailing, the wind direction changed from time to time, so he changed the prince to the southeast and northwest wind. At that time, the currency system of trading ships in various places was that ten barrels were equivalent to one rope and ten ropes were equivalent to ten thousand. Among them, the "barrel" is a copper coin with a hole in the middle, and the rope is a bunch of copper coins strung together. So he uses them in mahjong, but one string and two strings are easily confused. One day, when he saw the bird on the boat, he had a brainwave and turned a rope into a "bird". Mahjong has begun to take shape, but what should be changed? Chen Shimen was heartbroken for this. Once the crew played chess and fired at each other, saying, "My guns hit every time." . Hearing this, Master Chen changed Wenwu's hair into white hair, which is our mahjong today.

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Mahjong tiles (also known as sparrow tiles) evolved from the popular horse tiles and mahjong tiles in the late Ming Dynasty. And entertainment games such as horse cards and cards are inextricably linked with Bo Xi, the oldest entertainment game in China history. Even "blood" relationship. Nowadays, popular chess and other games are developed, derived and evolved on the basis of Bo Opera.

When did Bo Gu Opera begin? It is difficult to tell the exact time. According to the Records of Historical Records and other related documents, there were operas of Bohai State at least before Yin Dynasty.

The earliest Bo Opera in China is called "Liubo", which consists of six sticks, 12 pieces. The stick is a long bamboo product, which is equivalent to the dice used to play mahjong today.

According to Yan Family Training Miscellaneous Arts, Bo Opera can be divided into big Bo and small Bo. Dabo's method of playing chess is impossible. Xiao Bo's playing method is recorded in detail in Bo Gu Jing.

The method is: two people sit opposite each other, the chessboard is 12, and there is water at both ends. Put six black and white rectangular pieces on the chessboard. Put two more fish in the water Both sides of the game take turns to throw Joan (that is, dice), and according to the size of the throw, the number of steps forward of the chess pieces is determined. When the chess pieces reach the finish line, they stand up and become small chess (or small chess). If you become a chess player, you can "attract fish" into the water and get a raise. Get six chips and you win. Xiao's chess is called scattered chess. Xiaoqi can attack the opponent's pieces, or give up the chance to walk, but you can't break the chess.

The transformation of mahjong:

After the Han and Wei Dynasties, Bo Opera has undergone fundamental changes. The chess pieces in Bo Opera are separated from Qiong and play chess independently, developing in the direction of chess and becoming a kind of game. The Bohai Opera Joan has become five wooden dice, and it has also become a kind of Bohai Opera instrument independently, which is called Zhupu. Win or lose by losing points. According to legend, this dice made by Cao Zhi was made of jade at that time, and later it was made of bones. Change the wood into two dice, a cube, and its six faces are engraved with points from one to six. So it was also called "Double Six" at that time.

In the Tang Dynasty, dice became an independent tool. From two dice to six dice. According to "West Shu Ji", Tang and Yang Guifei enjoyed rolling dice, and Tang was in a very bad situation. Only when two of the six dice appear "four" at the same time can he turn defeat into victory. So Tang rolled the dice and shouted "Rush to death". The dice stopped and just weighed four times. Tang was very happy. He ordered Gao Lishi to paint the four points of the dice red, so until today, four sides of the dice are red and the other four sides are black.

Starting from the Tang Dynasty, six dice were used to synthesize various names to decide the outcome, which was then called the dice grid. On the basis of dice lattice, the most perfect entertainment equipment is dominoes produced in Xuanhe period of Song Huizong (also called Xuanhe brand, namely Pai Jiu, Niu Brand and Tianjiu Brand, which are still popular in some areas). Dominoes are made of ivory or elephant bones, the cube of dice is changed into a cuboid, and the six sides of dice are turned into one side. Domino has 2 1 colors. Each color consists of two dice, so the maximum number of dominoes is 12 and the minimum number is two. Each color has two or one, ***32.

In the middle Tang Dynasty, there was another game called "Ye Zi Xi" which appeared at the same time as the dice grid. There are different opinions about the origin of Yezi Opera. The biography of Princess with Hair in Tang Dynasty said: "Wei's numerous studies are better than Ye Xixi's." This is the earliest written record about Ye Xixi. In addition, there are several versions: it was put forward by Ye Ziqing; It is made of women's leaves; The Tang Dynasty secretariat of Hezhou and Ye Maolian, a geisha, were playing dice on the boat. These statements seem far-fetched. In fact, the so-called "Ye Zi Xi" at that time was not a formed game. It's just a piece of paper that records the winning or losing values when playing dice. This can be proved by back in the game of Ouyang Xiu:

Books collected in the Tang Dynasty are scrolls, followed by leaves. Now it is folded by hand, and the word checker writes with leaves. Dice lattice is used for inspection, so it is also written with leaves, because it is famous.

The leaves mentioned in this paper are pieces of paper, but this kind of paper is not a game, but a record of values, but we can regard it as the originator of mahjong tiles.

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After the Han and Wei Dynasties, gambling was often dominated by gold and silver, and most of the gold and silver used were ingots or pieces, which were cut sporadically and inconvenient, so horses (also known as girls) were made. Ma Zi is usually made of rhinoceros horn, ivory or bamboo pieces, which are in strips of different lengths. Draw color codes on both sides. Pay attention to the weight of gold and silver represented by this horse. During the competition, the winner will draw lots with a girl. After the competition, the girl will be converted into gold and silver. In the Tang Dynasty, people used pieces of paper instead of rhinoceros horn, ivory and bamboo chips. , and recorded the weight of gold and silver, each color from one to nine, similar to today's paper money and paper money. It has roughly the same function as the chips in the current mahjong tiles. In ancient times, chips were slightly different from horses: chips only indicated the number of winning or losing, not the size of winning or losing values; The horse calculates the value. Later generations, regardless of chips and horses, are collectively referred to as chips.

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During the apocalypse of the Ming Dynasty, it was originally an accessory to games, and gradually evolved into a new entertainment tool, that is, horse cards.

Horse brand is a kind of paper card, with 40 full cards, which are divided into four colors: 100,000, 100,000, Suozi and Qian Wen. Among them, the colors of Wanguan and Suozi are one to nine; 100000 is from 200000 to 900000, or even one million, ten million and ten thousand; The amount of money ranges from one to nine, even half a penny (also called a flower) and no penny (also called empty soup). Hundreds and thousands of cards are painted with portraits of heroes of the Water Margin, which are naturally given to Song Jiang, meaning that you can't make a fortune unless you are a thief. Draw the images of Suozi and Qian Wen on the card.

The horse card is played by four people, each of whom takes eight cards first, and the remaining eight cards are placed in the middle of the table. Four people take turns to play cards, draw cards, and fight big and small. Playing horse cards can be divided into bookmakers and idle people. There is no host in the village, so you can take turns sitting. So the three loafers ganged up to attack the banker and told him to go down to the village.

The origin of Cheng Hangtag's name has always been different. However, according to the evolution of this card from a girl, the paintings on the card are all related to money: money is money, always a thousand pence, and the rope is the rope that wears money, that is, the money string; Moreover, in ancient times, 1000 pence was also called hanging money, from which it seems that we can see the shadow of "horse" and "hanging". If you know this, the meaning of the name Ma Pai is self-evident, which translates to "a card about money".

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In the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, while the horse brand prevailed, a kind of entertainment equipment called "playing cards" (also called Mohe brand) was derived from the horse brand. Cards are also played by four people. The card made of paper is two inches long and less than one inch wide. There are 60 cards at the beginning, which are divided into three colors: Qian Wen, Suozi and Wanguan. There are two cards in one to three colors and two cards in the first three colors (namely, Chinese, wool and white). When playing cards, four people each take ten cards first, and then take cards and play cards in turn. Three cards together are called a pair, and the person who has three pairs and one deck wins. The title of the medal is "He" (vulva). One family plays cards, and two or even three families say at the same time that the first one to get the card wins. These items and playing methods are very similar to today's mahjong tiles. This card game is always silent in the process of playing, so it is also called silent card.

Later, people felt that the number of cards was too small to play happily, so they put two decks together to form a deck of cards to play, and the number of cards became 120. In terms of gameplay, in addition to three cards connected together, three identical cards can also become a pair. In other words, you can touch the cards you have played while eating. At this time, the combinations of cards are "column" (connected with three numbers of the same door), "bump" (three are the same) and "open column" (four are the same). At this time, the cards are also called "touching cards".

In the forty-seventh chapter of A Dream of Red Mansions, "The foolish man was severely beaten for flirting, and the cold man ran away from home for fear of disaster", and Jia Mu, Aunt Xue, Wang Xifeng and others scrambled for cards. The book says:

Yuanyang saw that the old lady's card was 100%, and only waited for the second cake, so she gave the code to Feng. When dealing cards, Feng deliberately pondered for a long time and said with a smile, "My card is in Aunt Xue's hand. If I don't deal this card, I can't top it. " ……

The second cake is the second article, and the word gate has been painted in the shape of a round cake in Ma He (see Ye Pu by Mingzhi Pan Heng). Here is an example of issuing top cards.

At the same time, there is a kind of "collision and harmony" in the domino, and the brand color of 2 1 is matched with five Zhang Hecheng. And there are rules such as opening a bar, touching each other, playing with each other, and being punished for cheating. These styles and terms of dominoes are also accepted and inherited by cards.

Around the end of the Qing Dynasty, four kinds of wind cards (four in each color) were added to the cards. The most commonly used table at that time was the square table, also called the square table. The name of the square table comes from the fact that eight people can sit at dinner. Always face one side when playing cards, limiting two people to one side. Gradually formed the custom of four people playing cards, each sitting on one side. People are also inspired by four directions, adding east, south, west and north winds to the cards.

As for the increase of "three yuan" cards, it may be people's yearning for promotion and wealth. Success is winning the bid (winning the bid, winning the bid, winning the first prize, called winning the bid). If you win the bid, you will naturally get rich. Whiteboard may mean blank and innocent.

Later, people found that mahjong was often played and no one played, which was very disappointing. In order to make up for this shortcoming, listening comprehension has been increased. At first, I just added two pieces, and gradually developed into more pieces until it developed into a painted mahjong tile.

However, due to the large number of cards, it is very inconvenient to take, discard and combine cards. Inspired by dominoes, people gradually turned into bones and put cards on the table to facilitate playing cards. Authentic mahjong tiles from now on.

As for the origin of the name of mahjong tiles, there is no way to verify it now. It may come from incorrect pronunciation. Wu Renyin's "bird" is diào, and the horse card becomes the horse bird card, the horse bird card becomes the sparrow card, and then becomes the mahjong card.

After the mahjong tiles were formed, they were very popular from the imperial court to the common people. Ordinary people also get pleasure from playing mahjong. A lucky man wrote a poem:

I won the game today, so I arranged the alignment. Three yuan (white) and four joys (southeast and northwest), slam meets all. Flowers are spontaneous, and the moon catches fish from the sea. After the party, avoid it.

With such good luck, who can be unhappy?

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From what has been said above, we can know the general track of mahjong tiles.

2006-1-131:21:00 can't be romantic.

From what has been said above, we can know the general track of mahjong tiles.

Chess → Chess (Current)

Bo Gu Opera House

Turn → Joan → Dice → Dice Grid

Domino (current)

(Ye Xixi)

Ma pai (playing cards) → Mohe pai → Mahjong pai (made of bones)

There are only more than 100 mahjong, but it is colorful to play, resourceful and brave. The elder once asked the players who participated in mahjong: "When you enter the game, you must refine your products first. You should be calm, not impetuous, not arrogant or impetuous, not stingy when you lose, not happy when you go along, invisible, motionless, generous, noble in character, gentle and elegant, and excellent in yourself." This reflects the will and spirit of mahjong entertainment itself.

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Legend has it that one hundred and eight mahjong tiles are a metaphor for Liangshan heroes, which was invented by a man who worshipped the heroes of the Water Margin in the late Yuan Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty. Mahjong is called "national drama" by Hu Shi, and now it has become a healthy entertainment.

Mahjong cards are also called sparrow cards, the battle of bamboo city and the battle of Fangcheng. Modern mahjong tiles came into being in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, and were first popular in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces of China. They were exported as "commodities" in the early 1920s of 19 and flowed into the west and Japan. Mahjong is a kind of entertainment in the Ming Dynasty-the name of Mahangtage. The earliest written record of mahjong is mahjong tiles, which shows that the origin of mahjong is related to the name of mahjong tiles. It is recorded in the Notes of the Qing Dynasty: "Que Qian is the phonetic change of Ma Qian." Horse and horse have the same sound. Jiangsu and Zhejiang local accents call birds mink, which means hanging when pronounced. Therefore, the marten studied mahjong, hence its name.

In the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, while the horse brand prevailed, a kind of entertainment equipment called "playing cards" (also called Mohe brand) was derived from the horse brand. Cards are also played by four people. The card made of paper is two inches long and less than one inch wide. There are 60 cards at the beginning? When playing cards, four people each take ten cards first, and then take cards and play cards in turn. These items and playing methods are very similar to today's mahjong tiles. This card game is always silent in the process of playing, so it is also called silent card.

Later, people found that mahjong was often played and no one played, which was very disappointing. In order to make up for this shortcoming, listening comprehension has been increased. At first, I only listened to two pieces, and gradually developed into more pieces, until I developed into mahjong tiles with drawings.

However, due to the large number of cards, it is very inconvenient to take, discard and combine cards. Inspired by dominoes, people gradually turned into bones and put cards on the table to facilitate playing cards. Authentic mahjong tiles from now on. (Yang Peihua, Tianjin Academy of Social Sciences Press)

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