The representative works of the new trend of thought school

Rashomon: Akutagawa Ryunosuke's short story Rashomon is a story in Zen Buddhism classics. It is about a farmer who went bankrupt in wartime and had to pick up a knife and make up his mind to be a robber. But he is timid and always guilty. One day, he came to a city wall, where a big war had just happened. There were bodies everywhere, and he wanted to find something. As a result, he found an old woman pulling her hair from the dead head of a young woman. He rushed up and said, you have no humanity, and you don't let go of dead bodies. The old woman said that she just wanted to use these hairs as a hood and sell them to make a living. "Besides, do you think she is a good person? She dried the snake and sold it as an eel. " "I did it entirely for survival!" . Then, the robber realized that since it was to survive, what was impossible? So he grabbed the old woman's clothes and left. Rashomon (mustard seed of Akutagawa Ryuno) was first published in the story collection "Story of the Past and Present" of the Heian Dynasty. Story of the Past and Present is a collection of folk stories at the end of the Heian Dynasty in Japan, formerly known as Story of Nagano Noguchi. It is said that the editor is Yuan Longguo, with a total volume of 3 1 volume. Including more than 1000 stories, divided into "Buddhism, secularism, evil deeds, chores" and other departments, with Buddhist explanations full of lessons as the most.

"Rashomon" was originally written as "Luochengmen" in Japanese characters. Its original meaning refers to the gate located in "Los Angeles (outside the city)", which means "the gate of the capital". According to "Continued Day", in June of 19th year in Tian Ping, there was no "Luocheng Gate praying for rain". In addition, the article "Guan Wei. "The Explanation of Preface Meaning" opens and closes the door, saying, "The gate of the capital is called Luocheng Gate. When the drums sound, they open; The night drums will never be harvested. " It mainly refers to the main entrance of the capital of Pingcheng Well and Pinganjing, where the Imperial Capital of Japan is located in the middle and late seventh century. As can be seen from the attached figure 1, Rashomon is far away from Zhuque Gate, the main entrance of the palace, and Zhuque Road, the longitudinal trunk road of the whole capital, runs through the two gates. Because out of this door, it is a wilderness. In the ninth century, the Japanese royal family declined, civil wars were frequent, and Luocheng Gate was out of order. After the decline, it immediately became desolate and gloomy. Many unknown bodies were also dragged to the tower and discarded. Over the years, people have had a gloomy and haunted impression. Therefore, Pinghua recorded many similar ghost stories. In Japanese, the pronunciation of "city" and "sheng" is similar, but "sheng" is much easier to write than "city", so "Luochengmen" is gradually written as "Rashomon". Therefore, in the article "Rashomon", we can see the writing of "Rashomon" instead of "Luochengmen": "Jiutiao (Tong) Rashomon is the place where ghosts and gods live". In the Bamboo Forest: In the Bamboo Forest (のぶのなか, also translated as In the Bamboo Forest) was published by Japanese writer Ryunosuke Akutagawa in 1922. The story tells the death story of a fallen soldier. Everyone has different opinions about the events in the story, which makes the plot more confusing. The film Rashomon directed by Akira Kurosawa is based on this work.

This book is based on the statement in the twenty-third sentence of Volume 29 of Story of the Past and Present that "a man with a wife walks in Danbo and is bound to a mountain".

In this work, the testimony of seven witnesses in the bamboo forest murder case is expressed in the form of confession. The woodcutter who first found the body, the repentant wife, the undead who appeared through the mouth of the psychic, the arrested robber, etc. Everyone's story is convincing, but there are contradictions and it is impossible to get the truth. The whole truth lies in the bamboo forest.

So far, there are more than 100 papers about the truth of "bamboo forest", but there is no conclusion. In recent years, some people began to use the title of novels to describe the situation that the truth of each story is unknown; Influenced by Kurosawa's films, Chinese-speaking areas used to call this situation "Rashomon". General is the first anti-war novel of Ryunosuke Akutagawa's later period. It focuses on the mental blindness, helplessness and madness of the Japanese death squads, and shows the calmness, justice and death of China's anti-Japanese volunteers. It satirizes the essence of the "gun thief" of the Japanese invaders, pointing at the Japanese idol Nogi Maresuke, and all this was issued by the Japanese writer Akuta Yan Hong when Japanese militarism was in the ascendant. Among them, the anti-war consciousness is in direct opposition to Fukuzawa Yukichi's thought of praising war, which is called "the father of Japanese modern thought". This article alone is enough to judge that Ryunosuke Akutagawa is a keen, sincere and brave anti-militarist writer. He is regarded as the idol of Japanese modern and contemporary literature, which is also gratifying from the standpoint of China readers. The short story General was published in 1922 1 month more than 80 years ago. It was written in the second year after Ryunosuke Akutagawa traveled to China and returned to Japan. Later, the author published several works with conscious anti-war consciousness, such as Thieves in English Literature (1922, which was forced to change its title to Robin Hood when it was published), Momotaro (1924), which reflected on the thief gene in Japanese traditional culture, and He Tong, which reflected on the causes of modern wars from the perspective of capitalist system. General is the first masterpiece in a series of works criticizing the Japanese war of aggression after the author traveled to China. Ryunosuke Akutagawa is the nominee of Akutagawa Literature Award, the highest prize in Japanese modern and contemporary literature, so I think his anti-war works deserve special attention.

The title of the hero in the novel is "General N" or "Your Excellency N", which actually refers to the famous military leader Nogi Maresuke in Meiji period (1849- 19 12, with the initials "n"). On the day of Emperor Meiji's death, this man committed suicide by caesarean section in the way of Bushido, and was regarded as a model of "diligent emperor" by the Japanese army. The tone of the novel is satirizing the military idol, so it was "controlled" by the censors of books and newspapers in the military department at that time. As a "controlled" relic, there are many blank words such as "οοοοοο" in the original Japanese printed text, reaching more than ten places. Akutagawa himself expressed his anger in his essay "Miscellaneous Notes of Chengjiangtang" a few months after the novel was published: "The official constitution rudely deleted a few lines from my novel" General ". But after reading today's newspaper, disabled soldiers struggling in poverty are wandering the streets of Tokyo with protest slogans. The status quo in disabled soldiers seems to be beyond the control of the official constitution. " "The official constitution will continue to ban the publication of words like' οοοοοοοοοοοοοοοοοοοοοοοοοοοοοοοο [1](p.92) This shows the background of the suppression of novels at that time. Japanese scholars have noticed that "οοのοοοοのをはしむる", one of the missing words in the novel, said that it should be restored to "soldiers of the imperial state" [2 Soldiers began to lose their loyalty to the emperor's country. The original intention of this sentence runs counter to the Japanese government's instigation of militaristic ideology at that time, which shows the sharpness of the novel. The main plot of the novel is 1904. During the Russo-Japanese War, Nogi Maresuke led a campaign to invade Fushun, China. The whole article consists of four chapters, which are relatively independent and have their own meanings, so we might as well look at them in the order of the works.