Explanatory materials for soil and water conservation

In today's increasingly scarce global water resources, saving water and realizing sustainable utilization of water resources have become an inevitable choice for all countries in the world.

United States: Citizens have a strong awareness of water conservation.

Adequate water resources and low water prices have not made Americans forget to save water, and frequent droughts have also raised people's awareness of saving water. Protecting water resources has become an important symbol of citizens' quality.

The United States is rich in water resources, but the damage caused by drought to agriculture, energy and transportation is still enormous. Drought forced Americans to establish a strong awareness of water conservation. In addition to the refined management of the government, the more important reason is that people regard water saving as a kind of educated performance and integrate it into social culture.

The water fee in the United States is very cheap, and the monthly water fee of ordinary people is even lower than the one-hour salary of middle-income people, but people regard water saving as a manifestation of self-cultivation and personal quality. People in the family consciously prevent wasting water, and water leakage exists in public places such as stations, airports, government office buildings and so on. The faucets in most public places are automatically controlled by infrared rays. Americans are nosy. If the water pipe leaks, someone will immediately call the relevant department to report it. If it is not repaired in time, they will continue to report through other channels. Every year in the spring and autumn when outdoor activities are frequent, various water-related non-governmental organizations often organize students to participate in activities to save water and protect water resources, so as to cultivate citizens' awareness of water crisis.

Under the urging and coordination of the Federal Environmental Protection Agency, government departments at all levels have made plans for the effective use of water resources in various States of the United States. When there was a shortage of water in midsummer, Washington City issued a temporary law prohibiting people from watering their lawns for a certain period of time, and once found, they were fined immediately. It is true that the United States has been successful in the effective use of water resources. The reason is not so much the refined management of the government as the strong awareness of water conservation among the whole people. People have closely linked water conservation with environmental protection, and attaching importance to environmental protection has become one of the important symbols reflecting the cultural accomplishment level of the American people.

Australia: Farmers "Measure Agricultural Water Use"

From 65438 to 0995, in order to make the limited water resources create the greatest value for the society on the premise of ensuring ecological sustainable development, the Australian government carried out a comprehensive reform on water use and management nationwide, and has initially formed a set of water resources management measures.

Murray river and Darling River are the first and second largest rivers in Australia, which flow through four major agricultural states, namely Victoria, New South Wales, South Australia and Queensland. In order to better utilize and manage water resources, Australia first defined the water right grade. According to the Australian water rights law, the state government is the owner of water, including surface water and groundwater. Under the authorization of the state government, the Water Resources Administration is the manager of water quota, responsible for the management of urban and rural water resources; Rural water resources management bureau is responsible for the distribution and guarantee of agricultural irrigation water. The Murray-Darling Basin Council, led by the federal government, is the national coordinating body for water resources management, and is responsible for deciding major policies such as water resources control, distribution and price.

In order to strengthen the effective utilization of water resources, the Australian government implements a licensing system for agricultural water use and controls the total water resources in the whole basin. The annual water consumption of the whole basin should not exceed 654.38+0.2 billion cubic meters. Farmers can only "measure water for farming" if they apply for a water permit. In order to improve the utilization rate of water, the Murray-Darling Basin Committee has strengthened the effective management of water. First of all, installing metering facilities, excessive use of water will be fined, prompting farmers to be careful and reduce waste. Second, curb water theft. The Australian water law clearly stipulates that stealing water is a crime. Third, charge according to the water supply cost every year. The fourth is to recover the arrears of water charges. Failure to pay the water fee on time will stop water supply, long-term arrears of water fee will revoke the water intake permit, or auction the land of the holder to repay the arrears of water fee.

Israel: Saving Water to Create Miracles

Israel was once described by the Bible as a paradise flowing with milk and honey, but in fact it lacks water, soil and resources. Deserts and barren hills account for two-thirds of the country, and the water resources are only 65.438+0.6 billion cubic meters, and the per capita water consumption is about 250 cubic meters. However, Israel took off from a backward agricultural country to a modern industrial country with only one generation of labor. Today, its per capita GDP exceeds 654.38+500,000 US dollars, and it is called "developed developing country". More than half of Israel's land area is in arid areas, but date palm groves, vineyards and orchards can be seen everywhere. The grain, vegetables and fruits produced can not only be self-sufficient, but also be exported in large quantities. Experts pointed out that scientific development and utilization of water resources is an important way for Israel to achieve this leap. According to Israel's current water-saving efficiency, the earth can feed more than three times the population.

Experts believe that if the annual per capita water resources is less than 1000 cubic meters, the countries concerned will be seriously short of water, which means desertification and death in the Middle East. It is under the threat of this water shortage crisis that the Israelis use their intelligence to solve the water crisis and seek the road to development.

Israel strictly controls and manages water, an important resource. The state has formulated a special law "Water Law", and has successively established the National Water Conservancy Management Committee and the Inter-ministerial Committee to be responsible for the management, development and utilization of water resources, and has promulgated a series of water-saving policies and measures to effectively utilize water resources. Specifically, there are mainly the following aspects:

Develop high-tech water-saving technology. In the mid-1960s, Israel invented drip irrigation technology to irrigate farmland scientifically. Nowadays, the computer-controlled closed drip irrigation network of water and fertilizer has spread all over the country, greatly reducing leakage and evaporation. The utilization rate of water and fertilizer is as high as 80%-90%, the cultivated land area has increased five times, the agricultural output value has increased nearly 20 times, and the proportion of agricultural population has dropped from 60% to 3%.

Pay attention to sustainable development and realize both water resources development and ecological protection. Israel has formulated laws and regulations on forests, land, natural resources, planning and construction, and carried out development and construction on the premise of protecting water sources and ecology. The desert greening plan implemented in Israel from 1986 has achieved initial results, and the desert greening area has reached 12000 hectares, effectively improving the climate and water source ecology.

The implementation of industrial, agricultural and civil water quota system, limit the uncontrolled use of water. Israel's agriculture is a big water user, with an annual water quota of1300 million cubic meters and urban domestic water consumption of 700 million cubic meters. In order to encourage water conservation, one is to raise the price of water, and the other is to pay twice as much for excess water.

Checking water pipes and faucets to prevent dripping has become a routine work in this country. Relevant parties have also set up a special telephone to facilitate people to report the damage of water pipes and faucets to relevant departments so as to take timely measures. It is forbidden to waste water, and there are rules for washing cars and watering flowers. Those who violate the regulations and waste water will be severely punished.

Enhance people's awareness of water saving. Publicize "water is precious" and "saving every drop of water" in a big way through newspapers, television and other media, and report good examples of water saving and criticize bad examples of water wasting, vigorously publicize water saving skills and methods, such as how to save water when washing dishes, popularize water-saving toilets, and urge people to turn off faucets when not using water.

South Korea: "love the water is patriotism"

According to United Nations statistics, South Korea's annual average precipitation is relatively high in the world, but its per capita precipitation is quite low, and it is a country with insufficient water resources. Therefore, South Korea has paid more and more attention to the management and protection of its own water resources, put forward the slogan "love the water is patriotic" and made various efforts to this end.

In addition to measures such as building reservoirs to increase available resources and strengthen water resources management, the Korean government has also implemented strict management and monitoring of the environment near reservoirs, mobilized the whole society to plant trees, and prohibited construction projects and production activities that may pollute water quality.

"love the water is patriotic", and publicity and education activities aimed at saving water are in full swing in South Korea. Starting from 1990, South Korea has designated July 1 day, which is the most prone to floods every year, as "Water Day". On this day, experts and scholars are invited to explain the knowledge about water and the effective ways to save water in production and life, and people from all walks of life are organized to participate in the "reservoir cleaning activities". Through these activities, people can understand the seriousness of the water problem and let them know that love the water is patriotic. 1995 According to the suggestion of the United Nations Development Programme, South Korea changed "Water Day" to March 22nd.

While carrying out water-saving education, South Korea also supervises environmental damage and water pollution through public opinion exposure. Once the news that the rich are building villas by the scenic lake is exposed, it will become the target of public criticism. Once some departments are found burying industrial waste in the upstream of the water source, major newspapers, radio stations and TV stations will report it in eye-catching columns. With the joint efforts of the whole society, the drinking water in urban and rural areas of Korea is still relatively hygienic, and people still keep the habit of drinking raw water.

Japan: Cherishing water means cherishing life.

Japan is an island country with abundant rainfall and rich water resources in the world. Nevertheless, Japanese people generally cherish water resources, regard water conservation and protection as things as important as life, and turn them into conscious actions. It is understood that the available water resources in Japan are 1000 billion cubic meters. Except Tokyo and Fukuoka, there is no shortage of water in the whole country. However, the Japanese people have a strong awareness of protecting water resources and regard it as a major event. No matter government agencies, enterprises, social organizations or public places, slogans of cherishing and saving water are posted everywhere. Even the infrared induction water-saving devices in public toilets will make you feel that Japanese people's awareness of water-saving is everywhere.

The government is the biggest protector of water resources, and its protection measures are reflected in the following aspects:

Formulate strict laws and regulations on water resources protection, such as forest law, river law, industrial wastewater discharge rules and so on. In order to implement the River Law, the government implements a licensing system for industrial enterprises to use river water.

Allocate government financial funds to harness rivers. Build reservoirs and reservoirs on all rivers with water storage capacity, and carry out protective management on all rivers and lakes. Expand forest planting, so that the forest coverage area accounts for 2/3 of the country.

Organize citizens to carry out water-saving publicity activities. August 1 Sunday is National Water Day every year, and governments at all levels, streets and community centers organize large-scale water-saving and water resources protection activities every week and month to enhance people's awareness of water conservation.

Enterprises are big users of water and the biggest consumers and destroyers of water resources. In order to save water and protect water resources, Japanese enterprises have made great efforts and received good results. The main methods are as follows:

1. Adopt advanced technology and equipment to recycle industrial water for many times to reduce wastewater discharge. Especially in steel, chemical industry, power generation and other industrial production with large water consumption, the effect of repeated recycling is better.

2. Provide water-saving equipment for users' production. Produce high-quality water supply and drainage pipelines to prevent or reduce leakage from the source; Develop all kinds of sewage treatment equipment.

3. increase water sources. Some enterprises try their best to open up water-saving channels. The largest indoor baseball stadium in Tokyo has installed a recycling device for collecting rainwater and purifying water quality on the circular roof, and the collected rainwater is purified and recycled in the stadium. Although the investment in water-saving equipment is large, from the overall benefit, the total water consumption is reduced, and the repeated recycling of industrial water also reduces the cost, so the whole enterprise will not lose money.

Water is the source of life, and saving water means cherishing life. In Japan, saving water and protecting water resources have become a social morality. Everyone, whether adults or children, has developed a good habit of saving water, and rarely sees the phenomenon of wasting water.

Middle East: Open source and cut expenditure.

In the Middle East, where water is more expensive than oil and gold, the competition for water is no less than the competition for territory. Governments all over the world attach great importance to the protection and utilization of water resources, so that people living in the "crack" of poor water can live and work in peace and contentment.

The data shows that the Middle East is the poorest region in the world, and the per capita water resources are only 1.25 cubic meters. Due to the serious water shortage, the competition for water resources has become another noticeable focus in this region besides territorial, religious and refugee issues. Faced with the grim situation, all countries in the Middle East put the protection and utilization of water resources at the height of national security strategy and actively take effective measures to strengthen the protection and rational utilization of water resources.

In the grain-deficient areas of the Middle East, all governments regard developing agriculture and solving food self-sufficiency as the foundation of building a country, so agricultural irrigation water accounts for 87% of water resources consumption. In this regard, countries in the Middle East have realized that in order to protect water resources, it is necessary to change ideas, change the use and consumption of water resources, adjust agricultural production and agricultural structure, and achieve a balance between agricultural development and water resources protection. Because wheat planting consumes too much water resources, the Saudi government limits wheat production to a level that can only meet domestic demand. This has reduced Saudi Arabia's agricultural water consumption from 65.438+0.2 billion cubic meters per year to 8 billion cubic meters. Egypt recently decided to build 10 plantation with treated urban sewage, which changed the previous practice of growing vegetables and food in suburbs.

Seawater desalination is another channel for Gulf countries to solve water problems. The amount of seawater desalination in the Gulf region accounts for 60% of the world. In order to save water and reduce the cost of fresh water production, many countries have taken many measures.