The use of rhetoric and the significance of various rhetoric

At present, there are 63 categories and 78 subcategories of figures of speech.

Metaphor [includes simile, metaphor, metonymy, metaphor (complex metaphor), inverted metaphor (inverse metaphor), counter-metaphor, mutual metaphor (metonymy), metaphor (strong metaphor), metaphor, decorative metaphor and quoted metaphor]; Sketch, analogy (comparison), avoiding repetition, changing use, layering, filling (falling off), setting off (contrast, setting off), inverted text, inversion, overlapping sound, overlapping words, truth (thimble, couplet bead), contrast, duality (duality, team battle, parallelism), renovation and repetition. Complex overlap, compound deviation, * * * use, combined statement, call, intertextuality, conversion, palindrome, reduced use, metonymy, rhetorical question, ambiguity, parallelism, couplet, imitation [divided into: imitation, imitation], list, connection, exaggeration, and so on.

-

Commonly used figures of speech are: metaphor, analogy, metonymy, conjunction, exaggeration, pun, contrast, shift, duality, parallelism, intricacy and parody.

What is metaphor? What kinds of metaphors are there? What is the function of metaphor?

A: Metaphor is the usual analogy, which is a figure of speech to illustrate or describe things with something different in nature but similar. Metaphor generally includes three parts: ontology, metaphor and metaphor. A metaphor must meet the following two conditions:

(1) Ontology and vehicle are two different things, and similar things cannot be compared generally.

(2) Ontology and vehicle must be similar, that is, vehicle must be similar to ontology at a certain point before it can be used to describe ontology. For example, "Our motherland is like a garden". The similarity between motherland and garden is beauty. Similarity is the soul of metaphor.

Metaphor can be divided into simile, metaphor and metonymy.

1) Simile: It is an obvious metaphor. Its ontology, vehicle and metaphor all appeared. Metaphors are often "like, like, like, like, like, like, like", and sometimes there are words such as "same, general, similar".

2) Metaphor: On the surface, judgment, narration or explanation implies metaphorical relationship. Both the ontology and the vehicle of metaphor have appeared. Different from simile, its metaphor is expressed by words such as "yes, success, change, regard as and change".

3) Metonymy: replacing ontology with metaphor, that is, ontology does not appear, metaphor is explained in context, and readers or listeners can understand the relationship between them. For example, "its disadvantage is that you can't see the forest when you see the trees, and you lose the watermelon when you pick sesame and mung beans."

Metaphor has the following functions in expression:

1) It can visualize language, and more importantly, it can describe people or things concretely and vividly;

2) It can make profound truth easy to understand;

3) can reveal the essence of things well;

4) can clearly express the author's feelings and positions.

20. What is analogy? What is the function of analogy?

A: Analogy is a way of describing things A as things B. Analogy can be divided into personification and imitation.

1) personification: write things as adults, personalize things, and endow things with people's words and deeds or thoughts and feelings. This is the most common form of analogy. Singing and singing, the waves rushed to the sky to meet the thunder.

2) Imitation: to write people as crops is to make people have the state or action of things, or to write things as things.

A describes people as things, such as "under the broad and thick lotus leaf, there is a person's face, and the lower body grows in the water."

B write A as B, for example, "Both of them didn't speak, chewing the seconds flowing with relish".

The main function of analogy is to make the language vivid and arouse readers' association.

2 1. What is metonymy? What types are there? What should I pay attention to when using metonymy?

A: Metonymy is a figure of speech in which people or things are replaced by things related to it. Also known as "renaming". Such renaming can highlight the characteristics of things, arouse people's association, enhance the symbolism of language and make the language vivid and diverse. There are mainly the following types:

1) feature to generate ontology. For example, "the hunchback in the corner suddenly became happy."

2) Some generations of the whole, such as the second generation, should talk about the gossip of Yin and Yang and take a look at the underworld of the ecliptic.

3) concrete instead of abstract, such as: replacing abstract things with concrete things that exist objectively, such as "you should remember the years when those jackets and leather pants were rotten."

(4) Proper names are generic names. For example, among the people in China, there are really thousands of Zhuge Liang in Qian Qian.

5) Works created by the author, such as Li Jian playing Chopin and Liszt.

6) Replace the noumenon with the brand, such as how many "yellow lions" you sucked in one breath.

7) materials and tools instead of ontology, such as: I will discuss this idea with a comrade who is good at Dan Qing.

When using metonymy, we should pay attention to 1) to grasp the characteristics of things 2) to make readers easy to understand.

22. What is a lotus?

Answer: Lian is a figure of speech in which words suitable for A are temporarily used for B when describing two related things. For example, "you can't see that my ears are deaf, but my heart is not deaf" and "thoughts can't be tied with ropes". It makes the language vivid, profound and expressive. At the same time, it skillfully connects the context and completes the semantic jump, which is concise and clear. The use of lianliankan is mostly for thought-provoking.

23. What is exaggeration? What kind? What's the use of exaggeration?

A: A's description of things other than facts is called exaggeration.

exaggerate

1) according to the meaning can be divided into three categories:

A exaggerates and deliberately makes things big, multidimensional, fast, high, long and strong. When the oil workers roar, the earth will shake three times.

B Narrow the exaggeration and deliberately make things small, small, slow, short and weak. What does it matter whether three grains of rice are harvested or not?

C exaggerates in advance, saying that what happened later appeared in advance or at the same time. When did you learn to smoke? "I'll take two drinks in my mother's stomach."

2) According to the form, it can be divided into direct exaggeration and indirect exaggeration:

A direct exaggeration: direct exaggeration without the help of other figures of speech. Xie Huimin's eyebrows almost flew out from his forehead.

B indirect exaggeration: it is an exaggeration directly carried out through other figures of speech. For example, a piece of meat in a dish is like the meat given by an iron cock on a fixed wind needle in a chapel, and Miss Bao can't cut it with a knife.

The main function of exaggeration is to impress people. The beauty of exaggeration is that it looks unreal and writes true feelings.

24. What is a pun?

A: A rhetorical device that makes words have double meanings is called pun. Pun can be divided into homophonic pun and semantic pun. 1) homophonic pun: A pun caused by homophonic or similar is a homophonic pun. For example, "people laugh at my bronchitis."

2) Semantic pun: A pun caused by the double meanings of words or sentences in the context is a semantic pun. What a long night!

Pun has two meanings, the literal meaning is secondary and the implication is primary.

25. What is offset?

A: Setting off is a rhetorical device, which puts two opposite or opposite things or two aspects of the same thing together to make them set off each other and complement each other. Contrast is divided into positive contrast and negative contrast. The comparison is as follows: willow trees are shaded, and 600 million China is as slippery as Yao. In contrast, he can only walk up in the snow to find Tigress like a black tower.

26. What is transfer?

A: To describe things B by transferring the words describing things A means that soldiers fire hate bullets at the enemy. If we describe the transfer of senses, that is, transferring one sensory feeling to another, this transfer is called synaesthesia. Such as: the breeze blowing, sent wisps of fragrance, like a faint song in a distant building.

27. What is duality? What is the function of duality?

A: Duality, also called duality, includes two parts: the opening sentence and the antithesis sentence. These two parts are equivalent in vocabulary, related in meaning and identical or similar in structure. Duality can be divided into strict pair and wide pair. Strict pairing requires the same structure, balance and harmony in addition to the equal number of words and related meanings. Such as: the spring breeze boldly combs the willows, and the night rain does not moisten the flowers. According to the different meanings of the parts before and after duality, it is generally divided into three types:

1) exactly: the upper and lower sentences explain the same thing from different sides. They complement each other and form a whole.

2) Objection: The upper and lower sentences are described from two opposing aspects, which are intended to complement each other and clarify the truth from contradictions. 3) String pair: also called "flow pair", the upper and lower sentences have the same meaning, indicating causal and conditional relations. Such as "terror has made me unbearable; Gossip, especially in my ears. "

The main function of duality is to express thoughts and feelings in concise language. It is right to use typical examples to inspire readers to get a general impression from them; Oppose to reveal contradictions and express the author's judgment on right and wrong, good and evil; String pairs point out the cause and effect of things, in short, to the point.

28. What is parallelism? What is the function of parallelism?

A: Using a group of sentences with similar structures to express related content is called parallelism. The arranged statements are not limited to two items. Most of them have some repetitive words. In compound sentence, the same word that appears repeatedly is generally called "word". For example, the key to catching up is time, time is life, time is speed, and time is power. (Guo Moruo, Spring of Science)

The function of parallelism is to select typical examples to sum up some ideas. Because the sentence pattern is neat, it can give a deep impression. If the arranged words are heavy in content and refer to a large or small range, they must be arranged in a certain order.

29. What is layer delivery? (This question is not in the textbook)

A: Three or more words or sentences with similar structure and rising or falling semantics are arranged together to express progressive content. This metaphor is called hierarchical transmission. Cascading can be divided into ascending and descending order.

1) Ascending order: from small to large, from little to many, from low to high, from light to heavy, from shallow to deep ... arrange similar sentences layer by layer. Such as: defend your hometown! Defend the Yellow River! Defend North China! Defend all China!

2) Descending order: from big to small, from many to few, from high to low, from heavy to light, from deep to shallow ... For example, the teacher said that the queen of natural science is mathematics. The crown of mathematics is number theory. Goldbach conjecture is the jewel in the crown.

30. What is intricacy? What are the intricacies?

A: In order to avoid the dullness and monotony of the language, the words were changed and the structure was uneven. It's called complexity. In order to avoid the repetition of the same words and sentence patterns, we deliberately write uneven sentences that could have been written neatly and symmetrically, so as to make the language form vivid and diverse.

There are three kinds of complicated situations:

1) replace literal: what could have been expressed with the same word, replace literal and avoid repetition. Such as: a real warrior, dare to face the bleak life, dare to face the dripping blood.

2) Change the word order: When a sentence appears repeatedly, the word order is changed, but the original intention remains the same. For example, flowers have been worn all over, and credit has been worn all over.

3) Change the complexity of sentence patterns: make the sentences messy and complicated, change the tone, and show the ups and downs of the article and full of feelings. For example, archery depends on the target, playing the piano depends on the audience, and writing articles and giving speeches can be done without looking at the audience.

There is a special complexity, that is, the meaning of the whole is described separately, and the separated parts should be regarded as a whole when understanding. This rhetoric can also be called intertextuality. Such as: the scenery in the north, thousands of miles frozen, and the snow in Wan Li. In fact, it can be understood as: northern scenery, Wan Li ice and snow.

3 1, what is parody? What is the function of parody?

A: Changing a morpheme in a ready-made word and inventing a new word temporarily to meet the needs of rhetoric is called parody. For example, a rich man said he wanted to read classics, and a group of narrow-minded people also said they wanted to read classics. Imitation words can reveal contradictions through comparison and make the language sharp and profound. Imitation words can give people freshness and make sentences interesting and vivid. Parody is the product of inspiration, which can arouse readers' association and thinking.

32. What is the comprehensive application of figures of speech?

A: In a language fragment, using figures of speech many times, or more than one figure of speech, is called the comprehensive use of figures of speech. The comprehensive use of figures of speech is complex and diverse, and the common ones are

1) dual use: various figures of speech are not divided by the same standard, so there will be a cross phenomenon, that is, the same group of sentences, from a standard point of view, belong to a figure of speech; By another standard, this is a metaphor. Tall chimneys stretch into the sky, as if growing out of the ground, and will rise to the depths of white clouds. (Metaphor and exaggeration)

2) Use together: refers to the continuous use of the same figure of speech or different figures of speech in a paragraph. A is used in the same figure of speech, for example, he has a pair of yin and yang eyes, and the epithelium of his left eye is extremely long, which always imprisons his eyes in half. His right eye is featureless and he always goes to work as usual. (personification) b is used in different figures of speech, such as: shaking wheels, spinning spindles, competing to make a buzzing sound, like pulling strings, like singing softly. (used with antithesis, analogy and two metaphors)

3) Application: The application of figures of speech means that a word contains other figures of speech, forming a large set of small inclusion relations. An application is a hierarchical combination. Look, the strong wind holds a huge wave tightly and throws them viciously to the cliff, smashing these large jadeites into a fog. (personification is metaphorical)

33. How to analyze the comprehensive application of rhetoric?

A: We should pay attention to the following points when analyzing comprehensive figures of speech:

1) Grasp the whole and find out the relationship between various figures of speech. Figures of speech are divided into primary and secondary, recessive and dominant, which should be analyzed in order and at different levels.

2) Pay attention to changing the analysis angle when analyzing. For example, we can start from the aspects of meaning and form; You can focus on words and sentences. Never find one figure of speech and lose another.

3) Recognition of figures of speech needs repeated deliberation, which can be compared with expressions without figures of speech or with other figures of speech. The figures of speech found should be recorded in time to prevent forgetting and serve as the basis for further analysis.

4) It can be analyzed graphically. For example, the river is as red as fire at sunrise and as green as blue in spring. Metaphor | Duality | Duality

-

Metonymy: Don't say the name of a thing directly, but use something closely related to it instead.

Question: Ask questions intentionally to reveal the following and emphasize a certain point.

Rhetorical question: express the definite content in the form of question, the meaning expressed in the form of affirmation is negative, and the meaning expressed in the form of negation is affirmative.

Metaphor: it is to find out the similarities between two things, and only when there are similarities can a metaphor be formed. In addition, a metaphor must have an ontological vehicle and a metaphor;

Duality: Mainly aimed at the structure of sentences, the upper and lower sentences that constitute duality must have the same number of words and opposite or opposite meanings, so that two sentences can form duality.

Irony: it is to express derogatory meaning with praise. For example, "what a beautiful name-enterprising", where "what a beautiful name" is a compliment but a derogatory one.

Thimble: It refers to the rhetorical method of taking the word at the end of the previous sentence as the word at the beginning of the next sentence. For example: bamboo leaves are burned, there are bamboo branches, bamboo branches are broken, and there are bamboo whips; The bamboo whip is cut and has bamboo roots.

Description: refers to a rhetorical method that faithfully imitates the shape, sound and color of things. They paddled the boat gently, crashing, crashing, crashing like water on both sides.

Reduplication: refers to the repeated use of a word, such as green water plants.

Pun: In a certain language environment, semantic and phonetic conditions are used to intentionally make the meaning have double meanings and the words are intentionally different. This rhetorical method is pun. There are four kinds of puns: 1. Homophonic pun 2. Semantic pun. 3. Phonetic and figurative puns. 4. Pun on sound and meaning.

Taboo: it is not convenient to say what is taboo, but a rhetorical method, which is replaced and modified by other words.

Parallelism: a rhetorical device that arranges words or sentences with the same or similar structure, closely related meanings and consistent tone into strings.

Exaggeration: a rhetorical method that uses rich imagination to expand or narrow the image characteristics of things purposefully on the basis of objective truth to enhance the expression effect.

Repetition: A figure of speech in which certain words or sentences are deliberately repeated to emphasize a certain meaning and highlight a certain feeling.

Personification: a rhetorical method of imitating things to adults with rich imagination.

Metaphor can make the things described vivid and deepen people's impression. When it is used to explain the truth, it can make the truth easy to understand and understand.

The rhetorical question is to highlight the meaning to be expressed, and the words are irrefutable.

Repetition can emphasize some thoughts and highlight some feelings.

Irony can increase the sense of humor and irony in speaking or writing, and has special expressive effect. Duality can make the sentence structure neat and symmetrical, read fluently, sound harmonious and pleasant, and be easy to remember and recite.

Exaggeration can enhance the expression effect and highlight the image characteristics of things.

Asking questions can reveal the following and emphasize a point. Metonymy: more subtle, can make the object of description more vivid.

Parallelism can make the sentence structure neat, intonation harmonious, reasoning thorough, expressive, eloquent and magnificent.

Personification can imitate a thing into an imaginative thing.

Rhetorical device

There are 63 categories and 78 subcategories of known rhetorical devices.

There are metaphors: simile, metaphor, metonymy, metaphor (also known as complex metaphor), inverted metaphor (also known as inverse metaphor), counter metaphor, mutual metaphor (also known as metonymy), metaphor (also known as strong metaphor), metaphor, embellishment, quotation and metaphor;

There are sketch, analogy (also called contrast), avoiding repetition, changing use, layering, padding (also called contrast), setting off (also called contrast, setting off), inversion, inversion, reduplication, truthfulness (also called thimble and couplet), contrast, antithesis (also called duality, team warfare and parallelism)

There are overlapping intricacies, compound deviation, * * use, combination, call, intertextuality, conversion, palindrome, demotion, metonymy, rhetorical questions, ambiguity, parallelism, antithesis, imitation (also divided into imitation, imitation), list, connection and exaggeration.

Common rhetorical devices of 1

Common rhetorical devices

Common rhetorical methods include metaphor, analogy, metonymy, exaggeration, duality, parallelism, rhetorical questions and rhetorical questions. The purpose of learning rhetoric common sense is to serve language practice. First of all, we can identify various rhetorical methods in language, and then understand their applicable effects; At the same time, we should be able to use these rhetorical methods to improve our ability to use language. Rhetoric methods are also called figures of speech. According to experts' research, there are as many as 70 Chinese figures of speech, and the common figures of speech are 10.

(1) metaphor. It is a rhetorical method that uses a concrete, simple and familiar thing or scene to illustrate another abstract, abstruse and unfamiliar thing or scene. Metaphor can be divided into three forms: metaphor, metaphor and metonymy. The form of simile can be simplified as: a (ontology) such as (metaphor: like, like, if, Jude, like, like) b (vehicle). The form of metaphor can be simplified as follows: A is B (metaphor: Cheng, Cheng, Cheng, Cheng, Cheng, Cheng, Cheng). Similes are similar in form, while metaphors are consistent. Metonymy: only vehicles appear, but noumenon and figurative words do not appear. Sparrows know the ambition of swans!

(2) Metonymy. Don't say what you want to say directly, but borrow a name closely related to this person or thing instead, such as replacing the whole with a part; Replace abstraction with concreteness; Replace ontology with features; Replace generic names with proper names, etc. For example:

(1) Do not follow the mass line. All the property of the masses has been replaced by a needle and a thread.

(2) Don't cook rice. ("Big pot rice" replaces abstract "egalitarianism")

White beard is sitting in the corner smoking a cigarette. A grizzled beard is characterized by features rather than noumenon.

Tens of millions of Lei Feng are active in the motherland. (Lei Feng replaces abstract ideology with concrete images)

(3) comparison. A rhetorical method of writing people as things or things as adults, the former is called imitation and the latter is called personification. For example:

1. Don't be proud and don't walk with your tail between your legs. (imitation)

(2) every night, the candle will cry dry wick. (personification)

(4) exaggeration. A rhetorical method of describing the image, characteristics, function and degree of things by enlarging or narrowing. For example:?

White hair three thousands of feet, sorrow like a beard. ("3,000 feet" is a bit exaggerated)

2 sesame seeds are big, don't worry. ("Sesame points" is an exaggeration. )

The ground was already on fire as soon as the sun came out. (Exaggerate the former thing "coming out" and the latter thing "going into the fire" to almost appear at the same time. Some people call this exaggeration "exaggeration in advance")

(5) comparison. It is a method to compare two things or two aspects of the same thing at the same time. For example:

(1) Worry about the world first, then enjoy it.

② The wine in Zhumen stinks, and the road has frozen bones.

(6) duality. Use a pair of phrases or sentences with the same structure or similar number of words to express relative or similar meanings. For example:

1 Total loss, moderate benefit.

(2) Look down at a thousand fingers and bow your head as a willing ox.

But as long as you go up a flight of stairs, you can broaden your horizons by 300 miles. (flowing water pair)

(4) Looking inside and outside the Great Wall, I am the only one, and the river is up and down, and I am lost. (Fan face)

(7) parallelism. A method of combining several (usually three or more) phrases or sentences with related content, the same or similar structure and the same tone. For example:

But this time, quite a few things happened to me. One is that the authorities are so cruel, the other is that gossip is so inferior, and the other is that women in China are so calm when things happen.

(8) Repeatedly. A method of making the same word or sentence appear repeatedly according to the need of expression. Repetition can be continuous or intermittent. For example:

(1) braved the enemy's gunfire and marched forward! Forward! Forward!

(2) Where the enemy attacks, we will destroy it, and where the enemy attacks, we will destroy it.

(9) irony. It is also known as "irony"-the actual meaning is opposite to the literal meaning. For example, "friendly people" can no longer be "surprised and inexplicable", so please rest assured.

(10) rhetorical question. It is to express the definite meaning in the form of questions, so there is no need to answer. Are middle school teachers and young ladies decent to ride bicycles? (The man in the condom)

(1 1) Ask questions. In order to highlight what is said, express it in the form of questions. Who are these seven people carrying? It was none other than Chao Gai, Wu Yong, Gongsun Sheng, Liu Tang and San Ruan. Asking questions is asking yourself and answering them.

In addition, there are many rhetorical methods in the textbook, such as quotation, pun, thimble (or "Julian"), call, overlap, warning, synaesthesia, graceful melody, taboo decoration and so on.