Dou Eyuan's spoken language in the Yuan Dynasty was different from modern Chinese.

Hutu: ancient meaning: chaos, present meaning: unreasonable. Brother: Ancient meaning: a polite title for ordinary men, but modern meaning: compare the titles of their older men with those of their parents and peers. Mourning: ancient meaning: send, refers to funeral, modern meaning: loss, destruction. Correct law: in ancient times, it meant to enforce the law fairly, but now it means to execute the death penalty.

Dou E's injustice

First, literature and cultural knowledge

1. Classification of Yuanqu

"Yuanqu", generally including harmony, is the symbol of the highest literary achievement in the Yuan Dynasty, including poems and collections. This poem is an independent song, equivalent to a monotonous word, mainly from the changes of folk ditties and tunes. For example, the suite of Ma Zhiyuan's Jing Tian Sha Qiu Si is a suite composed of more than two songs in the same palace tune. The combination of each group of songs has a certain order, and the last song ends with an ending.

2. Yuan Zaju:

Yuan Zaju is a form of traditional China opera sung with northern tunes. It originated in the late Jin and early Yuan Dynasties in northern China. It was developed on the basis of Jin Academy and influenced by cavity. It has a strict system.

① Structure: Generally speaking, Yuan Zaju plays a complete story, and some Yuan Zaju have 50%, 60% or more serial plays.

Folding is the unit of music organization and the natural paragraph of story development. It is not limited by time and place. Each folding mostly includes more time, similar to the "curtain" of modern drama. Some zaju and "wedges" usually play an explanatory role before the first fold, which is equivalent to the prelude to modern drama and is used to explain the plot and introduce the characters.

Each fold of a zaju is limited to a set of tunes in the same palace tune. When playing, all tunes are played by the end or the end solo (other roles are only plain sounds), which are called "end version" or "end version" respectively.

② Roles: The roles played are,,, etc.

There is only one protagonist in each play of Yuan Zaju, the hero is called the end of the play, and the heroine is called the end of the play. In addition, the supporting roles also include the deputy end (the second protagonist), the outer end (the old man) and the small end (the teenager). Supporting actresses include vice-Dan, wai Dan and Xiao Dan.

Jin: Commonly known as "big painted face", most of them play roles with special personalities and looks, such as Zhang Fei and jy.

Ugly girl: commonly known as "little face", usually plays a male minor role.

In addition, there are Ba (bó) Lao (old man), Bo 'er (old woman), Gu (official) and Lai 'er (page boy).

(3) Composition of the script: The script consists of three parts.

This is stipulated by the rhymes created by Yuan Zaju according to certain palace tunes and qupai. Every time you break the play, you have to sing a set of songs with the same Gongdiao, and the Gongdiao and the order of each set of songs have an agreement.

It is the general name of dramatic actions, including stage programs, martial arts and dance.

It is a "guest dialogue", that is, the spoken part of the people in the play. "Guest dialogue" is divided into the following four types: dialogue: dialogue between characters; Monologue: the self-narration of the characters; Narrator: Recite the psychological words of other characters; The interjection in lyrics is an important organic part of Yuan Zaju. The so-called "white songs are born together, and the plot is wonderful" just illustrates this point.

Two. About the title

In Yuan Zaju, the last sentence is generally regarded as the full name of the drama, and several words that best represent the content of the drama are regarded as the abbreviation of the drama. Guan Hanqing's "Dou E Yuan Yuan" is entitled "Insist on the Law of Honesty and Honesty, Feel the Earth-shaking Yuan Zaju", in which the last sentence is the full name, and the last three words are the abbreviation "Tizheng" at the end of Yuan Zaju. Two or four pairs of sentences are used to summarize the whole drama content.

Three. background information

At the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty, ethnic conflicts and class conflicts were very acute, and most literati were brutally persecuted like the broad masses of people. Therefore, Guan Hanqing, who lives in the lower class and has close ties with the people, sympathizes with the people's tragic fate, is not afraid of power and dares to fight. Dou Eyuan reflected the sharp social contradictions at that time. It exposed the darkness of the Yuan Dynasty society and the cruelty of the rulers, and reflected the sharp social contradictions at that time.

Four. Writing characteristics

The work uses rich imagination and bold exaggeration to design the surreal plot of three vows, expresses the powerful force of just struggle with romanticism, entrusts the author with distinct love and hate, reflects the people's desire to safeguard justice and punish evil, and also reflects the darkness of society. This is the most important part of the whole book and even the whole play in portraying heroic images. It is a concentrated expression of the artistry of the works, which makes the tragic atmosphere more intense, the characters more prominent, the stories more vivid and the themes more profound. It is full of rich flavor of life and strange romance, and has shocking artistic power.

Verb (abbreviation for verb) thoughts and feelings

In feudal society, people were not only oppressed in personal rights and political economy, but also poisoned in thought. According to the concept at that time, the ghosts and gods of heaven and earth clearly observe human right and wrong and preside over human justice. Feudal officials often compared themselves with the sky for ignorance. Dou E was also influenced by theocracy at first, and thought that "Master Qingtian" could uphold justice, reward good and punish evil. Facing the cruel reality, she suddenly woke up and saw the social truth that "the yamen has been open to the south since ancient times, and there is nothing wrong with it". In the song "Rolling Hydrangea", she violently accused the gods of heaven and earth of confusing right and wrong, which led the wicked to run amok and do good and injustice. Dou E's bold condemnation of theocracy is essentially a strong accusation and fundamental denial of feudal rule. Her angry words, such as lava bursts and mountain torrents burst their banks, reflected the heroine's awakening consciousness and rebellious spirit, and also reflected the rebellious spirit of the broad masses of people at that time.

Dou E's three vows before his execution reflect the contradiction of the writer's world outlook. On the one hand, Guan Hanqing cares about people's feelings and has insight into reality. Through Dou E's accusation against heaven and earth and the realization of three wishes, he expressed his hatred for feudal officials and sympathy for the oppressed people, reflecting the people's hatred for feudal rule and the spirit of the times demanding to change reality. On the other hand, the author is, after all, a playwright in feudal times. Although he cares about the people's sufferings, he can't realize the people's own strength. Although he hated feudal rule, he couldn't find a way to change reality, so he finally let heaven and earth move to solve the problem, which also reflected the class limitations and historical limitations of the writer. Of course, God was moved by Dou E, which also showed that Dou E was deeply wronged and hated.

Author of intransitive verbs

Guan Hanqing, born between Zheng Guangzu, Bai Pu and Ma Zhiyuan, is a representative writer of Yuan Dynasty zaju, and ranks first among them, which has had a great influence on the development of Yuan Dynasty zaju and later dramas.

Guan Hanqing's works mainly include Dou Eyuan, Saving the Wind and Dust, Wangjiang Pavilion and Single Knife Meeting. Among them, Dou Eyuan is known as one of the top ten classical tragedies in China and one of the four major tragedies of Yuan Zaju, and is also known as the "head of the school of natural colors".