Little is known about norovirus.

2. Profound knowledge

Norovirus knowledge 1. How to prevent norovirus?

In the high season of norovirus infection, the following prevention and control measures need to be taken: 1. Maintain good eating habits: Pay more attention to food hygiene in daily life, don't drink raw tap water directly, eat cold and unclean food, wash fruits and vegetables, thoroughly cook food, especially shellfish and other seafood, and develop healthy living habits.

2. Develop good hygiene habits: wash your hands frequently. Wash your hands with soap and running water before eating or handling food. Wash your hands thoroughly after going to the toilet or handling vomit and feces, and develop the habit of washing your hands correctly. It should be noted that sterilized paper towels and hands-free disinfectants are ineffective against norovirus and cannot replace hand washing. 3. Do a good job in environmental sanitation: tableware and toys should be disinfected regularly, and vomit should be removed and disinfected in time.

Schools, kindergartens, nursing homes, enterprises and institutions should implement the main responsibility, do a good job in environmental disinfection, and find and report suspicious cases in time. Extended data:

Self-isolation should be done after illness: infected people with symptoms such as diarrhea and vomiting should be isolated; Employees in the food industry, in particular, must isolate themselves after similar symptoms, leave their jobs and return to work after at least three days of recovery. If possible, they should be tested for norovirus nucleic acid.

Don't worry too much after getting sick: Norovirus infection is generally mild, with short duration and good prognosis. Patients should have a full rest and a light diet.

People's Network-Most people infected with Norovirus can heal themselves in two or three days.

2. How to prevent norovirus, how to prevent norovirus infection and how to prevent it.

To prevent norovirus-infected diarrhea, we should first pay attention to personal hygiene and wash our hands frequently.

Whether eating at home or at school, we must pay attention to telling our children to wash their hands before meals. It is recommended to wash your hands with running water, and the cleanliness is the best.

Second, try not to eat cold food, rinse food, that is, food that is not cooked thoroughly. For example, when you rinse hot pot, many things are probably not cooked thoroughly. If you eat cold salad at home, you must wash the dishes repeatedly, and the chopping board for cutting raw meat and cooked food at home should be separated.

If parents want to take their children out to eat, it is best to bring their own tableware, such as bowls, spoons, chopsticks, etc., which will be more reassuring, and at the same time pay attention to choosing a clean restaurant. Third, children should be reduced to large crowded places in the popular season.

Because norovirus spreads not only by mouth, but also by hand. For example, if children go to amusement parks, it is recommended to go to outdoor amusement parks. The indoor playground is not ventilated, and the virus of coughing and sneezing can completely occupy toys and chairs through droplets. If children touch these things again, they will be easily infected. Finally, if other children have symptoms of diarrhea and vomiting, they should pay attention to isolation.

3. How to prevent Norovirus

Norovirus is commonly known as gastrointestinal flu, food poisoning or gastroenteritis. Diarrhea caused by norovirus has the characteristics of acute onset, rapid spread and wide coverage. It can spread through water, food, goods and even air. It usually breaks out in communities, schools and densely populated places. The incubation period of norovirus is mostly 24~48 hours, the shortest is 12 hours and the longest is 72 hours. The main symptoms at onset are nausea, fever, vomiting and diarrhea.

Steps/methods

1

However, even if you are infected with norovirus, you don't have to panic. Generally, patients can recover in 3 days, but they are in poor health or the elderly and children are prone to other diseases. The high incidence of norovirus infection is in autumn and winter, so raw aquatic products should be avoided as far as possible. Norovirus is mainly transmitted through contaminated water and food. Shellfish, fish and vegetable salad are common contaminated foods. So eat these foods must be thoroughly cooked.

2

Norovirus is a group of caliciviruses. Norovirus has great genetic variation, and there is no specific antiviral drug at present. So symptomatic treatment is the main method. Patients are prone to diarrhea, vomiting and dehydration. In severe cases, infusion can be given in time to supplement trace elements lost due to dehydration and correct electrolyte flocculation.

three

Because norovirus is easy to break out in dense crowds, we should take precautions. First of all, pay attention to personal hygiene, don't eat cold and uncooked food, and try to avoid eating in unlicensed snack bars. Reduce participation in large-scale collective activities and block communication channels. The most important thing is to seek medical treatment as soon as you get sick, so as not to delay the illness and cause large-scale spread.

Matters needing attention

Wash your hands often with warm water and soap.

Avoid direct contact with infected people and avoid eating with infected people.

During illness, you can drink a small amount of liquid mixed with trace sugar and salt.

4. What is Norovirus?

Norovirus, also known as Norovirus, is a group of virus particles with similar morphology and slightly different antigenicity.

Norovirus-infected diarrhea is prevalent all over the world, which can occur all year round, mainly affecting adults and school-age children, and it is high in cold season. In the United States, 60-90% of non-bacterial diarrhea outbreaks are caused by norovirus every year.

"Norovirus" infectious diarrhea is a self-limiting disease, and there is no vaccine and no specific medicine. Public personal hygiene, food hygiene and drinking water hygiene are the key to prevent the disease. It is necessary to cultivate frequent hand washing and separate raw from cooked.

Extended data:

trait

Norovirus mutates rapidly, has strong environmental resistance, low infection dose, short incubation period after infection, long detoxification time, short immune protection time and diverse transmission routes, and the whole people are generally susceptible. Therefore, Norovirus is highly contagious and has the ability to spread rapidly.

The main manifestations of norovirus infection are diarrhea and/or vomiting, which is usually called acute gastroenteritis internationally.

Norovirus is the main pathogen of sporadic cases and outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis worldwide, and the disease burden is serious. Since 20 13, most of other infectious diarrhea outbreaks in China have been norovirus outbreaks, especially since the winter of 20 14.

References:

Baidu Encyclopedia-Norovirus

5. How is Norovirus spread?

Norovirus is highly contagious, mainly spread through the intestine, and can be spread through polluted water, food, articles, air, etc. , and often cause collective outbreaks in communities, schools, restaurants, hospitals, nurseries, nursing homes and the military.

Norovirus-infected diarrhea is caused by Norovirus, which has the characteristics of acute onset, rapid spread and wide coverage, and is the main reason for the outbreak of non-bacterial diarrhea.

Norovirus has a high degree of genetic variability, and there may be strains with different genetic characteristics that are prevalent in the same period and community. Norovirus antibody has no significant protective effect, especially long-term immune protection, which is easy to cause repeated infection.

6. What is Norovirus?

There is a virus that likes to bully babies, causing abdominal pain, diarrhea and vomiting. Guess who it is? By the way, it's norovirus.

Every winter and spring, more than half of infectious diarrhea is caused by norovirus. Moreover, Norovirus has strong vitality and can survive for several years at low temperature. But it is not impossible to deal with them!

1. Wash your hands correctly.

Babies are most likely to eat bacteria and viruses when they grab something to eat while playing. We must form the habit of washing our hands before and after meals. Wash your hands with water, will you? No, no, no, we have a little formula:

Rub your hands, wash your back, rub your fingers, twist your fingers, turn around, and rub your fingertips. Remember to wash your hands with soap and count silently from 1 to 20.

2. Pay attention to your diet.

Baby should try to eat less cold food, such as salad and sushi, and wash it when eating fruit. In addition, babies who like to eat fish, shrimp and shellfish, remember to remind their mothers to do well.

Parents should not panic if the baby is unfortunately infected with norovirus. Norovirus has no specific medicine, and antibiotics are ineffective against the virus. Do not abuse antibiotics yourself. Take the baby to the doctor in time and rest at home for a few days.

If you want your baby to get sick less, healthy eating habits are indispensable. First of all, the baby should eat three meals a day, help himself, not picky about food, not partial eclipse. Then, drink a glass of pure milk every day If you drink water, drink plain water. Snacks should be mainly fruits, nuts and eggs.

Also, it is important to cultivate the baby's light taste. Cooking needs less seasoning, less frying and more fruits and vegetables. You can let your baby and parents buy and make food together and enjoy the process of making food. Finally, let the baby often engage in outdoor activities and run for exercise in order to grow up healthily and happily.

Finally, let's sum up. During this period, we learned how to stay away from norovirus and how to choose healthy food. I hope the babies can eat well and be healthy.

7. What are the symptoms of Norovirus?

What is norovirus?

Norovirus-infected diarrhea is caused by Norovirus, which has the characteristics of acute onset, rapid spread and wide coverage, and is the main reason for the outbreak of non-bacterial diarrhea. Norovirus is highly contagious, mainly spread through the intestine, and can be spread through polluted water, food, articles, air, etc. , and often cause collective outbreaks in communities, schools, restaurants, hospitals, nurseries, nursing homes and the military.

Norovirus has a high degree of genetic variability, and there may be strains with different genetic characteristics that are prevalent in the same period and community. Norovirus antibody has no significant protective effect, especially long-term immune protection, which is easy to cause repeated infection.

Norovirus-infected diarrhea is prevalent all over the world, which can occur all year round, mainly affecting adults and school-age children, and it is high in cold season. In the United States, 60-90% of non-bacterial diarrhea outbreaks are caused by norovirus every year. The Netherlands, Britain, Japan, Australia and other developed countries have similar results. Diarrhea caused by norovirus is common in developing countries and often causes outbreaks. The detection rate of norovirus in children with diarrhea under 5 years old in China is about 15%, and the survey of serum antibody level shows that norovirus infection is also very common in China. From 65438 to 0995, the first case of Norovirus infection was reported in China, and then there were many cases of Norovirus-infected diarrhea in Shanxi, Beijing, Anhui, Fuzhou, Wuhan and Guangzhou.

clinical picture

The incubation period is mostly 24~48h, the shortest is 12h, and the longest is 72h. The infected person has a sudden onset, and the main symptoms are nausea, vomiting, fever, abdominal pain and diarrhea. Vomiting is common in children, and diarrhea is common in adults. Diarrhea occurs 4~8 times in 24 hours, and the feces are watery or watery, without mucus and pus. Routine microscopic examination of white blood cells in stool

Transmission routing

Norovirus exists in the feces and vomit of infected people, and can be infected by norovirus in several ways: eating food contaminated by norovirus or drinking drinks contaminated by norovirus;

Touch an object or surface contaminated by norovirus, and then touch your mouth with your hand;

Direct contact with infected people (such as taking care of patients, eating with patients or using the same tableware).

Food and drinks are easily contaminated by norovirus, because the virus is so small that people can get sick if they ingest less than 100 viruses. Food can be directly contaminated by contaminated hands, vomit or feces, or contaminated by nearby vomit droplets. Although it is difficult for this virus to reproduce outside the human body, once it exists in food or water, it will cause diseases.

[5]

Some foods may have been contaminated before being sent to restaurants or shops. Some diseases are caused by eating oysters caught from polluted water. Other products such as salads and frozen fruits may also be contaminated at the source.

Norovirus can kill people? How is norovirus treated better?

Recently, there is a very worrying disease, which is a gastrointestinal disease called norovirus. 72 students in a primary school in Nanjing were infected with norovirus. Fever and vomiting were unbearable, and some schools were forced to suspend classes because of the epidemic. For this virus, it is suggested that high-temperature dry heat steam can control and kill the virus well, pay more attention to cleaning the food contact surface, do personal hygiene protection, stay away from the virus, and be healthy and safe. So someone asked if norovirus would kill people? How is norovirus treated better? Let me explain this medical knowledge to you.

What disease is norovirus?

Norovirus is a virus that causes non-bacterial acute gastroenteritis. Usually, children's symptoms are vomiting and diarrhea, while adults are mainly diarrhea. Norovirus can spread through polluted water, food, articles and air, and often breaks out in schools, restaurants, hospitals, nurseries, nursing homes and other places where people are relatively concentrated.

Norovirus can cause gastrointestinal infection. The main symptoms are nausea, vomiting and abdominal spastic diarrhea, which generally lasts for 1-2 days and usually appears 12-48 hours after being infected with the virus. The incubation period is mostly 24~48h, the shortest is 12h, and the longest is 72h. The infected person has a sudden onset, and the main symptoms are nausea, vomiting, fever, abdominal pain and diarrhea.

Does norovirus kill people? People don't usually die.

The vomiting symptoms of patients with primary infection are obviously more than those of patients with secondary infection, and some infected people only show vomiting symptoms. In addition, symptoms such as headache, chills and muscle pain can also be seen, and dehydration symptoms can occur in severe cases. Although norovirus is highly contagious, there is absolutely no need to panic. After the virus is found, it is generally only necessary to isolate it at home. Most people don't need to go to the hospital to take medicine. If there are serious symptoms such as high fever and dehydration, you need to go to the hospital for treatment.

The best way to treat norovirus

Director Xu Dangui, a pediatrician in Shenzhen, advised the public to deal with Norovirus;

1, first of all, temporarily fast, because vomiting can't accept any food, even warm water will be spit out.

2. Drinking a small amount of warm salt water or ginger brown sugar water for many times can gradually achieve the effect of stopping vomiting and cooling down. It is best to have oral rehydration salts at home. If not, you can make them yourself. The method is to put a proper amount of edible salt in boiling water, dissolve it and put it in warm water. The taste is equivalent to the salty degree of skin sweating.

3. If you only see fever and vomiting, and you haven't defecated for many days, you must defecate first. You can go to a nearby drugstore to buy kaisai dew, or cut it into strips the size of your little finger with soap at home and stuff it into * * *, which can achieve the effect of relaxing bowels and stopping vomiting.

4, you can eat some porridge cooked with ginger and salt (not too thick, thinner is better).

5. Apply drugs (such as Ding Guier's navel patch) that warm the middle warmer, dispel cold and stop vomiting to the navel.

6. If there is Huoxiang Zhengqi oral liquid (dropping pills) at home, it can be dissolved in ginger brown sugar water and taken orally several times.

7. Apply abdomen with hot water bottle or electric heater. To prevent burns, wrap a hot water bottle or electric heater with a towel before touching the skin.

8. Soak your feet in warm water at 40℃-45℃ for about 15-30 minutes, which is helpful to cool down and stop vomiting and diarrhea.

2. What is the common sense of disease prevention?

1, adjust the cold temperature.

The climate is changeable, and people of all ages and infirmities should change clothes at any time. It is not advisable to take off your winter clothes too early to avoid catching cold. Older people with cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases should pay more attention. 2. Go to bed early and get up early to exercise.

Lack of sleep will reduce the immune function of the human body, and it is easy to get angry and cause trauma. 3. Keep inner peace.

Avoid anger in spring, don't be too impatient, and always keep your mind at peace. 4. Quit smoking and drink less alcohol and coffee.

Smoking is most likely to damage the surface barrier of respiratory tract and induce disease attack. Alcohol, tobacco and coffee can make people nervous. Some people want to "eliminate tension and fatigue", which actually weakens the body's disease resistance.

5. Stay away from allergens and crowded places. 6, the diet should be light, nutritious and easy to digest, eat less greasy fried and spicy food.

3. How can we prevent and treat Norovirus?

1 Morning Run Many people will run in the morning now. The so-called morning running refers to a kind of exercise mainly based on morning running.

Jogging is the main way to run in the morning. You'd better drink enough water before running. Of course, you can also take a bottle of water with you. Insisting on running in the morning can enhance physical fitness, improve immunity and improve mental state. This is a good way for people with poor physique to keep fit.

There is an old saying about breakfast: eat well in the morning, but many people have formed the habit of skipping breakfast, which is not good for their health. Breakfast is the most critical meal in daily health, especially for people with poor health. If you prepare a nutritious breakfast, it will have a better effect on keeping fit.

3 Office calisthenics The reason why people are in poor health now is that they are sedentary and do not exercise, which gradually leads to sub-health state, especially in the office crowd. We can also exercise in the office, and doing office aerobics is a good choice.

4. Legal tip 10

Tips on primary school law 10:

Students should pay attention to safety when riding bicycles;

1, don't stick your head and hands out of the window;

Don't be crowded when you get off the bus.

3. Don't forcibly rob a motor vehicle;

4. Don't throw things from the car. People sitting in the front row should not talk to the driver, which will affect the driver's safe driving.

Students should pay attention to safety when walking;

1, go right;

2. Don't chase, play games or play ball on the road;

3. When crossing the expressway, you should see clearly before and after to ensure safe passage. If there is a zebra crossing or overpass, you should take the spotted line or overpass. Don't run the red light! Don't litter passing cars.

Anti-trafficking tips:

1, when one is at home, be sure to close the doors and windows. If someone knocks at the door, you must first see who it is from the cat's eye or the door, and then decide whether to open the door.

2. When going out alone, don't drink all kinds of drinks from strangers, don't eat candy or other food from strangers, and don't play in desolate or remote places. You can call 1 10 to call the police if you find a bad guy or encounter an emergency.

Don't just buy kebabs and other things that pass by the stalls. The food on the roadside is unsanitary, and it is easy to get sick after eating it.

5. What is Norovirus?

Norovirus, also known as Norovirus and Norwalk virus, is a virus that can cause non-bacterial acute gastroenteritis.

Clinical manifestations are often sudden onset, nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps and headaches, and the infected population is generally high. In places with poor sanitary conditions, the virus spreads through feces, saliva, etc. People can also get infected by eating contaminated mussels.

As of 20 13, there are no specific antiviral drugs, mainly symptomatic or supportive treatment, and antibiotics are generally not needed. Norovirus, also known as purulent virus, is a virus that causes non-bacterial acute gastroenteritis.

Can be abbreviated as NV. This virus is widely spread all over the world. The data show that the infection rate of children under 5 years old in developing countries can be as high as 100%, and the incubation period after infection is 6-96 hours, with an average incubation period of 24-30 hours.

The clinical manifestations are sudden onset, nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps and headache, and diarrhea and fever are mild. Norovirus-infected diarrhea is prevalent all over the world, which can occur all year round, mainly affecting adults and school-age children, and it is high in cold season.

Norovirus causes 60%-90% of all non-bacterial diarrhea outbreaks in the United States every year. The Netherlands, Britain, Japan, Australia and other developed countries have similar results.

Diarrhea caused by norovirus is common in developing countries and often causes outbreaks. The detection rate of norovirus in children with diarrhea under 5 years old in China is about 15%, and the survey of serum antibody level shows that norovirus infection is also very common in China.

I hope my answer is helpful to my parents. If you are satisfied, please give me a favorable comment (favorable comment is very important to me). Thank you very much.

6. Safety tips 10

1. What things in life can cause a stuck throat?

(1) Fighting with food in their mouths, running and jumping.

(2) When doing homework. Always put pen caps, pins, etc. In your mouth.

(3) When eating snacks, throw the food out and open your mouth to pick it up.

(4) Laugh while eating.

(5) When eating fish.

2. What should I do if I am bitten by a puppy while playing with it?

(6) Wash the wound carefully and thoroughly immediately, and rinse it with running water for more than 20 minutes.

(7) Ligate the upper end of the wound (near the heart end) with a cloth belt to prevent blood from flowing back. Don't cover the wound.

(8) Send to the hospital quickly and timely, and inject rabies vaccine and tetanus vaccine.

3. What should I do if my classmates faint from heatstroke?

(9) Take him to the infirmary immediately and find the school doctor.

(10) Help him to the shade, loosen the button, cold compress his neck with a towel, and replenish water in time.

7. Little is known about bionics

Vibrating gyro flies and spacecraft flies and spacecraft flies have made great contributions to mankind.

Nasty flies seem to have nothing to do with the grand space cause, but bionics closely connects them. Flies are notorious "smelly things". They can be seen everywhere and have a bad smell.

Flies have a particularly sensitive sense of smell, and can smell the smell thousands of meters away. But flies don't have noses. What does it rely on to act as a sense of smell? It turns out that the "nose" of flies-olfactory receptors are distributed on a pair of antennae on the head.

Each "nose" has only one "nostril" communicating with the outside world, which contains hundreds of olfactory nerve cells. If a smell enters the nostrils, these nerves will immediately convert the smell into nerve electrical impulses and send them to the brain.

The brain can distinguish substances with different smells according to different nerve electrical impulses generated by substances with different smells. Therefore, the fly's antenna is like a sensitive gas analyzer.

Inspired by this, bionic scientists copied a very strange small gas analyzer according to the structure and function of the olfactory organs of flies. The probe of this instrument is not metal, but a live fly.

A very fine microelectrode is inserted into the olfactory nerve of the fly, and the guided neuroelectric signal is amplified by an electronic circuit and sent to an analyzer; The analyzer can give an alarm as soon as it finds the signal of odorous substances. This instrument has been installed in the cockpit of the spacecraft to detect the composition of the gas in the cabin.

This small gas analyzer can also measure harmful gases in submarines and mines. This principle can also be used to improve the input device of computer and the structural principle of gas chromatography analyzer.

In addition, the fly's wing (also called balance bar) is a "natural navigator", and people imitate it to make a "vibrating gyroscope". This instrument has been applied to rockets and high-speed aircraft, realizing automatic driving.

Bats and radar bats emit an ultrasonic wave that bounces back when it meets an object, but humans can't hear it. Radar was invented according to this characteristic of bats.

Radar is used in various places, such as airplanes and aviation. From fireflies to artificial cold light from fireflies to artificial cold light Since the invention of electric light, life has become much more convenient and rich.

But electric lamps can only convert a small part of electric energy into visible light, and most of the rest is wasted in the form of heat energy. The heat rays of electric lamps are harmful to people's eyes. So, is there a light source that only emits light without heating? Humans have turned their attention to nature again.

In nature, many creatures can emit light, such as bacteria, fungi, worms, mollusks, crustaceans, insects and fish, and the light emitted by these animals does not produce heat, so it is also called "cold light". Fireflies are one of many luminous animals.

There are about 65,438+0,500 species of fireflies. Their luminescent colors are yellow-green, orange, and their brightness is different. Fireflies emit cold light, which not only has high luminous efficiency, but also is generally soft, suitable for human eyes, and the light intensity is relatively high.

Therefore, bioluminescence is an ideal light source for human beings. Scientists found that the luminous device of fireflies is located in the abdomen.

This light emitter consists of three parts: light emitting layer, transparent layer and reflecting layer. There are thousands of luminescent cells in the luminescent layer, all of which contain fluorescein and luciferase.

Under the action of luciferase, fluorescein combines with oxidation to emit fluorescence with the participation of intracellular water. The luminescence of fireflies is essentially a process in which chemical energy is converted into light energy.

As early as 1940s, people created fluorescent lamps on the basis of studying fireflies, which greatly changed the lighting sources of human beings. Scientists first isolated pure fluorescein from fireflies, then isolated luciferase, and then synthesized fluorescein artificially by chemical methods.

Biological light source composed of fluorescein, luciferase, ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and water can be used as a flash lamp in mines filled with explosive gas. Because this lamp has no power supply and does not produce magnetic field, it can be used to clear magnetic mines under the irradiation of biological light source.

People have been able to obtain cold light similar to biological light by mixing some chemicals used for safe lighting. Electric fish and Volt battery Many creatures in nature can generate electricity, and there are more than 500 species of fish alone.

People call these discharging fish "electric fish". All kinds of electric fish have different discharge skills.

Electric ray, electric catfish and electric eel have the strongest discharge ability. Medium-sized torpedoes can generate about 70 volts, while African torpedoes can generate up to 220 volts; African electric catfish can generate 350 volts; Electric eels can generate 500 volts. There is a South American electric eel that can generate up to 880 volts, and it is called the champion of electric shock. It is said that it can kill big animals like horses.

Where is the mystery of electric fish discharge? Through the anatomical study of the electric fish, it is finally found that there is a strange power generation organ in the electric fish. These power generating organs are composed of many translucent discoid cells, which are called electric plates or disks.

Due to the different types of electric fish, the shape, position and quantity of the electric plates of the generator are also different. The generator of electric eel is prismatic and located in the muscles on both sides of the caudate spine. The torpedo generator is shaped like a flat kidney, arranged on both sides of the body midline, with 2 million electric plates. The generator of electric catfish originated from some kind of gland, located between skin and muscle, with about 5 million electric plates.

The voltage generated by a single plate is very weak, but because there are many plates, the voltage generated is very large. The extraordinary skills of electric fish have aroused great interest.

/kloc-At the beginning of the 9th century, Italian physicist Volt designed the world's earliest Volt battery based on the electric fish power generation organ. Because this kind of battery is designed according to the natural generator of electric fish, it is called "artificial electric officer"

The study of electric fish also gives people such enlightenment: if we can successfully imitate the power generation organ of electric fish, then we can solve the power problem of ships and submarines well. The windward ears of jellyfish are in nature, and jellyfish have lived in seawater as early as 500 million years ago.

"But what's the relationship between jellyfish and windward ears?" People will definitely ask such questions. Because jellyfish are here.