Sanxingdui Guide Words (5)

There are many sites and remains of Shu culture in Hanshui River basin in the north, Jingjiang area in the east, Dadu River in the southwest, Jinsha River and today's northern Guizhou, and the most densely distributed area is Chengdu Plain. Sanxingdui site is located in the central area of Shu cultural circle, which was the center of ancient Shu culture three or four thousand years ago.

From 5000 to 2800, Sanxingdui culture lasted for more than 2000 years. From the perspective of archaeological stratigraphy and typology, Sanxingdui culture can be divided into four periods.

The first stage of Sanxingdui culture was about 5000 ~ 4000 years ago. Pottery in this period was mainly flat-bottomed vessels with wide edges and holes, and the production methods were mostly hand-made. The production tools are mainly stone axes, spears and chisels, which are small in shape. At the same time, there are small etiquette articles such as jade jade, jade laurel (aunt) and Yuhuan.

Many architectural remains were found in the site, most of which were dry fence buildings. Their advantages are easy to obtain materials and good wind and moisture resistance. The construction area is generally 20 to 30 square meters, and the largest construction area is about 200 square meters, which is estimated to be a public building.

1997, 29 rectangular pits were found in Rensheng village outside the western wall of Sanxingdui, and jade, stone tools, pottery and ivory were unearthed in the pits. Among them, the shape and style of the jade cone are very similar to those unearthed in the Neolithic Liangzhu cultural tombs in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces, which shows that the Chengdu Plain and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River have long had cultural ties.

The Neolithic cultural sites in Sichuan are widely distributed, especially in Chengdu Plain. Among them, the discovery of Baodun Ancient City Site in Malong Town, Xinjin, Yongjiang City Site in Dujiangyan, Yufu City Site in Wenjiang, Shuanghe Ancient City Site in Chongzhou, Zizhu Village Ancient City Site and Pixian Ancient City Site are the main discoveries. The discovery of these ancient cities shows that as early as the late Neolithic period, large and small city-state organizations appeared in Chengdu Plain, among which Sanxingdui stood out and became the central capital of the ancient Shu State.

Sanxingdui culture in archaeological sense is represented by the second and third phases of Sanxingdui site, which is about 4000 to 3200 years ago, equivalent to the Xia and Shang Dynasties in the Central Plains. This is the most prosperous period of Sanxingdui culture, which is generally considered to belong to the legendary period of ancient Shu history. At this stage, a large number of pottery with local characteristics appeared, such as high-handle beans, small flat-bottomed pots and bird's head handle (ba4) spoons, which formed the basic combination of Sichuan pottery.

Since the second phase, Sanxingdui has entered the era of civilization. People built city walls, east, west and south walls. The central city with an area of nearly 4 square kilometers has also been built, with reasonable layout and rigorous structure. According to different functions and needs, it is divided into residential areas, workshops, sacrificial areas, tombs and palaces.

It is generally believed that the establishment of cities, the setting of sacrificial places, the appearance of bronzes and characters are the signs of the emergence of ancient civilizations and countries. Sanxingdui is no longer an ordinary settlement or village, but an early city and country in southwest China. Especially considering the cultural relics unearthed in the site, the ancient Shu kingdom has made outstanding achievements in various fields.

Sanxingdui ancient Shu kingdom was not isolated from other regions because it was difficult to get through the Shu Road. The jade elder brother, jade Zhang, pottery, bronze ornaments and bronze statues unearthed in this site are very similar to those unearthed in Jiangsu, Henan and Anhui. In Zhuwa Street, Pengxian County, Sichuan Province, a bronze statue and a bronze statue belonging to the Central Plains in the late Shang Dynasty and early Zhou Dynasty were found. It is likely that the army of Shu participated in the struggle to destroy the Shang Dynasty, and the Emperor of Zhou gave the King of Shu a trophy. There are also many records in Oracle Bone Inscriptions in the Central Plains, such as "receiving Shu", "cutting Shu" and "shooting 300 Shu" ... All kinds of signs show that the ancient Shu kingdom is full of open spirit.

The fourth period of culture in Sanxingdui site is the period when the early Shu culture turned from prosperity to decline, which is roughly equivalent to the end of Shang Dynasty and the beginning of Zhou Dynasty, about 3200 ~ 2800 years ago.

The pottery in the fourth period is mainly small flat-bottomed pots and pointed-bottomed utensils. During this period, some factors made the magnificent Sanxingdui ancient city suddenly abandoned, and Sanxingdui civilization interrupted its local development process. At the beginning of 200 1, with the discovery of Jinsha site in Chengdu, the trace of the ancient Shu kingdom gradually became clear. Jinsha site dates from the late Shang Dynasty to the early Western Zhou Dynasty, later than Sanxingdui site, and there is a close internal relationship between them. Scholars believe that since Sanxingdui in Guanghan, the political and cultural center of ancient Shu has moved south to Chengdu, and the ancient Shu culture has entered a new stage of development.

Wuhua Tianfu Unit 2 Agriculture and Commerce-Sanxingdui

At present, a large number of huge pots, pots, pots, etc. A container that may be used to hold grain was unearthed in the site. Their variety and quantity reflected the diversity of crop production at that time. Animal husbandry is one of the standards to measure agricultural prosperity. Many bones and animal figures of domestic animals such as pigs, sheep, horses and chickens have been unearthed in Sanxingdui site. It is conceivable that the poultry breeding industry at that time had a certain scale, and agricultural and sideline products were also very rich.

A large number of wine vessels have been unearthed in the site, indicating that grain has been used to make wine in addition to meeting daily life. Among these wine vessels, pottery cups and bottle-shaped cups are the most distinctive.

Hé)-generally considered as a wine warmer, most of them are thirty or forty centimeters high. The three hollow bag feet at the bottom of the pot can not only increase the capacity of the pot, but also heat the fire, so the design is extremely reasonable. In a pit of the site, a pottery cup was found, which contained more than 20 bottle-shaped cups, indicating that these wine vessels were used together.

Bottle-shaped cups-made of bell mouth, thin neck, round flat bottom and some necks with decorative patterns-look simple and beautiful. Because of the small bottleneck, some scholars speculate that the wine at that time should be removed by sake with "zǐ".

More than 80 pieces of ivory unearthed from the sacrificial pit of Sanxingdui site were identified as the front teeth of Asian elephants. Scholars believe that they are symbols of the wealth of the ruling class. As for the source of ivory, it may be the elephant produced locally at that time, or it may be the result of commercial transactions between Sichuan and neighboring countries or even beyond.

Ancient Shu is located inland, but nearly 5,000 seashells have been unearthed in Sanxingdui Sacrificial Pit. According to the general explanation, seashells are the original currency for commodity exchange in the early days of civilized society, which shows the frequent commercial exchanges between ancient Shu and surrounding areas. Four imitation seashells were also unearthed in the No.2 Sacrificial Pit, which is rare in China. Whether it is the earliest metal currency in China remains to be further studied.

A large number of archaeological data prove that as early as three or four thousand years ago, there were cultural exchanges and economic exchanges between Sichuan and its surrounding areas or even beyond. According to research, the "Southern Silk Road", which started in Chengdu Plain and connected ancient China with South Asia, Central Asia, West Asia and Southeast Asia, was opened in the pre-Qin period. Although we can't know how long the ancient Shu people walked on the rugged mountain road, what we can appreciate is their perseverance and perseverance. It is this spirit and perseverance that created the splendid ancient Shu civilization and opened China's window to the world.

The third complete set of pottery-Sanxingdui pottery

Pottery is easy to obtain, simple to make, impervious to water, and can withstand high-temperature barbecue, so it has become the daily necessities of various agricultural peoples. The pottery industry in Sanxingdui ancient Shu reached a fairly high level.

A large number of pots, bowls, cups and lamps with flat bottom and small pointed bottom have been unearthed in Sanxingdui, which are typical objects of Sichuan pottery. This pointed-bottom device is very small, and the bottom is conical, so it can't be placed stably at all. An instrument similar to a pedestal was unearthed in this site, which is estimated to be used with a pointed bottom device.