What is the connotation of health?

Modern concept of health

1. The concept of health

Since ancient times, health has become a permanent topic discussed by people of all dynasties and generations, and has been regarded as the first need in life. But what is health? How to correctly understand and grasp the exact connotation of health? This is a critical question.

The World Health Organization reiterated in the "Declaration of Alma-Ata" issued at the International Conference on Primary Health Care in 1978: Health is not only the absence of disease or infirmity, but also physical, mental and social health. A general term for well-adapted. The declaration states: Health is a basic human right, and achieving the highest possible health level is an important social goal worldwide. Many years later, in 1989, the World Health Organization once again deepened the concept of health, believing that health includes physical health (physical health), mental health (psychological health), and social psychology. alth), good social adaptation and ethical health. This new health concept makes the medical model evolve from a single biomedical model to a bio-psychological-social medical model. The mental health and social health in this modern health concept are a powerful supplement and development to health under the biomedical model. It takes into account both natural and social attributes of people, thus getting rid of people's concerns about health. One-sided understanding.

1． Physical health (physiological health) Physical health refers to the normal structure and function of the body and the ability to take care of oneself.

2. Mental health Mental health means that individuals can correctly understand themselves, adjust their mentality in a timely manner, and keep their psychology in a good state to adapt to changes in the outside world. Mental health can be divided into a broad sense and a narrow sense: mental health in the narrow sense mainly refers to the state of being free of psychological disorders and other psychological problems; mental health in the broad sense also includes the ability to adjust mentally and develop psychological efficacy.

3. Good social adaptation Strong adaptability is an important feature of mental health. Mentally healthy college students should be able to maintain good contact with society and have a clear and correct understanding of the current situation of society. They have lofty ideals and ambitions, but do not indulge in unrealistic fantasies and extravagant hopes, and focus on the unity of reality and ideals. For the various difficulties and challenges encountered in real life, do not blame others and use practical and effective methods to solve them. When you find that your ideals and wishes run counter to social development, you can quickly adjust yourself to be consistent with social development, instead of escaping from reality, let alone being arrogant and going your own way.

4. Moral health Moral health refers to the ability to control one's behavior in accordance with the rules and requirements of social norms, and to contribute to people's happiness. It is characterized by noble thoughts, ideals, morality, and discipline.

2. Health standards

Health standards include: ① Energetic, able to cope with daily life and work calmly; ② Optimistic, positive attitude, and willing to take responsibility Not picky about tasks; ③ Good at resting and sleeping well; ④ Strong adaptability and able to adapt to various changes in various environments; ⑤ Have certain resistance to common colds and infectious diseases; ⑥ Appropriate weight, well-proportioned body, good head and arms , coordinated hip ratio; ⑦ eyes are bright, responsive, eyelids are not inflamed; ⑧ teeth are clean, no defects, no pain, gums are normal color, no bleeding; ⑨ hair is shiny, no dandruff; ⑩ muscles and skin are elastic, good for walking easy.

According to the above health standards, only 15% of people can meet this standard, and 15% of people are sick. Most people are in an intermediate state, that is, a state of no disease but not completely healthy, that is to say, a physiological state in which the body has no obvious disease, but has reduced vitality and reduced adaptability to varying degrees, such as fatigue, dizziness, Headache, tinnitus, shortness of breath, palpitations, irritability, etc. This intermediate state is the "subhealth" state (the third state).

Everyone wants to have a healthy body, but what does it mean to be healthy? Many people are not sure about this, including many university students. In the past, people believed that the body was healthy if it was not sick. This understanding was very superficial. With the advancement of the times and the advancement and development of science, modern people have a more scientific and comprehensive understanding of health. The World Health Organization's new definition of health is: 'The best state of a person's body, mind and society, rather than simply the absence of illness.'

The new health concept believes that the absence of illness is only healthy A basic aspect is mainly the normal state of the body, but also includes the harmony of mental health and adaptation to society and the natural environment. That is to say, the adaptability of the human body, psychology, society, and environment are in a state of coordination and balance. ．This is the new complete and comprehensive concept of health.

So, how to measure whether a person is healthy and what are the common standards? The World Health Organization has set 10 criteria for health. Criteria:

1. Have plenty of energy, be able to take on daily life and heavy work calmly, and not feel overly nervous or tired.

2. Be optimistic and have a positive attitude. Willing to take responsibility, no matter how big or small,

3. Good at rest and sleep well

4. Strong adaptability, able to adapt to various changes in the external environment.

5. Can resist common colds and infectious diseases.

6. Appropriate weight, well-proportioned body, and coordinated position of head, shoulders, and arms when standing.

7. , The eyes are bright, responsive, and the eyes are not prone to inflammation.

8. The teeth are clean, no cavities, no pain, the gum color is normal, and there is no bleeding. 9. The hair is shiny. No dandruff.

10. Muscles are plump and the skin is elastic.

These 10 guidelines are for general and common conditions, but for People of different ages have different standards.

The core idea of ??the new health concept is "health for everyone, health for everyone". Pollution and immoral and unhygienic behavior not only endanger one's own physical and mental health, but also endanger the health of others. This view of health is a holistic view of "body-psychology-society-nature-ecology-health". A view of health based on coordinated social development.

In traditional Chinese medicine, there is also a set of health standards.

This set of health standards is mainly aimed at middle-aged people, so it can also be regarded as the top 10 health standards for middle-aged people. These] 0 major standards are:

1. Bright eyes: Bright eyes without a dull feeling, indicating strong energy, good organ function, and active thinking.

2. Harmonious sound: The sound is like a loud bell, the breathing is calm and unhurried, and the mind is calm, reflecting good lung function and strong resistance.

3. Qianmensong: refers to the smooth flow of urine, indicating that the urinary and reproductive systems are generally in good condition.

4. Tight back door: stool once a day, regular, without abdominal pain or diarrhea, indicating healthy digestive function.

5. Poor shape: Keep your body shape well-proportioned and be careful not to be overweight. Standard weight (kg) = height (cm) - 105 (minus 100 for women).

6. Strong teeth: Pay attention to oral hygiene and basically have no cavities, which reflects sufficient kidney essence.

7. The spirit of the waist and legs: it shows the strength or flexibility of the muscles, bones and limb joints. Middle-aged intellectuals especially need to maintain the spirit of the waist and legs due to the nature of their work.

8. Small pulse shape: means that the heart rate per minute remains within the normal range (60-80 beats/min), indicating that the heart and circulatory functions are good.

9. Stable diet: adhere to regular and quantitative diet, do not be picky about food or partial eclipse, do not overeat and drink too much, do not smoke or drink alcohol, and pay attention to diet and health.

10. Accurate daily routine: Able to get up and go to bed on time, with good sleep quality. 1. Health Education and Health Promotion

Health is the normal state of human life and the guarantee of social progress, economic development, and national prosperity.

Our country's Constitution clearly stipulates: Maintaining the health of all citizens and improving the health level of people of all ethnic groups is one of the important tasks of socialism. Health education is a health care measure with low investment, high output and high benefits. As a strategic measure of health care, it has been recognized all over the world and is listed as the first of the eight elements of primary health care. (1) Concept of health With the advancement of social economy, science and technology, and living standards, human beings’ understanding of the connotation of health continues to deepen. The World Health Organization states: “Health is not only the absence of disease or weakness, but a state of perfect physical, mental health and social well-being.” A comprehensive understanding of the connotation of health can help guide the practice of health education and health promotion. (2) Health education

Health education is a process that helps individuals and groups master health care knowledge, establish health concepts, and voluntarily adopt educational activities and processes that are conducive to healthy behaviors and lifestyles through information dissemination and behavioral intervention. That is, the unity of changing the knowledge, concepts, and behaviors of education objects. The relationship between these three is as follows: knowledge is the foundation, faith is the driving force, and action is the goal. Its purpose is to eliminate or reduce risk factors that affect health, prevent disease, promote health and improve quality of life. According to the new concept proposed by the 13th World Health Conference in 1988: Health education is a science that studies the dissemination of health care knowledge and techniques, affects individual and group behavior, eliminates risk factors, prevents diseases, and promotes health. It focuses on the study of theories, laws and methods of knowledge dissemination and behavior change, as well as the theory and practice of organization, planning and evaluation of community education. Through communication and education means, we impart health care knowledge to society, families and individuals, improve self-care capabilities, develop healthy behaviors, correct bad habits, eliminate risk factors, prevent diseases, promote human health and improve the quality of life. (3) Health promotion

Health promotion is the process of promoting people's ability to control factors that affect health, maintain and improve their own health. It is a strategy to coordinate between humans and their environment, and stipulates the relationship between individuals and society on health. responsibilities. It refers to using comprehensive means such as health education, organization, legislation, policy and economy to intervene in harmful behaviors and lifestyles and create a good social and ecological environment to promote human health. ? Health promotion model (omitted) The development of health education in my country has gone through three stages: health publicity, health education, and health promotion. The relationship between the three is that the latter tolerates the former, and the latter is the development of the former. The difference is: health publicity = knowledge popularization, publicity and agitation, health education = knowledge, belief and action, health promotion = health education, social support (4) Fields of health promotion. Health promotion involves 5 main areas of activity: 1. Develop public policies that can promote health* **The meaning of policy health promotion has gone beyond the scope of health care, and has put health issues on the agenda of decision-makers in various departments, governments at all levels and organizations. The purpose of explicitly requiring non-health departments to implement health promotion policies is to make it easier for people to make choices that are more beneficial to their health. 2. Create a supportive environment Health promotion must create a safe, satisfying and pleasant living and working environment. Systematically assess environmental impacts on health to ensure that social and natural environments are conducive to healthy development. 3. Actions to strengthen communities

The real power to improve the quality of life of people in the community is themselves. Fully mobilize the community, actively and effectively participate in the formulation and implementation of health care plans, tap community resources, help them understand their own health problems, and propose solutions to the problems. 4. Develop personal skills

Support the development of individuals and society by providing health information, educating and helping people improve their skills in making healthy choices. Schools, families, workplaces and communities all need to help people do this. 5. Adjust the direction of health services

The responsibility for health services in health promotion is shared by individuals, social groups, health professionals, health departments, industrial and commercial institutions and government agencies. They must work together to build a health care system that contributes to health.

2. Tasks of health education and health promotion 1. Actively strive for and effectively promote leaders and decision-makers to change their concepts, provide support for health needs and activities conducive to health in terms of policies and resources, and formulate various policies to promote health. As an integral part of quality education for all, health education has been highly valued by our government. Using government actions and administrative intervention to support and promote health education work is an inevitable trend in the development of health education. 2. Promote the responsibility of individuals, families and communities to prevent disease, promote health and improve quality of life. Enable people to make informed and effective decisions when facing personal or group health-related issues. By improving community self-help capabilities, community resources (people, finances, materials, etc.) can be developed. 3. Create an external environment conducive to health. Health education and health promotion must be based on a broad alliance and support system, collaborate with relevant departments, and work together to gradually create a good living and working environment. Build communities, schools, enterprises, etc. into "health promotion communities", "health promotion schools", "health promotion factories", etc. 4. Actively promote the transformation of the concepts and functions of the medical and health departments, especially community health service centers, so that their roles can develop in the direction of providing health services. 5. Carry out health education among the whole people. Educate and guide the people to get rid of superstition, abandon bad habits, develop good living habits, promote a civilized, healthy and scientific lifestyle, cultivate healthy psychological quality, and improve the health quality and scientific and cultural level of the entire nation. 3. Main related disciplines of health education and health promotion

The theoretical basis and professional techniques of health education and health promotion mainly come from medicine, sociology, psychology, behavioral science, communication, popular science, Statistics, aesthetics and other subjects. Among many related disciplines, preventive medicine, social medicine, education, communication, health psychology, and health behavior are the most closely related. 1. Preventive medicine: Preventive medicine takes groups as the research object and applies the theories of basic medicine, environmental medicine and other related disciplines as well as epidemiology, statistics, toxicology and other methods to study the impact of natural and social factors on health and disease. The law of action, the science of adopting hygienic measures to prevent diseases, promote health and extend life. 2. Social medicine: Social medicine is a borderline discipline that combines medicine and social sciences. It mainly studies the interaction and laws between social factors and health to formulate social security measures to protect and enhance the physical and mental health of the population. Health education and health promotion draw on the strategic, theoretical, directional and ideological concepts that social medicine focuses on when studying medical issues, study and analyze the main health problems of the population from a sociological perspective, and formulate different levels of intervention that combines macro and micro measures to improve the quality of life of the population. 3. Pedagogy: Health education is an organic combination of health and education. From receiving health information to changing behavior, it is an education process. Health educators must be familiar with the needs of education targets, be proficient in designing educational courses and arranging teaching content according to the culture of different education targets, use different teaching methods, implement teaching in accordance with aptitude, and conduct effect evaluation. 4. Health Communication: Mainly studies the occurrence and development of health information communication activities, as well as factors affecting communication effects, and the selection and expansion of communication strategies. 5. Health Psychology: Health psychology is a new branch of psychology developed on the basis of behavioral medicine. Health psychology should study the impact of psychological and social psychological factors on health and provide theories and strategies for mental health care. , specific measures and methodologies to play its special functions. 6. Health Behavior: Health Behavior is a new discipline that has developed in recent years with the needs of health education. It can also be said to be a branch of behavioral science. Health education and health promotion focus on changing the behavior of individuals, groups and even organizations. Therefore, health behavior is the basic discipline of health education and health promotion.

4. Basic methods of health education 1. Theory of health-related behavior change

⑴Knowledge, Belief and Action Model (KABP) The "Knowledge, Belief and Action" model is a relatively mature model of behavior change: Information?→? Knowledge? → ?Faith?→?Action?→? Improve health

Health education knowledge, belief and action model diagram Knowledge (knowledge and learning) is the foundation, belief (belief and attitude) is the motivation, and action (promoting healthy behavior) is the goal . Taking the harmful effects of smoking as an example, health educators use various methods and channels to teach the masses about the harmful effects of smoking, diseases caused by smoking, and the number of deaths related to smoking. The masses accept the knowledge and through thinking, strengthen their ability to protect themselves and their health. Responsibility for the health of others forms a belief; under the control of the belief, a healthy behavior pattern of non-smoking is gradually established. (2) Health belief model? The health belief model is an important theoretical model that uses social psychology methods to explain health-related behaviors. It is based on psychology and is synthesized from stimulus theory and cognitive theory. The Health Belief Model follows the following steps in producing practices that promote health-promoting behaviors: First, make people sufficiently fearful (perceived threat and severity) about their current behavior; second, make people believe that once they change their bad behavior, they will get very good results. value consequences (perceived benefits); at the same time, be aware of the difficulties that may arise in behavior change (perceived obstacles); and finally, make people feel confident and capable of changing bad behaviors through efforts. 2. Health communication skills Health communication is an important means and strategy of health education and health promotion. It is the process of using various communication media channels and methods to produce, transmit, disperse and share health information for the purpose of maintaining and promoting human health. Health communication is the specific and deepening of general communication behavior in the fields of medicine and hygiene, and has its own unique characteristics and laws.

Human communication activities are diverse. However, according to the different relationship between the subject and object of communication and its characteristics, it can be roughly divided into four basic types: "interpersonal communication", "mass communication", "organizational communication" and "self-communication". Health communication is also inseparable from these communication methods. (1) Interpersonal communication? Also called interpersonal communication, it refers to a direct communication of information between people. Interpersonal communication can be between individuals, between individuals and groups, or between groups. Because interpersonal communication has the advantages of strong pertinence, sufficient communication, and timely feedback, this communication method is particularly commonly used and effective in community health education. Community general practitioners and health workers should be the authorities and health communicators on health issues in the community. , can be used in diagnosis, patient consultation, and home visits - "individual and individual"; in organizing special lectures, teaching and speeches - "individual and group"; in discussions and discussions - "group and group". In terms of interpersonal health communication. To achieve good results in interpersonal communication, communication skills are very important. Interpersonal communication needs to be interactive rather than one-way preaching. First of all, interpersonal communication, understanding, trust and respect, and protection of each other's privacy are necessary; second, the health status of the people in the community should be understood, and answers to consultations, special lectures, lectures, discussions, etc. should be highly targeted and targeted. , to make the other party interested and excited; third, use plain and easy language. If a lot of medical terms are used for people who do not understand medicine, the other party will not be able to understand the meaning of the medical terms, and the expected effect will not be achieved: Finally Be scientific. (2) Mass communication refers to the process of disseminating information to the public through mass media such as radio, television, movies, newspapers, periodicals, books, slogans, blackboards, leaflets, and the Internet. The characteristics of mass communication are that it requires the use of certain media; its information is open and open to the whole society; information spreads over long distances, has wide coverage, and is fast; mass communication is one-way, and there is insufficient information feedback from both parties. (3) Organizational communication refers to the information exchange activities between organizations and among members within the organization. It is a certain scale of information dissemination carried out by an organization and leadership. That is, it developed into public relations science. (4) Self-communication refers to the process of information processing in the mind after an individual receives external information. This is the necessary biological basis for all human information exchanges.

Belongs to the category of psychological research. ? 3. Health-related behavior intervention model

Health-related behavior refers to the behavior of individuals or groups related to health and disease. Generally, it can be divided into two categories: health-promoting behaviors and health-harming behaviors.

Health-promoting behaviors are a set of behaviors performed by individuals or groups that are objectively beneficial to the health of themselves and others: ⑴Daily health behaviors, such as reasonable nutrition, balanced diet, appropriate sleep, active exercise, and regular work and rest wait. ⑵ Health care behaviors, such as regular physical examinations, vaccinations and other reasonable use of medical health services. ⑶ Avoid harmful environmental behaviors. “Environment” refers to both the natural environment (environmental pollution) and the stressful living environment. ⑷ Get rid of bad habits, quit smoking, stop drinking alcohol, and stop abusing drugs. ⑸ Medical-seeking behavior, the behavior of seeking scientific and reliable medical help when you realize that you have a certain disease. Such as taking the initiative to seek medical treatment, truly providing medical history and symptoms, actively cooperating with medical care, and maintaining an optimistic mood. ⑹ Medical compliance behavior occurs when one actively cooperates with the doctor and obeys treatment after knowing that one is indeed sick. There are many methods of health-related behavioral intervention, such as information dissemination, organization and regulations, environmental changes, training and guidance, consultation, and behavior modification transplanted from behavioral medicine. These methods and strategies respectively affect all aspects of the generation, maintenance and development of behavior, and are an important part of health education methodology. The purpose of behavioral intervention is to help people change their bad behaviors and living habits, consciously adopt health-promoting behaviors, and cultivate a good lifestyle.

Behavior modification technology was developed in the late 1950s. It is a series of technologies used to correct various behaviors that endanger health and guide the establishment of various health-promoting behaviors. It is widely used in the field of health education. The correction techniques mainly include desensitization method, demonstration method, aversion method, reinforcement method and elimination method. 5. Commonly used health measurements and indicators

Health measurement is the process of quantifying health concepts and health-related things or phenomena, that is, based on certain rules and the nature or characteristics of the measured object, using Numbers reflect health concepts and health-related things or phenomena. Health measurement has gradually expanded from negative measurement of death and disease to positive health-centered measurement; from the measurement of biological factors to comprehensive measurement of psychological, behavioral factors and life factors. 1. Health measurement indicators:

In order to meet the needs of modern health, on the one hand, many new indicators have been introduced, such as psychological indicators and behavioral indicators; on the other hand, the original death indicators and disease indicators have not been abandoned. , improve and develop them, such as using death data, disease, and disability data to calculate years of life lost (YDLL), disability-free life expectancy, and disability-adjusted life years (DALY), aiming to reflect the irrationality of death and people's quality of life. Single indicators: group health measurement indicators (such as mortality, morbidity, prevalence, death cause composition ratio, etc.); individual health measurement indicators (such as heart rate, blood pressure, vital capacity and other physiological and biochemical indicators) and based on these health measurement indicators Evolving indicators (such as life expectancy). Comprehensive indicator: It is a new indicator produced by combining multiple single indicators through a certain method or rule. Its characteristic is to summarize multi-faceted data reflecting health status and express it with a numerical value to provide multi-dimensional measurement and simple evaluation of individual or group health status. Such as quality of life index, disability-free life expectancy, disability-adjusted life years, psychological scale scores, etc.

2. Health indicators commonly used in health education and health promotion ⑴Death indicators: including total mortality rate, gender-age mortality rate, death cause composition ratio, infant mortality rate, neonatal mortality rate, mortality rate of children under 5 years old, maternal mortality rate and Life expectancy; ⑵Disability indicators: disability rate and causes of disability; ⑶Disease indicators: incidence rate, mortality rate, survival rate; ⑷Nutritional status indicators: total daily intake of a certain nutrient; ⑸Growth and development indicators: including height, weight , blood pressure, vital capacity, average age at menarche, average age at first nocturnal emission, etc., the annual growth value and growth rate of these growth and development indicators can be calculated, or related analysis can be performed; ⑹ Psychological indicators: including personality, intelligence, mood, emotion Measurements, such as MMPI scale, Eysenck Personality Inventory, Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), UCLA Loneliness Scale, Personal Evaluation Questionnaire, etc.; ⑺ Behavioral indicators: Behavior pattern (Type A behavior) Measurement of type B behavior, Texas Social Behavior Questionnaire), lifestyle (measurement of life abundance, life frequency, activity spectrum, life satisfaction, etc.), interpersonal relationships (interpersonal relationship index), measurement of personal status and personal experience Indicators; ⑻Population indicators: population size, gender and age composition of the population, cultural composition of the population, illiteracy or literacy rate, and occupational composition of the population; ⑼Comprehensive indicators: Symptoms and functional indicators: Commonly used symptom and functional survey scales include CMI , GHQ, MMPI and SRQ. Quality of life indicators: including quality of life index, functional status scale and quality of life scale; others: years of life lost (YDLL), disability-free life expectancy, disability-adjusted life years (DALY), etc.