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Scientific Outlook on Development and Ecological Environmental Protection

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[Release time: 20040719]

[Source:/index/a/aindex.htm Processed and compiled by China Institute of Scientific and Technological Information]

Scientific Outlook on Development It summarizes the successful experience of my country's reform, opening up and modernization construction over the past 20 years, draws on the experiences and lessons of other countries in the world in the development process, reveals the objective laws of economic and social development, and reflects our party's new understanding of development issues. Establishing and implementing the Scientific Outlook on Development is closely intrinsically linked to ecological and environmental protection. At present, how to implement the scientific outlook on development into ecological and environmental protection is a very important and urgent issue.

1. The relationship between environmental protection and economic growth

The scientific outlook on development has very rich connotations. One of the important contents is sustainable development and the proper handling of the relationship between economic growth and environmental protection. If handled well, a "win-win" situation can be achieved; if handled poorly, both sides suffer losses. This relationship can be summarized in the following aspects.

First of all, a good ecological environment and sufficient natural resources are the basis and conditions for economic growth. The ultimate goal of economic growth is to enrich the people and strengthen the country and improve people's living standards. A good environment is a necessary condition for high-quality life, but environmental pollution and ecological damage are contrary to the original intention of promoting economic growth. Serious environmental pollution and resource shortages will in turn restrict economic growth and even restrict the development of some industries, affecting the quality and efficiency of economic growth.

Secondly, insufficient economic growth or inappropriate growth methods are important causes of environmental pollution, resource depletion, and ecological damage. Deforestation, overgrazing on grasslands, and growing crops on steep slopes in poor areas are the main causes of soil erosion and land desertification. The extensive economic development model externalizes environmental costs and does not consider the speed of resource renewal and the value of ecological services. Low-cost industrial expansion is the root cause of serious environmental pollution and resource waste and shortage.

Third, economic development must be sustainable. We must not only consider the development needs of the present generation, but also the development needs of future generations. Leaving good environmental conditions to future generations is a historical responsibility we must shoulder.

Fourth, environmental problems are caused by development and can only be solved through development. Without necessary economic growth, lack of conditions and financial support for improving the environment, it is difficult to protect the environment. The occurrence and solution of environmental problems are closely related to the stage of economic development and the degree of technological progress. Only by paying attention to environmental protection issues while developing the economy can the problems be properly solved.

To sum up, protecting and improving the environment should be one of the purposes of economic development. The solution to today's environmental problems is not not to avoid development, but to what is the purpose of development and how to develop.

2. my country’s current major environmental problems and their impact on development

Since the reform and opening up, the Party Central Committee and the State Council have attached great importance to environmental protection work, formulated laws, and established institutions. Investments have been gradually increased and governance in key areas has been intensified. The total discharge of major pollutants has been initially controlled. The environmental quality of some cities and regions has been improved. Environmental protection work has continued to make progress. However, the current environmental problems are still quite prominent and the situation is grim.

The total discharge of major pollutants is large, far exceeding the self-purification capacity of the environment. Wastewater discharge reached 46 billion tons in 2003, of which the main pollutant chemical oxygen demand (COD) was 13.336 million tons, exceeding the environmental allowable amount by 68%. The amount of urban waste generated is close to 140 million tons per year, the treatment rate is only 54.2%, and the harmless treatment rate is even lower. The amount of industrial hazardous waste generated is about 10 million tons every year, and 1/3 is not safely disposed of.

The water and atmospheric environment are polluted to varying degrees, and some areas are quite serious. my country's surface water environmental quality standards are divided into five categories. Category 1 water is the best and has no pollution at the source. Category 3 and above can be used as drinking water sources. Category 5 water which is the worst can be used for agricultural irrigation.

In 2003, only 38.1% of the 407 monitored sections in the seven major river systems were classified as Category 1 to 3, and 29.7% were classified as worse than Category 5. That is, nearly 1/3 of the water was unqualified for agricultural irrigation, which shows the seriousness of the pollution. my country's atmospheric environment quality standards are divided into three levels. The first-level standard has the best air quality. Living in an atmosphere exceeding the third-level standard for a long time will cause harm to the body. In 2003, among the 340 cities for which the state had monitoring data, 142 cities, accounting for 41.7%, met the air quality standard level two or above; 91 cities, accounting for 26.8%, exceeded the level three standard.

At present, new environmental problems have emerged, and environmental pollution has become compound and compressed, making it more difficult to solve the problem. Organic pollution in my country's rivers, lakes and seas is still serious, and at the same time, eutrophication problems with nitrogen and phosphorus as the main pollutants have appeared in lakes and seas. Many trace amounts of toxic and harmful compounds have been detected in drinking water sources in many cities, directly affecting people's health. The pollution of particulate matter and sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere has not yet been solved. Due to the rapid development of motor vehicles in large cities, nitrogen oxide and the photochemical smog pollution it brings are significantly aggravating. In addition to air and water pollution, land pollution is also increasingly prominent, directly affecting food safety. Pollution caused by scrap cars and home appliances has also become a new environmental problem. The threat of radioactive contamination is also increasing. There are more than 60,000 radioactive sources of various types in the country, increasing at a rate of 15% every year. There are still tens of thousands of abandoned sources that have not been properly collected and stored, and radioactive sources are stolen almost every month. incident, threatening public safety.

The trend of ecological environment degradation has not yet been curbed. The damage to land resources is mainly manifested in soil erosion and land desertification, especially the latter, which is still expanding in area. The forest ecosystem is experiencing both quantitative growth and quality decline, and grassland degradation is large and severe. The water ecosystem is seriously out of balance, especially in the north. Rivers are drying up, lakes are shrinking, groundwater is declining, wetlands are drying up, droughts and floods are constant, and losses are increasing. Our country is one of the countries with the richest biodiversity in the world, but the current damage is very serious. Rare species are in an endangered state, and some have become extinct. Variety resources have dropped sharply, wild sources have been lost in large quantities, and the harm of alien species has intensified.

Severe environmental pollution and ecological damage have a negative impact on economic and social development. The first is huge economic losses. Research conducted by Chinese experts in the mid-1990s and 2001 showed that the economic losses caused by environmental pollution accounted for approximately 3 to 4% of that year's GDP. A report published by the World Bank in 1997 estimated that the losses caused by China's air and water pollution alone were approximately US$54 billion (calculated in 1995), accounting for 8% of GDP during the same period. According to a 2001 survey by the State Environmental Protection Administration, the direct economic losses caused by ecological damage in nine western provinces and regions were as high as 149.4 billion yuan, accounting for 13% of the GDP of the nine provinces and regions. If analyzed from a micro perspective, water quality pollution has led to increased treatment costs for drinking water and corporate production water; excessive sewage is used for agricultural irrigation, which not only reduces crop yields but also degrades their quality. In March this year, the Tuojiang River was severely polluted due to illegal discharge of pollutants from Sichuan Chemical Co., Ltd.'s Second Fertilizer Plant. Preliminary investigation alone revealed that the losses amounted to more than 200 million yuan.

Secondly, environmental pollution affects people's health and has become a social issue of increasing concern to the public. In some areas, indigenous metal smelting has caused illnesses in the surrounding people. A joint study between China and the United States proved that air pollution in some cities in my country has affected the lung function of children. A study by the World Bank at the end of the last century showed that in major cities in my country, about 178,000 people die prematurely every year due to the harm of air pollution, and 7.4 million working-years are lost each year due to air pollution-related diseases.

Third, environmental problems affect social stability. The number of letters and visits from the public caused by environmental pollution has been on the rise, and conflicts between enterprises and surrounding people often arise due to pollution problems. Disputes over upstream and downstream water pollution and cross-border pollution have increased in recent years, even causing conflicts between different regions. The court hearings of various criminal, civil and administrative cases involving environmental protection are on the rise.

At present, our country has signed and ratified more than 30 international environmental conventions, and the implementation tasks are arduous. Serious environmental pollution and ecological damage have affected China's international image. Failure to handle environmental problems with neighboring countries will become a hidden danger of diplomatic friction. my country's industrial and agricultural production processes and products have low environmental standards, and some have no environmental standards, which directly affects the competitiveness of these products in the international market. They are also constantly restricted by green trade barriers set up by developed countries.

3. Strengthen ecological environmental protection and strive to achieve sustainable development

1. Solving environmental problems should start with economic development

We must accelerate the transformation of economic growth mode, Clarify the fundamental purpose of economic development. my country's current economic growth is largely achieved by high investment, high consumption, and high emissions. This not only restricts sustained economic growth, but also causes serious environmental problems. To change the mode of economic growth, we must first change our concepts and fully realize that economic growth must be based on the carrying capacity of resources and the environment. Second, we must transform systems and mechanisms. The transformation of the economic system must conform to the laws of the market economy and the ecological environment. The performance assessment of cadres must not only assess whether GDP has grown, but also assess the indicators of changes in environmental quality and the implementation of environmental laws and regulations. Condition. Third, we must formulate economic policies that are conducive to the transformation of growth patterns, including policies for various resource and energy conservation, encouraging policies for resource recycling and comprehensive utilization, and pollution discharge charging systems.

Vigorously develop circular economy. Circular economy is a new economic development model, that is, from the traditional industrial economic development model: resources - products - consumption - waste, to a new resource recycling development model: resources - products ——Consumption——Renewable resources. The circular economy emphasizes the principle that resources should be “reduce, reused and recyclable”. Judging from the experience of some domestic and international pilot projects, cleaner production audits can be carried out at the enterprise level to minimize the consumption of raw materials in production, use no or less toxic and harmful raw materials, and discharge no or less waste. By establishing eco-industrial parks or uniting different enterprises to utilize the waste produced by each other, we can reduce the discharge of pollutants into the environment and improve resource utilization efficiency. Deepen the construction of ecological provinces, ecological cities and ecological demonstration zones, and expand into the field of consumption to establish a circular society.

Establish a green national economic accounting system. International research shows that there are four types of capital for national development: human capital, financial capital, processing capital (physical) and natural capital. If other capital increases and natural capital decreases during economic growth, the total amount of capital may not increase but decrease. If GDP is simply used to measure the economic and social development level of a region, it may lead to the one-sided pursuit of GDP growth regardless of cost, neglect of economic structure, quality and efficiency, and neglect of environmental protection and social progress.

2. Adhere to people-oriented and safeguard the environmental rights and interests of the people

Putting people first is the core of the scientific outlook on development, and safeguarding the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the people must be the starting point and end goal of all our work Focus on ensuring that the people can drink clean water, breathe clean air, eat safe food, and work and live in a good environment.

Environmental information should be disclosed, the atmospheric and water environment quality status of the country and various regions should be publicly released, and the measures taken by the government in environmental protection should be disclosed, so that the people can understand the current severe environmental situation in our country and the government’s actions. this effort. It is also necessary to disclose the pollution discharge behavior of enterprises in accordance with the law and mobilize the general public and public opinion to conduct supervision.

We must encourage the public to participate in environmental protection. Environmental protection involves thousands of households, and the support and participation of the broad masses is the most powerful force in promoting environmental protection. It is necessary to mobilize the masses to contribute ideas and suggestions for environmental protection, and encourage the masses to report and report illegal pollutant discharge enterprises. It is necessary to support the establishment of green communities and green schools, and support and guide various publicity and education activities carried out by environmental protection societies and environmental protection volunteers.

Advocate and encourage green consumption, pay attention to and take measures to solve problems such as food safety, drinking water safety, indoor pollution and white pollution that the people are concerned about. It is necessary to formulate relevant policies, regulations and standards, develop environmentally friendly label products and environmental management system (ISO14000) certification, and promote organic and green food. The government should take the lead in formulating green procurement policies and support environmentally friendly products to occupy the market.

3. Rely on scientific and technological progress to achieve leapfrog development in environmental protection

Severe environmental pollution is also a waste of resources in a certain sense. We can no longer follow the industrialization path of developed capitalist countries. The environment was seriously polluted initially and then restored later. How to find a new path and achieve leap-forward development of environmental protection? The first is to rely on mechanism and institutional innovation, and the second is to rely on scientific and technological progress. In the future, technological progress should pay more attention to the improvement of resource utilization, which will not only help alleviate resource shortages, but also benefit environmental protection.

Some international scholars have proposed the concept of quadruple leap forward, that is, by adopting new technologies, one can consume one share of energy or resources and create four times the current economic growth.

Building a conservation-oriented society is a very urgent issue at present. Due to backward management and technical levels, my country's industrial production consumes energy, water resources and some raw materials, whether per unit product or unit output value, much higher than the world average, even higher than that of many developing countries. At present, my country's GDP accounts for about 3% of the world's total, and its annual consumption of steel and cement accounts for 25% and 50% of the world's total respectively. To establish a conservation-oriented society, in addition to strengthening publicity, raising awareness, formulating laws and various economic policies, and determining reasonable resource prices, it is more important to vigorously develop and promote technologies for energy conservation and resource conservation, as well as comprehensive utilization and recycling of resources. Develop the intravenous industry.

4. Do a good job in corporate environmental protection

Corporate behavior has a huge impact on environmental quality and national sustainable development. It is necessary to improve national environmental protection laws and regulations and their supporting systems and standards, strictly investigate and deal with illegal polluting enterprises, raise penalty standards, and solve the problem of low illegal costs and high legal compliance costs. It is necessary to formulate corresponding economic policies and charging systems to promote the enthusiasm of enterprises to control pollution from a mechanism. There must be various guidance measures to stimulate entrepreneurs' sense of social responsibility and establish the company's brand image, and strive to achieve a win-win situation. It is necessary to gradually implement the extended producer responsibility system, that is, enterprises that produce certain durable consumer goods and products that have an impact on the environment must be responsible for the recycling and processing of these products after use. Those that can be reused should be reused, and those that can be recycled as resources should be used as Resources are reused and those that cannot be recycled are disposed of harmlessly.

5. Increase government investment in environmental protection

The government plays a leading role in promoting sustainable development. Increasing investment in environmental protection is a very critical measure. On the one hand, this is the need for the government to implement public finance, and on the other hand, it is because environmental problems often manifest themselves as external diseconomies. For companies that pursue profit maximization, it is their natural tendency to minimize their investment in the environment. In order to maintain a fair market competition environment, the government must increase the intensity of the legal system and strictly require enterprises to meet national pollutant emission standards. At the same time, the government itself should also increase investment to play a guiding and promoting role. Environmental problems caused by urban concentration, the protection and construction of the rural ecological environment, especially the various nature reserves and rare species protection established by the state for the long-term interests of the nation, and the construction of environmental law enforcement capabilities, all require government investment. In addition to increasing government investment, various policies and measures must be used to mobilize all aspects of social capital to invest in environmental protection, promote market-oriented and entrepreneurial operations in pollution control, and improve the efficiency of fund use. The state should also explore the possibility of establishing environmental taxes and special funds for environmental protection to establish reliable funding channels for environmental protection and governance.

6. Carry out international cooperation to promote global sustainable development

Many environmental problems are global, and the international community has formulated dozens of environmental conventions and conventions to solve these global environmental problems. Protocol. We should actively participate in the negotiation of these conventions and protocols and the cooperation on related projects. On the one hand, we safeguard the legitimate environmental rights and interests of our country and other developing countries; on the other hand, we introduce our country's environmental protection work to the outside world, eliminate the influence of China's environmental threat theory, and strive to make our due contribution to solving global environmental problems.

In international exchanges, the relationship between environment and trade needs to be properly handled. Many products in our country, especially agricultural and animal husbandry products, are restricted from import by developed countries due to environmental pollution or products that do not meet the other party's environmental standards. On the one hand, we need to improve the environmental quality requirements of our products. On the other hand, we must also use diplomatic means to eliminate green trade barriers intentionally set up by developed countries.

Establishing a scientific outlook on development and promoting ecological and environmental protection essentially means handling the relationship between immediate and long-term interests, local and overall interests. Our party and government have made the right choice. Governments at all levels and departments must conscientiously implement it through various specific tasks.

More references.

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