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Great changes have taken place in human society in the 20th century. The rapid development of science and technology, the unprecedented improvement of social productivity, the national independence movement and the struggle against hegemony are surging ... However, all this is accompanied by the pain of war. It can be said that war is an important feature of the history of the 20th century. Looking back on the 20th century, we can't ignore the major wars that took place in this historical period.

World War I

At the beginning of the 20th century, imperialist countries continued to compete fiercely for spheres of influence in the international arena. Britain, France, Russia and other countries formed an alliance, which was called "the Allies" in history. Germany and Austria-Hungary formed an alliance again, which was called "Allies" in history.

19 14 In July, a war broke out between these two groups of countries, that is, the First World War. The war lasted more than four years until191811ended. The scale of this war is very large. The total forces mobilized by both sides of the war exceeded 70 million, and 33 countries and regions were directly or indirectly involved in the war, with a population of 65.438+0.5 billion, accounting for 3/4 of the world population at that time. The battlefield of this war is very big, and the war has spread from Europe to Asia and Africa. The navies of the two sides have also opened up many maritime battlefields in the Atlantic Ocean, the Pacific Ocean, the Indian Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. About 37.5 million soldiers were killed or injured in this war. The expenditures directly used by the two sides for the war amounted to $654.38+$086.3 billion.

The first world war was characterized by mechanized warfare: the generation and mobilization of war forces depended on the country's strong industrial base, many large warships and submarines were used in naval battles, tanks made their debut in this war, and aircraft were used for operational support. The productivity of large industries has been fully reflected in the energy of war. Neither side's strategy nor campaign command left a deep impression on future generations. In the long-term strategic stalemate, the armies of the two sides consumed a lot. Some people once used the "meat grinder" to describe the offensive and defensive operations at that time.

The first world war ended in the defeat of the allied forces. But the biggest beneficiary of this war is not Britain and France, but the United States.

The Second World War

World War II (1939 ~ 1945) lasted six years. This war is an unprecedented war in human history between the axis countries of Germany, Japan and Italy, China, the Soviet Union, the United States, Britain and other allies and the anti-fascist forces all over the world. The war ended in the final victory of the anti-fascist allies and the people of the world.

1In July, 937, the Japanese invaded China, which opened the prelude to the Second World War. On September 1939 and 1 day, Germany attacked Poland and the war broke out in an all-round way. Then, the Axis forces swept across Europe and arrived at the gates of Moscow. At the same time, on the Pacific battlefield, Japan attacked Pearl Harbor and dragged the United States into the war. Around June 1942 1 1, the allied forces successively won the battles of Stalingrad, aleman and Guadalcanal on three battlefields. The war started here. After 1944, the allies turned to strategic attack. The allied forces advanced rapidly from the east and west lines, forcing Germany to declare unconditional surrender on1May 8, 945. On the Pacific battlefield, in order to force Japan to surrender, the United States dropped atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan on August 6 and 9, 1945. The Soviet Union also sent troops to the northeast of China on the 9th to annihilate the Japanese Kwantung Army. On September 2, Japan signed the surrender book. World War II is over.

The war had a great impact on the world. More than 50 million people died in the war all over the world. The direct military expenditure was1117 billion dollars, and the economic loss was 4 trillion dollars. But at the same time, the socialist forces have been further developed. The national liberation movement has grown, and the world pattern centered on Europe has been broken ... It can be said that the Second World War is an important milestone in the historical process of the modern world.

From the military point of view, this war is a very typical mechanized war, which embodies very obvious industrial characteristics: the theory of total war has been fully applied, the blitzkrieg tactics relying on high-speed and deep assault of tank clusters have been fully demonstrated, new combat forms such as landing and anti-landing operations, submarine warfare and anti-submarine warfare, aircraft carrier formation operations, strategic bombing and air defense operations, airborne and anti-airborne operations have emerged continuously, and new weapons and technologies such as radar, missiles and atomic bombs have been used for the first time. This war has set many world records. More than 80 countries and regions were involved in the war (including 6 1 participating countries), with a population of about 2 billion, accounting for more than 80% of the world's total population at that time. In this war, the largest Normandy landing campaign in the history of war and the largest Wright Bay naval battle in the history of naval warfare were also carried out.

China People's Liberation War

China People's Liberation War is a great revolutionary war led by China and carried out by the people of China. The war lasted nearly four years, and the People's Liberation Army annihilated more than 8.07 million Kuomintang troops and liberated all the land except Tibet and a few islands such as Taiwan Province, Pengzhou, Jinmen, Malaysia, Xisha and Nansha.

This war is a miracle in the history of world wars. The Kuomintang army has the support of the United States and is well equipped. It is a "plane with many guns", while our army is a "millet with many rifles". Our army adhered to Mao Zedong's military thought, adopted flexible strategies and tactics, and finally defeated the powerful enemy. In the stage of strategic decisive battle, our army seized the opportunity of decisive battle in time, organized three major battles, focused on the overall situation of the war, commanded the troops and operational process of each theater, and annihilated the main force of the Kuomintang army. In the stage of strategic pursuit, we crossed the river with a million mighty men and adopted the operational policy of encircling by a big detour, which quickly cleared away the remnants of the Kuomintang army. In this war, the strength of the people has been fully reflected and the theory of people's war has been fully applied.

The victory of China's People's Liberation War brought new life to the people who occupied14 of the world, made a powerful China begin to rise, and greatly changed the power contrast between the two camps of socialism and capitalism in the world at that time. The victory of China's People's Liberation War turned a new page in world history.

The War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea (1950- 1953)

1On June 25th, 950, a full-scale civil war broke out in South Korea. The United States is fully involved for the purpose of safeguarding its world hegemony. At the same time, the United States brazenly burned the war to China and sent the 7th Fleet to invade the Taiwan Province Strait. In order to defend the country and defend the country, at the invitation of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, our volunteers entered the DPRK to participate in the war on June 5438+00 and June 5438+09, organized five battles in succession, repelled the US and South Korean troops, and stabilized the front lines in the north and south areas of the "38th parallel". From June 195 1 to July 1953, the two sides entered the stage of strategic stalemate. On July 27th, the US government finally signed the Korean Armistice Agreement. The War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea ended.

In this war, the Chinese and Korean armed forces wiped out about 6.5438+0.09 million enemies, repelled the enemy's aggression and stabilized the strategic pattern in East Asia. This is a war in which the inferior overcomes the superior. China and North Korea fought the world's strongest enemy with inferior equipment, and forced this strong enemy to sign an unsuccessful agreement for the first time. This is the first large-scale local war after the end of World War II. This war made China's army gain the experience of modern war and accelerated the process of modernization.

Vietnam War

In the late 1950s, in order to pursue its global strategy, the United States violently interfered in the internal affairs of Southeast Asian countries. 1On August 5, 964, the United States bombed the ports in northern Vietnam on the pretext that its warships were attacked on the high seas, creating the Beibu Gulf incident. In March of the following year, the United States directly sent troops to fully intervene in the Vietnam War. However, the United States did not benefit from the war, but was more violently resisted by Vietnamese soldiers and civilians, losing 654.38 million people and more than 3,300 planes. The United States is getting deeper and deeper in the quagmire of the Vietnam War, and the domestic anti-war sentiment is getting higher and higher. Under this circumstance,1US President Nixon, who took office in June 1969, promulgated the "Vietnam War" policy and announced that the US troops would gradually withdraw from Vietnam. 1975, India, zhina, the Three Kingdoms and the Quartet (South Vietnam, North Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos) joined forces with Vietnam to liberate Phnom Penh and establish the Lao People's Democratic Republic, which won the final victory in the war.

This war is the longest anti-aggression war after the Second World War, and it is also a typical war of defeating the strong with the weak. The Indian people used guerrilla warfare flexibly in zhina, resulting in 360,000 casualties and 86 12 aircraft of superior equipment, and a loss of more than 200 billion US dollars.

The Middle East War (between Israel and Arab countries)

The Middle East War refers to four wars between Israel and neighboring Arab countries from 1948 to 1973.

The first Middle East war broke out in May 1948. As a result, all Palestinian territories except Gaza and parts of the West Bank were occupied by Israel. The Second Middle East War broke out on1October 29th 1956. The third Middle East War broke out on June 5th, 1967. Israel launched a surprise attack on Arab countries on the grounds that Egypt blocked the Gulf of Aqaba. Arab countries have lost more than 65,000 square kilometers of territory. The fourth Middle East War broke out on June 6th 1973. Egypt and Syria concentrated their superior forces, and under the cover of artillery and air fire, they suddenly attacked Sinai Peninsula (western line) and Golan Heights (northern line) respectively. Later, with the emergency assistance of the United States, Israel dispatched troops and turned to counterattack, gradually taking the initiative in the battlefield. Finally, the two sides signed an armistice agreement under the mediation of the international community.

The Middle East War is a modern war. The two sides of the war used advanced weapons and equipment provided by the United States or the Soviet Union, including helicopter gunships, TV-guided bombs and Sam-type air defense missiles. The two sides of the war launched a large-scale electronic confrontation. Both sides lost about 60% aircraft and more than 80% ships, and most tanks were destroyed by various missiles.

The outbreak of the Middle East war has a profound international background. On the surface, the Middle East war is a struggle between Israel and Arab countries, but in fact it is an indirect contest between two superpowers.

The war on the British island of Ama

Malvinas Islands (hereinafter referred to as Falklands) is located in the southeast of Argentina in South America. There is a dispute between Britain and Afghanistan over the ownership of the island. 1On April 2, 982, the war broke out between the two countries, which lasted for 74 days.

Falklands War is the largest island battle since World War II. Britain sent a task force to Wan Li to launch fierce blockade and anti-blockade actions with the Afghan army in the air and sea areas around the Falklands. The two sides participated in the war with more than 654.38 million troops, more than 40 ships of various types/KLOC-0, and hundreds of aircraft of various types. The war ended with the British amphibious landing and occupation of the Falkland Islands.

This war shows many new features of modern island warfare, such as: ocean attack, coordination of land, sea and air, sea blockade and anti-blockade, island landing and anti-landing, and extensive electronic countermeasures in sea, air and land. This war changed the traditional tactics of "cannon and huge ship" in the past and revealed a new naval battle mode. The Afghan army used super flag fighters to drop a flying fish missile 48 kilometers away from the British ship and sank the latest British guided missile destroyer Sheffield.

the Iran-Iraq war

1980 to 1988, a large-scale war broke out between two third world countries, that is, the "Iran-Iraq War" between Iraq and Iran.

1On September 22nd, 980, Iraq dispatched thousands of tanks and a large number of planes, divided into three groups, and launched an attack on Iran. 1In July 1982, Iran concentrated its forces to launch the "Ramadan" campaign, which pushed the war to Iraq and captured many important towns and oil-rich areas in Iraq within several years. The two sides also launched an "attack war" using missiles. This way of fighting has harmed the interests of some big countries and led to the intervention of the international community. The United States, the Soviet Union, France and other countries have sent more than 80 warships to escort oil tankers in the Gulf. Since the first half of 1988, the battlefield situation has changed in favor of Iraq. Iraq turned from defense to attack and occupied many Iranian territories. On August 20, the two sides achieved a ceasefire under the supervision of the United Nations Military Observer Mission.

Because of this war, both sides paid a heavy price. Although this war is not prominent in the degree of modernization, it embodies some obvious characteristics of modern local wars, such as internationalization, economy, nationality and religion.

the Iran-Iraq war

1On August 2, 990, Iraq sent troops to occupy the whole territory of Kuwait, which triggered the Gulf War that shocked the world.

199 1 year 1 month 17 at 2 am local time, the multinational forces led by the United States launched a fierce attack on the Iraqi army. The war is divided into two stages. The first stage is the implementation of the air campaign code-named "Desert Storm". In 38 days, the multinational forces dispatched nearly 654.38+million sorties, dropped more than 90,000 tons of bombs and fired hundreds of missiles and precision-guided bombs, which made the Iraqi army lose 70% of its combat capability. The second stage is the ground attack, code-named "Desert Saber". The multinational forces successfully organized campaign deception and campaign maneuver, and unexpectedly recovered Kuwait in only 100 hours. Saddam announced his acceptance of the cease-fire conditions. The war ended on February 28th.

This war initially shows the characteristics of information warfare, and new combat styles such as independent air combat, missile precision strike and large-scale information suppression have emerged. Although Iraq has a large number of aircraft and tanks, there is a huge gap with the multinational forces in terms of comprehensive strength and technological advancement. The two sides of the war did not constitute a substantive confrontation, and only more than 400 people were killed in the multinational force.

Kosovo war

1In March, 1999, NATO led by the United States bypassed the United Nations and launched air strikes against the sovereign country Yugoslavia, provoking the Kosovo war. In this war, NATO sent more than 1000 planes and more than 40 ships to bombard Yugoslav military targets and even civilian economic targets. NATO flew 36,000 sorties, dropped and fired more than 23,000 bombs and missiles, causing more than 800 civilian deaths in Yugoslavia/KLOC-0, and the direct economic losses exceeded 200 billion US dollars, exceeding the total losses suffered by this country in the whole Second World War.

The Kosovo war was by no means an accidental and simple regional conflict, but was carefully planned by the western countries led by the United States. The United States uses its powerful military force to carry out NATO's eastward expansion strategy and maintain its "military presence" in the Balkans. This war is a prelude to America's global strategy of "shaping, responding and preparing".

In the Kosovo war, the NATO group led by the United States mainly used air power to attack Yugoslavia. This shows that modern air power can become an effective strategic force and directly achieve strategic goals. Air strikes are conducive to giving full play to the military superiority of the United States, reducing casualties and giving the United States great strategic flexibility and initiative. According to the American point of view, air strikes can completely destroy the political, economic, military and other goals of hostile countries, forcing the other side to yield because it cannot bear huge losses. In the future, air strikes are likely to be a major way for the United States to wage war.

Bridges in China have gone through four stages of development. The first stage is mainly in the Western Zhou Dynasty and the Spring and Autumn Period, including the previous historical era, which is the founding period of the ancient bridge. At this time, in addition to the original wooden bridge and Tingbu bridge, there are mainly two forms of bridge: beam bridge and pontoon bridge. At that time, due to the backward level of productivity, most of them could only be built in areas with flat terrain, narrow rivers and gentle water flow, and bridges could only be wooden beams, so the technical problems were relatively easy to solve. On the other hand, pontoons are often used in rivers with wide water surface and fast flowing water.

The second stage is dominated by Qin and Han dynasties, including the Warring States and the Three Kingdoms, which is the period of creation and development of ancient bridges. The Qin and Han Dynasties were a brilliant development stage in the history of Chinese architecture. At this time, not only the bricks of artificial building materials were invented, but also the arch coupon structure with the theme of masonry structure system was created, which created the prerequisite for the emergence of arch bridges later. The appearance of ironware in the Warring States period also promoted the multi-faceted utilization of stone materials in buildings, thus adding new components such as stone pillars, Liang Shi and stone bridge surfaces to the log beam bridge. Not only that, but also its great significance lies in the stone arch bridge came into being. The establishment of stone arch bridge has played an epoch-making role in the history of ancient bridge construction in China, which is not only practical, but also economical and beautiful. The great development of Liang Shi stone arch bridge not only reduces the maintenance cost and prolongs the service life of the bridge, but also improves the scientific level of structural theory and construction technology. Therefore, the use of building stone and the emergence of arch coupon technology in Qin and Han dynasties are actually a major revolution in the history of bridge construction. Therefore, according to some documents and archaeological data, about the Eastern Han Dynasty, four basic bridge types, namely, beam bridge, pontoon bridge, cable bridge and arch bridge, were formed.

The third stage is dominated by the Tang and Song Dynasties, including the Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties and the Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties, which is the heyday of the development of the ancient bridge. Compared with Qin and Han Dynasties, Sui and Tang Dynasties had stronger national strength, and Tang and Song Dynasties achieved long-term stability and unity. The level of industry and commerce, transportation and science and technology were very developed, and it was the most advanced country in the world at that time. After the Eastern Jin Dynasty, because a large number of Han nobles moved south, the economic center moved from the Yellow River basin to the Yangtze River basin, which made the economy of the southeast water network area develop greatly, and the development of economy and technology in turn stimulated the great development of the bridge. Therefore, many bridges that attracted worldwide attention came into being at this time, such as Zhao Zhouqiao, which was an open-shouldered stone arch bridge initiated by Li Chun, a stonemason in Sui Dynasty, Hongqiao, a stoplog wooden arch bridge invented by abandoned soldiers in Northern Song Dynasty, and Wan 'an Bridge in Quanzhou, which was founded by recitation, and Xiangzi Bridge in Chaozhou, Guangdong Province, which was a combination of Liang Shi Bridge and telescopic pontoon bridge in Southern Song Dynasty. These bridges are very famous in the history of bridges in the world, especially in Zhao Zhouqiao. Seven centuries later, similar bridges appeared in other countries in the world. Throughout the history of Chinese bridges, almost all major inventions and achievements, as well as bridges that can compete for the first place in the world, were produced at this time.

The fourth stage is Yuan Dynasty, Ming Dynasty and Qing Dynasty, which is the saturation period of bridge development, and there are almost no major innovations and technological breakthroughs. At this time, the main achievement is to repair and transform some ancient bridges, leaving many construction documents for bridge construction, providing a lot of written materials for future generations. In addition, some arduous projects, such as Wannian Bridge in Cheng Nan, Jiangxi and Panjiang Bridge in Guizhou, were completed. At the same time, Sichuan, Yunnan and other places have built many cable bridges, and the construction technology of cable bridges has also improved. In the late Qing Dynasty, that is, 188 1 year, with the opening of the first railway in China, another technological revolution in the history of Chinese bridges was ushered in.

Bridges can be divided into wooden bridges, stone bridges, brick bridges, bamboo bridges, rattan bridges, iron bridges, salt bridges and ice bridges.

Wooden bridge is the earliest form of bridge. Almost all bridges before Qin and Han Dynasties in China were wooden bridges. Such as the earliest wooden bridge and wooden column beam bridge. Boat bridges appeared around Shang and Zhou Dynasties, and row-column wooden beam bridges and outboard wooden beam bridges appeared around Warring States Period. However, due to the characteristics of wood itself, such as looseness, perishable, and dominated by the strength and length of materials, it is not only difficult to build bridges on rivers with wide rivers, but also difficult to build durable bridges. So in the Northern and Southern Dynasties, it was replaced by a bridge with mixed wood and stone.

Stone and brick bridges. Generally speaking, the bridge deck structure is also a bridge made of stone or brick, but bridges made of pure brick are rare, usually made of brick, wood or masonry, and stone bridges are more common. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, a wooden bridge with stone piers appeared, and the Western Han Dynasty further developed into a Liang Shi bridge with stone pillars, and a single-span stone arch bridge appeared in the Eastern Han Dynasty. In the Sui Dynasty, the world's first single-hole arc stone arch bridge with shoulder was born, while in the Tang Dynasty, Li Zhaode created a porous Liang Shi bridge. The Song Dynasty witnessed the vigorous development of large stone bridges, creating Liang Shi Bridge which spans several miles at the intersection of rivers and seas, such as Luoyang Bridge and Ping 'an Bridge in Quanzhou, and large stone arch bridges, such as Lugou Bridge in Beijing and baodai bridge in Suzhou.

Bamboo bridge and rattan bridge. Mainly distributed in the south, especially in the southwest. Generally, it is only used on rivers with narrow river surface, or as a temporary crossing. In the early days, it was mainly a cable bridge. In the Northern and Southern Dynasties, the bamboo cable-stayed bridge was called "Ruxiang Bridge". Later, bamboo cable bridge, bamboo pontoon bridge and bamboo slab bridge appeared. In ancient times, iron bridges included iron cable bridges and iron column bridges. The former belongs to the category of cable bridge, which is relatively common and appeared in the Tang Dynasty. The latter is a kind of beam bridge, which is actually a wood-iron mixed bridge, which is relatively rare. Jiangxi has seen an example.

Salt bridge and ice bridge. Mainly exists in special natural environment. The former is mainly found in salt lake area of Qinghai, while the latter is mainly found in cold areas in the north.

According to the structure and appearance of bridges, there are four basic types: beam bridge, pontoon bridge, cable bridge and arch bridge.

Beam bridge, also known as flat bridge and span bridge, is a bridge supported by piers at a horizontal distance, and then beams are erected to tile the deck. This is the most widely used bridge, which appeared earlier than other bridges in history. It takes the form of wood, stone or a mixture of wood and stone. In the pre-Qin period, all beam bridges used wooden columns as piers, but this kind of wooden column beam structure showed its weakness very early and could not adapt to the development of the situation. Therefore, it was replaced by the Shizhu wooden beam bridge, such as the multi-span long bridge built in Qin and Han Dynasties: Wei Qiao, Baqiao, etc. About the Han Dynasty, the pile foundation technology was invented, and stone piers appeared, which showed that bridges made of wood and stones could cross wider rivers and bear the impact of rough waves. However, because the wooden beam on the stone pier is not resistant to wind and rain erosion, a bridge house was built on the bridge to protect the bridge body. This type of bridge (covered bridge) is more common in the south, but it was first seen in the Yellow River basin. Small and medium-sized Liang Shi or stone slab bridge is the most popular bridge type for its convenient structure, durable materials and labor-saving maintenance. Especially after the Southern Song Dynasty, it was very popular in Quanzhou, Fujian, and many Liang Shi bridges were created. If there is no pier in the middle of a beam bridge, it is called a single-span beam bridge; If there are piers in the water, so that the bridge body forms two holes, it is called a double-span beam bridge; If there are more than two piers, it is called a multi-span beam bridge.

The pontoon bridge is also called pontoon bridge, pontoon boat and pontoon truss. Because it is easy to erect, it is often used in military affairs, so it is also called "Zhanqiao"-a bridge where hundreds of wooden boats (including rafts or bamboo rafts on the water) are placed side by side on the water with chains, and the boats are paved with boards for people to pass. If the bridge in the strict sense is marked by crossing the air and having column piers, it is not a bridge in the full sense. The pontoon bridge is mainly built where the river is too wide, too deep or fluctuating, which is beyond the reach of ordinary wooden columns and bridges. Wooden stakes, iron oxen, iron mountains, Shi Zhuan and stone lions are set on both sides of the pontoon bridge, and ropes are used. Tianjin Bridge, built on the Luoshui River in the first year of the Sui Dynasty, was the first pontoon bridge to connect ships with chains. At present, pontoon bridges are still widely used in southern China, such as Jiangxi, Zhejiang and Guangxi.

Cable bridge is also called suspension bridge, cable bridge and suspension bridge. , is a bridge suspended with bamboo cables or rattan cables and iron cables as the backbone. Most of them are built on steep river banks and dangerous valleys, and the current is too fast to be used as docks, mainly in the southwest of China. Its practice is to build houses on both sides of the river, set up posts for tying ropes and rotating posts for twisting ropes respectively, then tie several thick ropes flat, and then put boards horizontally on the ropes, and some even add one or two ropes on both sides as handrails. It was first seen in Qin and Han Dynasties. For example, Qin built a bamboo cable bridge in the southwest of Yizhou (now Chengdu) in Sichuan, also known as Yili Bridge. The existing famous ones are Luding Iron Cable Bridge and guanxian Bamboo Cable Bridge built in Ming and Qing Dynasties. Crossing the cable bridge feels very thrilling, just as the ancients described the cable bridge: "People are hanging in the air, and if they don't quit in an instant, they will fall into a bottomless valley." Monk Zhimeng in the Tang Dynasty said, "If you can't see the end, the shadows are fighting." In fact, it is still safe to really cross the past, just like Xu Xiake's Travels commented on the Panjiang Bridge in Guizhou: "Look at it and you will stop."

Arch bridge appeared late in the history of Chinese bridges, but once the arch bridge structure was adopted, it developed rapidly and became the most vital bridge type in ancient bridges. Even today, it still has broad prospects for further development. Arch bridges are divided into stone arch bridges, brick arch bridges and wooden arch bridges, among which brick arch bridges are rare and only occasionally used in temples or gardens. Stone arch bridges are commonly used and can be divided into single arch, double arch and multi-arch. The number of arches depends on the width of the river. Generally, the arch in the middle is particularly high, and the arches on both sides are slightly smaller. According to the shape of the arch, there are pentagons, semicircles, pointed arches and flat arches. The bridge deck is generally paved with stone slabs, and the side of the bridge is paved with stone railings. The image of the arch bridge was first seen on the portrait bricks in the Eastern Han Dynasty. It was produced by the shape of the wooden and Liang Shi bridge with outriggers, and was influenced by the shape of the tomb arch and water pipes. Documentary records can be found in Zhu in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. The earliest existing physical object is the Zhao Zhouqiao designed and built by Li Chun in Sui Dynasty. After the Ming dynasty, especially in the Qing dynasty, stone arch bridges issued whole coupons, that is, "bucket coupons."

In addition, other special shapes include Feiting plank road, access bridge, fiber bridge, curved bridge, fish pond flying beam and Feng Shui bridge.

"Feiting", also known as Pavilion Road and Courtyard Road, is the overpass. The crossing passage between ancient palaces and pavilions. "Three Auxiliary Huang Tu": "It is in the west of the palace (referring to the central palace at the end of the Han Dynasty), and the flying pavilion is connected with Zhang Jian Palace, and the road is built up and down." During the Qin and Han dynasties, the main halls of the palace were connected by pavilions and roads. Because there was a way up and down, it was called the complex road. Qin Shihuang built a pavilion road from Epang Palace to Lishan, on the footbridge and under the vehicle bridge, which was the earliest overpass in China. "plank road", also known as stack pavilion, bridge pavilion and single-arm wooden beam bridge. A road paved with wooden frames in steep places in mountainous areas.

"Canal Bridge" is not only a water diversion channel, but also a bridge for pedestrians. That is to build a canal on the bridge to divert water. For example, Huiyuan Bridge in Hongdong County, Shanxi Province was built in the Jin Dynasty. Therefore, there is still slang for "water bridge, there is water on the bridge" in Shanxi today. "Fibre Channel Bridge" is a long ribbon bridge parallel to the river, which is built for the convenience of fiber drawing. More common in Zhejiang Canal area. Some are as long as one or two kilometers, or even five or six kilometers. For example, there is a "100-hole Guantang" optical fiber bridge in Ruanshe, Shaoxing, which was built during the Tongzhi period of the Qing Dynasty. The bridge is more than 380 meters long with a span of165,438+05. The bridge deck consists of three stones, with the bottom level with the water surface.

"Curved bridge" is a unique bridge type in gardens, so it is also called garden bridge. Bridges, trails and corridors are all channels for tourists to enjoy the scenery in the garden. "The scenery is more beautiful than the curve", so the bridges in the garden are mostly made into corners, such as the zigzag bridge, forming a broken line that swings back and forth and looks around, so as to extend the landscape and expand the landscape picture. Curved bridges are generally composed of stone slabs and railings. Slates are slightly higher than the water surface, and railings are lower, which makes them seem inseparable from the water surface, and the space seems to be separated from each other, which is especially meaningful.

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