Briefly describe the characteristics of Chinese in pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar.

The regional varieties of China's national languages. The internal development law of Chinese dialects obeys the same language of the whole nation, and at the same time, it has its own characteristics different from other dialects in pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar. As different dialects of Chinese, two conditions must be met: distribution in different regions; It is the result of the development of ancient Chinese. The relationship between Chinese dialects and Chinese is individual and general. With the social progress and economic prosperity, the role of dialects will gradually become smaller.

The formation and development of Chinese dialects are closely related to the development and changes of China society. According to legend, the Yellow Emperor has various nationalities, including 3,000 in the Xia Dynasty and 800 in the Western Zhou Dynasty. There must have been Chinese dialects at that time, but the actual situation was unknown. Both Zuo Zhuan and Mencius have clear descriptions of dialect problems. According to ancient records, before the Qin Dynasty, the northern dialect had established its position as the basic dialect of Chinese, and in addition, it gradually formed Wu dialect, Yue dialect and Xiang dialect. During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the society changed rapidly, and Hakka, Min and Gan dialects were formed successively. At this point, the seven major dialect areas of Chinese have basically taken shape. Chinese dialects have experienced a long and complicated development process, which is uninterrupted and gradual; Modern Chinese dialects are very different from ancient Chinese dialects, just as modern Chinese dialects are different from ancient Chinese dialects. In fact, every Chinese dialect has gone through a complicated development process.

Phonetic, Lexical and Grammatical Features The phonetic systems of the seven major Chinese dialects have their own characteristics. Throughout the historical development, the dialect phonology of Putonghua based on northern dialects is relatively simple, which reflects the development trend of Chinese pronunciation from complex to simple. The phonology of the main dialects in South China is more complicated, and more ancient phonetic factors are preserved. Judging from the sound, rhyme and tone, the vowels and tones of Mandarin are much simpler than those of Fujian, Guangdong, Wu and Hakka. Only in terms of initials, the northern and southern dialects are different. The lexical differences between Chinese dialects are as follows: each major dialect area has a considerable number of dialect words, some of which are only used in a certain dialect area or several dialect areas, and some are only used in a certain dialect piece and dialect point. The differences of dialect vocabulary are mainly manifested in: different sources; Different word-making methods and angles; Homographs have different meanings; The activity of the same word is different. Relatively speaking, the grammatical differences between Chinese dialects are relatively small because the grammatical structure is the most stable in the language system. However, a survey of dialects in various places still reflects various grammatical features, mainly as follows: (1) the formation means of some notional words are different; Some function words are used differently; In some language environments, the word order is different; Comparative sentences, passive sentences, disposal sentences and interrogative sentences have different structures.

The study of Chinese dialects has a long history. From Yang Xiong's Dialect in Han Dynasty to Zhang Taiyan's New Dialect in modern times, ancient dialectology has experienced 1900 years. During this period, the study of ancient Chinese dialects focused on the study of word meaning. The traditional exegetical method is semantic comparison in a specific language environment. Since the May 4th Movement, Chinese dialectology has experienced more than 70 years of development, during which it mainly studies modern Chinese dialects. Modern Chinese dialectology and ancient Chinese dialectology have their own characteristics, and the research object, purpose and method have undergone fundamental changes. Modern Chinese dialectology requires a comprehensive investigation and study of spoken dialects, the use of phonetic symbols, the application of modern phonetics principles, the recording of dialect facts, and the analysis of its characteristics and structural system in order to better serve the social and economic development.

2 Putonghua dialect

The ancestors of the Han nationality were small at first, and the Chinese used was relatively simple. Later, due to the development of society, residents gradually expanded around, or moved to distant places collectively, or came into contact with foreigners, and Chinese gradually differentiated, resulting in dialects distributed in different regions. Chinese dialects are widely distributed, with a population of over 900 million.

Mandarin dialect

Generally known as northern dialect, that is, northern dialect in a broad sense, commonly known as "great north dialect". Among the main dialects of Chinese, Mandarin has a prominent position and influence. /kloc-In the past 0/000 years, many outstanding literary works in China, from Tang and Song vernacular to Yuan Qu, and then to novels in Ming and Qing Dynasties, have been created on the basis of northern dialects, and the northern dialects centered on Beijing have been the political, economic and cultural heart of China since the Yuan Dynasty. They have always used northern dialects in officialdom, hence the name "Mandarin". In fact, it is a communicative language used by people in various dialect areas of Chinese. Putonghua, which is now popularized all over the country, is a modern Chinese language developed on the basis of "Putonghua".

Dialects are used in all Han areas in the provinces north of the Yangtze River. The lower reaches of the Yangtze River along the Yangtze River above Zhenjiang and below Jiujiang; All areas of Hubei Province except the southeast corner; North of Guangxi province and northwest corner of Hunan province; Yunnan, Sichuan and Guizhou provinces are all Han areas except ethnic minority areas. In addition, in unofficial dialect areas. There are also a few mandarin dialect islands formed due to historical reasons. For example, the "military dialect" in Yaxian County and Danxian County of Hainan Island, the "Tuguan dialect" in Chengguan of Nanping, Fujian Province, and the "Kyoto dialect" in Yangyu, Changle, etc. The population exceeds 700 million.

According to its linguistic features, regional Mandarin dialects can generally be divided into four branches, namely, four dialects (or four sub-dialects): North China Mandarin, Northwest Mandarin, Southwest Mandarin and Jianghuai Mandarin.

North China Mandarin is a narrow northern dialect, which is popular in Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Henan, Shandong, Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang and parts of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Among them, the dialects of the three northeastern provinces and Hebei Province are closest to the national lingua franca-Mandarin. Shandong and Henan Mandarin have their own characteristics. Recently, some linguists believe that Jiaoliao Mandarin and Zhongyuan Mandarin can be established separately. Among them, the Central Plains Mandarin includes parts of Lu Yu, and areas north of the Yangtze River such as Xuzhou, Fuyang, Xi 'an and Yuncheng in Shanxi.

Northwest Mandarin is spoken in Shanxi, Shaanxi, Gansu and parts of Qinghai, Ningxia and Inner Mongolia. The language used by the Han people in Xinjiang also belongs to the Northwest Mandarin. Shanxi, its neighboring northern Shaanxi and the area north of the Yellow River in Henan Province retain the ancient Rusheng characters, which are different from the general Northwest Mandarin and North China Mandarin. Recently, some scholars believe that a new "Jin dialect" can be established according to the characteristics of Rusheng, making it independent of Mandarin. At the same time, some scholars suggest that Northwest Mandarin, as a branch of Mandarin dialect, should be narrowed down to include only the dialects of Lanzhou, Gansu and Yinchuan, Ningxia, and renamed Lanyin Mandarin.

Southwest Mandarin is spoken in most parts of Hubei Province (except the southeast and east), Han areas in Yunnan, Guizhou and Sichuan provinces, and northern marginal areas in Hunan and Guangxi provinces. Southwest Mandarin has a vast territory, but its interior is relatively consistent.

Jianghuai Mandarin, commonly known as Xiajiang Mandarin, is popular in areas along the Yangtze River in Anhui Province, most areas north of the Yangtze River in Jiangsu Province (except Xuzhou), areas above Zhenjiang on the south bank of the Yangtze River and below Nanjing, and areas along the Yangtze River in Jiangxi Province. Jianghuai Mandarin is a branch of Mandarin dialect, with great internal differences and complicated language phenomena. Among them, Huizhou dialect in southern Anhui has many distinctive features, and many linguists have always thought that it can be separated from Mandarin and become Southern Anhui dialect or Huizhou dialect independently.

Main linguistic features

Phonetics: ① The consonants of affricates and affricates are divided into voiced and unvoiced sounds, but there is no opposition between voiced and unvoiced sounds, which embodies the characteristics of more voiced consonants and fewer voiced consonants. With a few exceptions, ancient voiced initials are pronounced as voiced initials in almost all branches of modern Mandarin dialects. Generally speaking, the ancient voiced pronunciation is aspirated to clear the initial consonant, while the ancient voiced pronunciation is not aspirated to clear the initial consonant.

② The most prominent feature of vowels is that there are few consonants ending.

③ The most prominent feature of tone is that the number of tone categories is relatively small. Except for Jianghuai Mandarin, the northern part of the Yellow River in Henan Province in North China Mandarin, the southern end of Shanxi Province in Northwest Mandarin, parts of northern Shaanxi Province and western Inner Mongolia, most of the mandarin in other places have no tone. There are 4-5 tones in the whole Mandarin dialect area, especially 4 tones, ranging from 4 to 5. Among these four ancient tones, the differentiation and development of Pingsheng, Shangshang and Qusheng in Putonghua are similar, that is, most Putonghua words with voiced initials are pronounced as Bao, Zhou, Ji, Fu, Gan, Zun, Dang, Jiang and Guang. Gu Ping's mandarin with voiced initials mostly reads Yangping, such as climbing, apprentice, hoe, strange, strip, forest, heavy, group, same, red and so on. In ancient times, the initial consonants of Qing consonants and consonants of sub-voiced consonants were mostly pronounced as initial consonants, such as complement, early, brave, pink, party, well, list, selection, warmth, dyeing and old. In ancient times, there were full-voiced initials, and in ancient times, there were many full-voiced initials in local mandarin, such as "Fu", "Dao", "Anger", "Dang" and the ancient full-voiced initials, as well as the words "Guo, Afraid, Bu, Dai, * *, Yao". The pronunciation of ancient Rusheng characters in Mandarin dialect is complicated. Except Jianghuai Mandarin in Northwest Mandarin and parts of Shanxi and Shaanxi, and parts of Henan north of the Yellow River in North China Mandarin, the attribution of ancient Rusheng characters is different in other Mandarin dialects where Rusheng tones have disappeared. Generally speaking, North China Mandarin, like Beijing dialect, is divided into flat, rising and falling tones after entering tone disappears, which is the so-called "three tones of entering tone": full voiced initial consonant entering tone, sub-voiced initial consonant entering tone and voiced initial consonant entering tone. A few places (such as Jinan and Dalian) are slightly different from Beijing: the initials are ancient voiced or all belong to Yin Ping (such as Jinan) or all belong to Shangsheng (such as Dalian). There are two distributions of ancient tone words in places where there is no entering tone in Northwest Mandarin: either the entering tone words of ancient voiced initials belong to Yangping, and the rest belong to Yin Ping, such as Xi 'an; Or the initials of ancient voiced consonants belong to rising tone, and the rest belong to falling tone, such as Lanzhou. The distribution of ancient Rusheng words in Southwest Mandarin is the most uniform: as long as they are ancient Rusheng words, no matter what the initial consonant is, they are all pronounced in the rising tone, with almost no exception.

Three Putonghua Dialects

In terms of vocabulary, the vocabulary of Mandarin dialect is similar to that of Mandarin, the same language of modern Han nationality. Most of the words widely used in Putonghua dialect have entered the same language as * * * *. As a basic vocabulary, most words in Mandarin dialects that are not absorbed by the same language are only popular in a certain Mandarin dialect or dialect film. The lexical differences between North and South Mandarin are smaller than those between Mandarin and other major dialects. However, the dialect of Putonghua is so vast that there are also distinctive dialects in some places. For example, "erhu" means "hesitation", "Zhahu" means "arrogance" and "rushing to the road" means "dare to do and speak" in Beijing dialect. In Tianjin dialect, "Guang" means "big", "Fu" means "crow" and "Gang" means "great". "Blind" means "abandoned" and "used" in Xi 'an dialect. In Liaocheng dialect, Shandong province, "extermination" means "beating"; "Lianlianer" in Luoyang dialect of Henan province means "hurry up". Xinxiang dialect uses "chaos" to mean "living" and "red" to mean "selling strength"; Chatting in Chengdu, Kunming and other places is said to be "putting on a long queue", unlucky in Wuhan and Chongqing is said to be "backward" and pitiful is said to be "guilty"; ..... and so on, each in its own way. The word "Sun" has different names in Mandarin dialect areas: Beijing and Baoding are called "Laoyeer" (Beijing is also called "Sun"), Shenyang and Xi 'an are called "Sun Head", Taiyuan and Hohhot are called "Yangpo", Hefei is called "Hot Head" and Chengdu, Wuhan and Kunming are called "Sun"; In Hebei alone, the names of "Sun" include "Grandfather, Grandfather, Grandfather, Grandfather, Grandfather, Sun Yinger, Yang Boer, Yang Boer, the day before yesterday, Buddha" and so on. It can be seen that the differences in vocabulary, even within the dialect of Putonghua, can not be ignored. Compared with other dialects, the vocabulary of Mandarin dialect also shows the following characteristics:

① Disyllabic words are particularly dominant. Disyllabic words account for the largest proportion in the whole Chinese vocabulary, especially in Putonghua dialects. For example, many words with Zi in Mandarin dialect are monosyllabic words without Zi in other dialects, such as Mi or Fan (Wu dialect and Min dialect) or He (Hakka dialect) in southern dialect and Su (ancient) (Wu dialect, Xiang dialect, Gan dialect and Hakka dialect) in southern dialect. The word "Zhao" is usually called "Zhao" or "Zhao" in Mandarin dialects, while in southern dialects, Wu dialect, Cantonese and Min dialect are monosyllabic words, or called "Zhao" (Suzhou dialect of Wu dialect) or "Xiang" (Guangdong dialect and Min dialect).

(2) The archaic words are less preserved. Although every Chinese dialect has inherited many ancient Chinese words, relatively speaking, few ancient Chinese words have been preserved in dialects in Mandarin dialect areas. For example, the word "eye" is widely used in Putonghua dialect, but it is still called "eye" in Fujian dialect and "eye" in Guangdong dialect, retaining the name of this human organ in ancient Chinese. Another example is the word "Li", which is called "Li" in Wu dialect, and "Qi" in Fujian, Guangdong, Hakka, Jiangxi and other dialects except Mandarin dialect area and Hunan dialect, all of which follow the old Chinese saying; In addition, there are some words that are very commonly used in life. Southern dialects retain ancient sayings, while Putonghua dialects use the same expressions as modern Putonghua. For example, the common "Kan" in Mandarin dialects; Guangdong dialect and Fujian dialect (in some areas) use the ancient word "Zi".

③ There are fewer loanwords. Compared with southern dialects, there are fewer loanwords in Mandarin dialects. Minnan, Guangdong and other places have always been the gateway to the sea, and they have more contacts with foreign countries. It is easier to borrow loanwords in dialects. For example, there are many Indonesian-Malay words in Fujian dialect and many English words in Guangdong dialect. Sometimes the same thing is expressed in different words in Mandarin dialect and southern dialect, which shows the difference between "imported" words and "native" words. For example, the word "cement" is called "Shi Min Map" in Guangdong dialect and "cement" in Wu dialect, all of which are transliteration of English cement. Fujian dialect is called "Jia Fanhui" and "Hong" with foreign colors, while Mandarin dialects mostly use "cement" (called "Yang Hui" in some places) as * * *, which is the same language as * * * and is an authentic Chinese word. Another example is the "film" for photography. Mandarin dialects are called "movies" everywhere, and Cantonese dialects, Min dialects and Hakka dialects all use the transliteration word "movies" in English movies.

④ There are few modal particles and their usage is more general. Compared with southern dialects, Mandarin dialects have fewer modal particles, more general usage and finer division of labor. For example, the common modal particles "you, mo, ah" and so on, the mandarin dialect is the same as * * *, while the modal particles in southern Wu dialect and Guangdong dialect are much richer.

The outstanding features of grammar are:

① In word formation, there are usually modifiers first. For example, except for the occasional expressions such as "cock" and "hen" in Southwest Mandarin, most local Mandarin expressions are "cock", "hen", "guest" and "slippers", unlike some southern dialects with decorative morphemes at the back. Such as "Chicken Gong", "Koman" and "Crab Clamp" (Min dialect).

Four Putonghua dialects

② It is rare to express grammatical meaning with internal inflections. Except for a few places, there are few so-called "formation methods" in Mandarin dialects, that is, "narrow forms". Tone sandhi is rarely used in Cantonese and Min dialect to express some grammatical meaning.

③ The use of the structural auxiliary word "de, de, de". In many places in Putonghua dialect, there are structural auxiliary words "de, de, de" with different usages. These structural auxiliary words are the most commonly used in northern Mandarin, and have entered the grammatical system of homophones. It is very rare in southern dialects other than Putonghua. Even if there are similar structural auxiliary words, it is not as clear as the division of labor of "de, de and de" in Putonghua dialects, and the usage is not mixed.

(4) Overlapping type has a wide range of applications. The overlapping content of Mandarin dialects is quite rich, and the application scope is also quite extensive. For example, when addressing relatives, dialects in southern Fujian, Guangdong, Hakka and Wu generally do not use reduplication, and monosyllabic morphemes are often used to address relatives, such as "Abba", "Adi" and "Sister-in-law". In Mandarin dialects, people are usually addressed with overlapping syllables, such as "brother", "uncle", "father", "sister-in-law" and "uncle". For example, some commonly used nouns can't overlap in southern dialects, but they appear in overlapping forms in Putonghua dialects, such as the word "star". In Southwest Mandarin and Northwest Mandarin, overlapping means additional meaning. For example, in Chengdu dialect, "Pan Pan" means "Pan Er" and "eye-eye" means "eye". "Doudou" means "Dou" and "He Miaomiao" means "Cat" in Xi dialect. Some local quantifiers and demonstratives in Northwest Mandarin can also overlap. For example, the overlap of measurement words in Xi 'an dialect indicates the measurement method: "This rice is not sold or promoted" (not promoted); The indication overlap indicates the specific position: "You stand here and wait" (you stand here and wait). These overlapping usages are not found in the main dialects in southern China.

⑤ Quantifiers are used in general terms. The most commonly used quantifier "ge" in Mandarin dialect has a wide range of uses, which can be used in many things, and can be used with "ge" in both virtual and real situations. Generally speaking, people use "ge" and "Wei" (honorifics) in Putonghua dialects, but in other major dialects, they use various quantifiers, which often reflect a certain emotional color and rhetorical style. For example, in Cantonese dialect, there are standardized appellations such as "this gentleman" and "that classmate", and on some occasions, "the old pit with mud strips" (this old man) refers to the unique usage of personal quantifiers.

⑥ There can be two words "le" in a sentence in Putonghua dialect, the former indicates the completion of action, and the latter is the modal particle at the end of the sentence. For example, "he has eaten", which is rare in southern dialects.

⑦ There are many passive prepositions. In passive sentences, besides "Bei", Mandarin dialects can also use passive words, such as "give" (he was scolded), "suffer" (Xiao Zhang was bullied), "let" (the mouse was caught by a cat) and "call (teach)" (I got caught in the rain today).

There are two different formats of interrogative sentences in Putonghua dialect. One is used in northern mandarin, and the same word as * * *, "What is it?" "okay?" "Isn't it?" Equal sentence pattern; The other is used in Southwest Mandarin (Yunnan, Guizhou) and Jianghuai Mandarin, which is different from * * * in the same language. (or' but'? ""Is Ke (Guo) good? " "Are you? "Equality sentence.

5 Wu Fangyan

Traditionally, it is called Wu dialect, also known as Jiangsu and Zhejiang dialect or Jiangnan dialect. "Wu" is a continuation of ancient regional names.

Wu dialect is spoken in southern Jiangsu, Shanghai, Zhejiang, northeastern Jiangxi, northwestern Fujian and parts of southern Anhui. There are about 1 10 counties and cities with a population of about 70 million. Details are as follows:

There are 2/kloc-0 counties and cities in Jiangsu Province that belong to or are dominated by Wu dialect: Danyang, Jintan, Gaochun, Liyang, Yixing, Wujin, Changzhou, Jiangyin, Shazhou, Jingjiang, Nantong, Haimen, Qidong, Changshu, Wuxi, Wuxi, Suzhou, Wuxian, Wujiang, Taicang and Kunshan. Kongzhen, Xinqiao and Baima in the south of Lishui County also belong to Wuyu District. Shanghai and its 10 counties: Shanghai, Songjiang, Qingpu, Jinshan, Fengxian, Chongming, Nanhui, Chuansha, Baoshan and Jiading all speak Wu dialect. Except for Chun 'an (including Old Sui 'an) and Jiande (including Old Shou Chang) in the west, Zhejiang Province is basically within the scope of Wu dialect, but Dongtou, Yuhuan, Pingyang, Cangnan, Taishun and Qingyuan in the south of Zhejiang Province are the staggered distribution areas of Wu dialect and Min dialect. Xiabao and Gantan in the north of Jiande County and the towns and villages in the east, and Tangcun, Liye and Dadiankou in the south still belong to Wuyu District. Yushan, Guangfeng, Shangrao and Shangrao in the northeast of Jiangxi Province are also Wu dialect areas. In addition, Pucheng County and its northern towns in the northwest corner of Fujian Province, Meizhu and Gangnan in the north of Langxi County in southern Anhui Province, Si Xia and Lucun in Guangde County also speak Wu dialect.

According to its linguistic features, Wu dialect can be divided into five types: Taihu dialect, Taizhou dialect, Dongou dialect, Wuzhou dialect and Liqu dialect.

Taihu Lake film is a northern Wu dialect film, including 265,438+0 counties and cities in Jiangsu Wu dialect, Shanghai and its subordinate counties, three old houses in Hangzhou, Jiaxing and Huzhou in Zhejiang, and two old houses in Ningbo and Shaoxing in eastern Zhejiang, represented by Shanghai dialect or Suzhou dialect. This area has the widest distribution area and the largest population, which can be further divided into six small areas: ① Changzhou small area, including Shazhou, Jiangyin, Wujin, Yixing and other counties and cities in southern Jiangsu in the west, some villages in langxi and Guangde in Anhui Province, Lao 'an dialect in Jingjiang and Jiangbei, and Tongdong dialect in eastern Nantong, Haimen and northern Qidong also belong to this small area. (2) Jiangsu film, including Shanghai stock market and its counties, Changshu and Wuxi, as well as southern Jiangsu to the east of Wu dialect, Jiaxing, Pinghu, Jiashan, Haiyan, Tongxiang and Haining in Zhejiang, Nantong and Haimen to the north of the Yangtze River and Qihai dialect to the south of Qidong, all belong to this film. ③ Small pieces of Huzhou, including Huzhou, Changxing, Anji, Deqing and Yuhang. (4) Hangzhou small piece, namely the urban area of Hangzhou and its suburbs. ⑤ Shaolin plot, including Lin 'an, Fuyang, Tonglu, Xiaoshan, Shaoxing, Shangyu, Zhuji, Xinchang, Yuyao, Cixi, Xiabao and towns east of Gantan in Jiande County. ⑥ Mingzhou small piece, including Ningbo, Yinxian, Zhenhai, Fenghua, Xiangshan, Ninghai, Dinghai, Putuo and Daishan.

Taizhou includes Tiantai, Sanmen, Linhai, Xianju, Huangyan, Jiaojiang, Wenling and Yuhuan. Taizhou dialect is also spoken in the area south of Tea Road in Ninghai County and north of Qingjiang River in Yueqing County. This piece is represented by Linhai dialect.

Dongou film is a Wenzhou film. Wenzhou dialect used to be called Ou dialect, which is popular in Wenzhou, Ouhai, Yongjia, Yueqing, Ruian, Pingyang, Wencheng, Dongtou, Cangnan and Qingtian. This piece is represented by Wenzhou dialect.

Wuzhou film includes Jinhua city, Lanxi, Pujiang, Yiwu, Dongyang, Wuyi, Yongkang and Pan 'an in Jinhua area of central Zhejiang, represented by Jinhua dialect.

Liqiu tablets include Chuzhou tablets and Longqu tablets: ① Chuzhou tablets include Jinyun, Lishui, Yunhe and Qingtian counties and Jingning She Autonomous County. Southern Wuyi County, Old Yiping County, Nantian District of wencheng county, northern Taishun County and northeastern Qingyuan County also belong to this small piece. ② Small pieces of Longqu, including Longquan, Qingyuan, Songyang, Suichang, Jiangshan, Changshan, Hua Kai, Quzhou and Longyou. The northern part of Pucheng County in Fujian Province, and Yushan, Guangfeng, Shangrao and Shangrao cities in Jiangxi Province also belong to this small piece. This piece is represented by Lishui dialect.

6 min dialect

Also known as Min dialect, commonly known as "Fulao dialect", it is a dialect with the most complicated language phenomenon and the biggest internal difference among the seven major dialects in Chinese.

The popular areas of Min dialect are mainly in Fujian, Guangdong, Taiwan Province, southern Zhejiang and parts of Jiangxi, Guangxi and Jiangsu. The user population is around 40 million. The specific locations are as follows: 54 counties and cities in Fujian Province: Fuzhou, Minhou, Changle, Fuqing, Pingtan, Lianjiang, Luoyuan, Minqing, Yongtai, Gutian, Pingnan, Ningde, Xiapu, Zhouning, Shouning, Fuan, Zherong, Fuding, Putian, Xianyou, Xiamen, Jinmen, Quanzhou and Jinjiang. The above areas account for about 3/4 of the province's area.

12 counties and cities in eastern Guangdong: Shantou, Chaozhou, Chenghai, Raoping, South Australia, Jieyang, Jiexi, Puning, Huilai, Chaoyang, Lufeng, Haifeng, Huidong, Fengshun, Tai Po and some other counties; 14 counties and cities in Hainan Island: Haikou, Qiongshan, Wenchang, Qionghai, Wanning, Lingshui, Sanya, Yaxian, Qiongzhong, Tunchang, Ding 'an, Chengmai, Changjiang and Dongfang (except for ethnic minority areas); Five counties and cities in Leizhou Peninsula: Zhanjiang, Suixi, Lianjiang, Haikang and Xuwen. In addition, some districts and townships in Zhongshan, Yangjiang and Dianbai, which are mainly Cantonese, also speak Min dialect. The above area accounts for about 1/3 of the whole province.

In 2 1 counties and cities in Taiwan Province Province, except for Gaoshan ethnic minority areas, which account for about 2% of the population, and Zhongli, Zhudong, Miaoli and Hsinchu areas between Taipei and Changhua, as well as Pingtung and Kaohsiung counties and cities in the south, and parts of Hualien and Taitung in the east, the rest Han residents speak Hakka dialect, accounting for more than 3/4 of the total population. Most areas in Taishun, Cangnan, Dongtou and Yuhuan counties in southern Zhejiang, a few areas in western Pingyang county, and some areas in Putuo and Shengsi counties in Zhoushan Islands also speak Min dialect.

A total of 120 counties and cities use Min dialect. In addition, Fujian dialect is also spoken in a few places in Yushan, Qianshan, Shangrao and Guangfeng counties in the northeast corner of Jiangxi Province, Guiping and Beiliu counties in the south-central part of Guangxi Province, and Yixing and Liyang counties in Jiangsu Province. Among the overseas Chinese living in Nanyang Islands and Indo-China Peninsula, millions of people have used Min dialect as their "mother tongue" for generations. In Chinese communities in Singapore, Malaysia, the Philippines, Indonesia, Thailand, Myanmar and China, Min dialect is also one of the main social communication languages.

According to its linguistic features, Fujian dialect can be roughly divided into five dialects: Minnan dialect, Mindong dialect, Minbei dialect, Minzhong dialect and Puxian dialect. Minnan dialect is one of the most populous and extensive dialects in Fujian. Including 24 counties and cities in Fujian Province centered on Xiamen, Zhangzhou and Quanzhou. Fujian dialect, which is popular outside Fujian province, basically belongs to Minnan dialect. Minnan dialect is represented by Xiamen dialect, while Chaozhou dialect and Wenchang dialect also have great influence in eastern Guangdong and Hainan Island respectively.

Fujian Oriental dialect is popular in the eastern part of Fujian Province, including the lower reaches of the Minjiang River with Fuzhou as the center and the mountainous areas with Fu 'an as the center. *** 18 counties and cities are represented by Fuzhou dialect.

Northern Fujian dialect is popular in Jian 'ou, Jianyang, Nanping (township), Chong 'an, Songxi, Zhenghe and Pucheng (south) in northern Fujian, with Jian 'ou dialect as the representative.

Minzhong dialect is popular in Yong 'an, Sanming and Shaxian areas in central Fujian, represented by Yong 'an dialect. Puxian dialect is popular in Putian and Xianyou along the eastern coast of Fujian, with Putian dialect as the representative.

Main linguistic features: ① Initial consonants: The initial consonants of Min dialects in different places are relatively consistent, only 15, which is called the "fifteen-tone" system. Many initials retain the characteristics of ancient Chinese:

A. no initials f for lips and teeth. In ancient times, some spoken words without initials were pronounced as p- and pronounced as h- (or x-), which was called "light lips return to heavy lips".

B. Know the initials in ancient times clearly and read t- more, which is the so-called "tongue to tongue".

C. The ancient voiced initials are also separated from Cheng Qun's words into unvoiced sounds and unvoiced sounds, and a few of them are pronounced aspirated.

D. The oral pronunciation of the ancient box initials in Fujian dialect is k- or zero initials.

E. The initials of Guzhao film are mixed with those of Gu Jing film.

② Vowels: There are great differences in vowels in different areas of Min dialect, mainly as follows:

A. The vowels of Min dialect retain the nasal and stop sounds in the ancient sound to varying degrees. Among them, Minnan dialect is relatively complete, Mindong dialect and Puxian dialect are less preserved, and there are almost no stops in Minbei dialect and Minzhong dialect, only nasal vowels.

7 min dialect

B. There are different pronunciations of Chinese and Bai in Min dialect to varying degrees, especially in Min dialect, and almost both Chinese and Bai pronunciations are systematic.

C. Many areas of Min dialect (especially Minnan dialect) have rich nasal rhymes.

D. There are no vowels in many areas of Min dialect. For example, Xiamen, Chaozhou and Taipei in Minnan dialect have no Y rhyme.

E. There is a phenomenon of "double rhyme endings" in some areas of Min dialect, which is mainly manifested in three dialect areas: eastern Fujian, northern Fujian and central Fujian.

③ Tone: There are entering tones in all parts of Min dialect, and the number of tones is 6-8, with 7 being the most common. Chaozhou dialect in Minnan dialect has eight tones of flat, rising, qu and entering tone, which are divided into yin and yang; Jian 'ou dialect in northern Fujian and Yong 'an dialect in central Fujian have only six tones: northern Fujian is flat, but there is no distinction between yin and yang; In Fujian, it is flat, divided into yin and yang, regardless of yin and yang. In places with seven tones, Minnan dialect is spread all over Xiamen, Taipei, Hainan and southern Zhejiang, Puxian dialect is spread all over Putian and Xianyou, and Mindong dialect is spread all over Fuzhou and Fu 'an. There are also complex phonetic changes in Min dialect, in which the tone sandhi rules of Minnan dialect and Minzhong dialect are quite neat, and the phonetic changes of Mindong dialect and Puxian dialect involve the changes of initials and finals. Take the tone sandhi of Chaozhou dialect as an example.

In terms of vocabulary, there are a large number of dialect words that are common in this dialect area but rare in other dialect areas. These dialect words have two characteristics: first, they inherit many ancient words, and second, they have many monosyllabic words. For example, "eggs" (eggs). "Mu" (mesh), "dirt" (dirt), "exposure" (sun exposure) and "beating" (beating) can all be found in ancient books, and they are also monosyllabic words. In addition, some Fujian dialect words are borrowed from foreign languages. Most of these loanwords are borrowed from Indonesian-Malay, which has formed a unique color in Fujian dialect vocabulary. For example, in Xiamen dialect, "Wen Xue" (soap) comes from sabon, "Dao Lang" (help) comes from tolong, "Dongge" (cane) comes from tongkat, and "pour" comes from chium. There are also some dialect words whose origins are difficult to identify, such as "Yang" (flogging).

In the five films of Min dialect, each film has many dialect words, but there are also many dialect words that only exist in some places. Generally speaking, among the five Fujian dialect films, the three coastal films of eastern Fujian, southern Fujian and Puxian are similar in vocabulary, while the two films of northern Fujian and central Fujian are different from those of eastern Fujian, southern Fujian and Puxian in many terms.

Grammatical aspect

(1) The use of noun additional components.

② The use of singular and plural personal pronouns.

③ Omit the numeral "one" and the demonstratives "this" and "that". The numeral "one" or demonstrative pronouns "this" and "that" before quantifiers in Fujian dialect can often be omitted, and quantifiers are directly combined with nouns. For example, in Chaozhou dialect, "Zhang Hua is absolutely elegant" (this painting is very beautiful) and "A chicken is fat to death" (this chicken is very fat). Related to this, demonstrative pronouns "this" and "that" cannot directly modify nouns, such as "this person is very good" in Putonghua is "only one person is very good" in Min dialect, but not "only one person is very good"; Similarly, "this book" can only be said to be "a book", not "a book".

④ The structure of "adjective-quantifier-noun" is common in all parts of Min dialect, but there are not many adjectives that can be directly combined with quantifiers, and the most commonly used ones are "big" and "small". For example, "Daniel" and "bubble lamp" in Xiamen dialect.

⑤ Special usage of the verb "you". The verb "you" in Min language has many uses, one of which is put in front of the verb to indicate the perfect tense. For example, "I received your approval" in Fuzhou dialect (I received your letter), "I have food but I have no food" in Xiamen dialect (he ate but I didn't eat), "I bought it" in Taipei dialect (I bought it) and "Do you have a movie?" in Chaozhou dialect. Have you seen this movie?

6. Advanced objects are common. For example, the saying "apples buy two pounds" (buy two pounds of apples) is very common. In the "subject-verb-object" sentence pattern of Putonghua, a preposition "* * *" (or "A") is often added, and the object is placed in front of the verb, such as "I * * * you say" (I'll tell you).

⑦ The verb "qu" is often used as a complement, indicating that the action has become a result, which means "already", such as "flying away" (already flying), "dead" (already dead) and "broken bowl" (already broken bowl).

⑧ Special way of comparison. Fang Min