Popularize Putonghua handwritten newspaper

National homonym is a language used for communication within a nation and one of the main signs to identify an independent nation.

It's hard to say when the Chinese homophonic sounds came into being, but they existed in Xia, Shang, Zhou and Spring and Autumn Period at the latest. At that time, the national language of * * * was called "Yayan", which was mainly popular in the Yellow River Basin. The language of The Book of Songs is elegance. Confucius, a great educator and thinker in China, used elegance instead of Lu dialect in his lectures. It can be said that Confucius was a pioneer in popularizing Mandarin.

In the Han Dynasty, national homophony was called "lingua franca", also known as "lingua franca", "lingua franca" or "generic name". Dialect, edited by Yang Xiong in the Western Han Dynasty, is the first dialect book in China. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, people paid great attention to "pronunciation" when writing poems and articles, so many rhyming books appeared. The appearance of "rhyme book" and the prevalence of "pronunciation" have objectively promoted the national language. The national homophony in Yuan Dynasty was called "the universal language in the world", and Zhou Deqing's "Central Plains Rhyme" recorded the national homophony at that time.

During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, China people were called "Mandarin" in the same language. "Mandarin" was first used in officialdom and later became popular among the people. Ordinary people are also proud of being able to speak Mandarin, because people think that being able to speak Mandarin represents a person's identity and status. During the Republic of China, people in China used the same language as "national language". After the founding of New China, the people of China were called "Putonghua" of the same language.

Homophones and dialects of the Han nationality all come from ancient Chinese and have the same origin. Chinese homophones are formed on the basis of a certain dialect, and our Chinese homophones are formed on the basis of the northern dialect.

Putonghua was written into the Constitution of People's Republic of China (PRC) on 1982: "The state promotes Putonghua which is commonly used throughout the country." Since then, Mandarin has a clear legal status and has become the national common language.

2. What is Mandarin?

Mandarin is the lingua franca of modern Han nationality and the common language of all ethnic groups in China. Putonghua takes Beijing dialect as the standard pronunciation, northern dialect as the basic dialect, and typical modern vernacular as the grammatical norm.

The word "Putonghua" appeared as early as the late Qing Dynasty. 1902, Wu Rulun, a scholar, visited Japan, and the Japanese suggested to him that China should carry out Putonghua education to unify the language. The name "Mandarin" was mentioned in the conversation. 1904, when studying in Japan, Qiu Jin, a modern female revolutionary, organized a "speech practice meeting" with students studying in Japan, and drew up a booklet, in which the name "Putonghua" appeared. 1906, Zhu, a scholar who studied word segmentation, divided Chinese into "Chinese" (classical Chinese), "Putonghua" and "common sayings" (dialects) in his book Jiangsu Xin Xin. He not only put forward the name of "Putonghua", but also defined it clearly. In 1930s, Qu Qiubai put forward in the article "War beyond the Gate of Hell" that "the task of the literary revolution is by no means limited to creating some new-style poems, novels and plays, and he wants to establish a modern Mandarin accent for China." "Modern Mandarin, a new Chinese language, is used in all parts of China, with modern' human words', disyllabic and ending ..."

The definition of "Putonghua" has been unclear for decades before liberation, and there are also different views. After the founding of New China, during the "National Character Reform Conference" and the "Academic Conference on Standardization of Modern Chinese" held in June 1955, the name of Chinese homophone was officially defined as "Putonghua", and at the same time, its definition was determined, that is, "dialect with Beijing dialect as the standard pronunciation and northern dialect as the basic dialect". 195510/On October 26th, People's Daily published an editorial entitled "Strive to Promote Chinese Character Reform, Popularize Putonghua and Realize Chinese Standardization". The article mentioned: "Chinese homonyms are Putonghua with northern dialect as the basic dialect and Beijing dialect as the standard pronunciation." 1956 On February 6th, the State Council issued an instruction on the promotion of Putonghua, adding the definition of Putonghua as "Beijing dialect as the standard pronunciation, northern dialect as the basic dialect, and typical modern vernacular as the grammatical norm". This definition clarifies the standard of Putonghua from three aspects: pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar, which makes the definition of Putonghua more scientific and thorough. Among them, the meaning of the word "ordinary" is "universal" and "accessible".

3. Is Mandarin equal to Beijing dialect?

Strictly speaking, "Putonghua" is not equal to "Beijing dialect".

Mandarin is the same language of Han nationality, while Beijing dialect is just one of many dialects. Putonghua was developed on the basis of Beijing dialect, and rose to a higher level after it became a national cognate. The definition of Putonghua is "Beijing dialect as the standard pronunciation, northern dialect as the basic dialect, and typical modern vernacular as the grammatical norm." This definition is to standardize Putonghua from three aspects: pronunciation, vocabulary and grammar. "Taking Beijing dialect as the standard sound" in Putonghua refers to taking Beijing phonology as the standard sound, that is, the initials, finals and tone system of Beijing dialect, but excluding the local sound of Beijing dialect; At the same time, the vocabulary of Putonghua does not include some dialects in Beijing dialect.

Therefore, when learning Mandarin, you can't speak according to the pronunciation and vocabulary of Beijingers, especially the old Beijingers. We should pay attention to distinguish between the local dialect of Beijingers and the dialect of Beijingers. Listen to more Putonghua broadcasts, watch more Putonghua TV programs, listen to more Putonghua teaching videos and tapes, and learn standard Putonghua.

4. Is Mandarin the same as Mandarin and Mandarin?

These three appellations refer to the common Mandarin in China, which is called "Mandarin" in Chinese mainland, "Mandarin" in Taiwan Province Province and "Mandarin" in Chinese communities in some countries such as Singapore. The names of the three appellations are different, but the substance is the same; These three are not mutually exclusive, but complement each other.

Of course, there are some differences between these three terms in terms of source and scope of use.

The name "Putonghua" was used by some linguists in the late Qing Dynasty. For example, in 1906, Zhu put forward the idea of popularizing "Putonghua", that is, the common language of all provinces, in order to oppose classical Chinese and dialects. Later, li jinxi, Qu Qiubai and Lu Xun discussed "Putonghua" in succession. After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), in order to respect the brotherly languages and avoid misunderstanding caused by the name "Putonghua", 1955, the National Conference on Character Reform and the Academic Conference on Standardization of Modern Chinese decided to name the standardized modern Chinese as "Putonghua" and determined the definition and standard of Putonghua.

The name "Mandarin" was also put forward in the late Qing Dynasty. 1909, the Qing government established the "Mandarin Editorial Committee"; 19 10, Jiang Qian, a member of the Senior Advisory Committee, put forward the viewpoint of "combining Putonghua with homophonic characters to achieve a unified effect" in "Notes on Putonghua Education for Several Years". Later, the Beiyang warlord government and the Kuomintang government both used the word "Mandarin", which is still used in Taiwan Province Province today.

"Chinese" is the lingua franca of Chinese in Chinese communities in Singapore and other countries. It is appropriate to speak Chinese like this there. If you use "Mandarin" to speak Chinese there, it is not as strong as "Mandarin" in expressing homology. It is even more inappropriate to speak Chinese in "national language" there, because Chinese is not necessarily the official language or the only official language of those countries.

5. Is saying "Mandarin" just playing "Mandarin"?

"Mandarin" is the old name of Putonghua, which also refers to the northern dialect, and "Mandarin" is a facade language in the old officialdom, which is empty talk and rhetoric that delays and pushes the Committee under the pretext of rules and procedures. The two are not the same thing. However, in real life, there are indeed many people who often confuse "official speaking" with "official speaking".

In old China, as a "common dialect", Putonghua was really the language mainly used by officials in the officialdom of "stressing the principle of treating diseases" and "litigating for the people", while ordinary people generally used dialects to communicate. In the old society, due to class status, few officials were not bureaucrats. They are used to putting on airs in front of the people, intimidating and making things difficult for them without scruple, so there is a great opposition between the people and the government. Over time, the people's antipathy to officials and bureaucrats has extended to their antipathy to the language itself, linking the homophony that was originally used in the whole country with bureaucratic habits. This connection is understandable, but it is a wrong connection. "Mandarin" and "official accent" have completely different meanings and should not be confused.

It must be pointed out that up to now, some people still refer to Putonghua as "Mandarin" and even confuse Putonghua with Mandarin. Even some cadres view Putonghua this way, thinking that it is "easy to be divorced from the masses". These confused understandings should be clarified.

First of all, Putonghua and Putonghua are the products of different times and different societies. Although they are related by inheritance, the purpose and intention of promoters, as well as the ways and means of implementation, are qualitatively different. Therefore, under normal circumstances, we should put the standard modern Chinese * * * Mandarin instead of the time-honored "Mandarin".

Secondly, if "Putonghua" and "bureaucratic jargon" are two completely different things, but because they often come from the mouth of officials at the same time, there is reason to confuse them, then it is unfounded to confuse Putonghua with bureaucratic jargon. Modern bureaucrats speak both Mandarin and dialects. What's more, cadres who lack reform consciousness are more likely to be infected with bureaucratic habits and are more likely to have resistance to the update of language concepts. Although they may all speak dialects familiar to the local people, they are not keen on serving the people wholeheartedly.

Thirdly, the key to measure whether a cadre is divorced from the masses and deserves their support is whether he can do practical things for the masses sincerely, rather than whether he can speak local dialects and work in dialect areas. If he serves the people wholeheartedly, pays attention to his working methods and insists on using Putonghua as his working language, he will certainly get the understanding and support of the local people.

6. Promoting Putonghua means not speaking dialects?

The Constitution of People's Republic of China (PRC) stipulates: "The State promotes Putonghua which is commonly used throughout the country". But the promotion of Putonghua does not mean that dialects are not allowed, which is a very important language policy.

Mandarin is the lingua franca of modern Han nationality, the standard language of Han nationality and the dominant language of China. Popularizing Putonghua is conducive to the socialist modernization and the improvement of the cultural quality of the whole people. Mandarin is developed on the basis of Beijing dialect. Due to political, economic, cultural and other reasons, after hundreds of years of history, its circulation scope is getting larger and larger, and it gradually rises to the status of * * * national language, while dialect is only a subordinate statement.

Promoting Putonghua is not to eliminate dialects, but to be able to speak both dialects and national languages. The general requirement of promoting Putonghua is to speak Putonghua in formal occasions and public communication occasions, but it does not rule out speaking dialects in informal occasions. The nationwide promotion of Putonghua is carried out in a focused and step-by-step manner, and dialects are not allowed to be spoken on any occasion.

In addition, we should have a correct understanding of dialects. Although dialect is a subordinate language, it is not a low-level language or an backward language. Language is neither good nor bad. Dialect serves people in a region and plays a very good role in daily communication. People have deep feelings for their hometown dialect. Without analysis, belittling and rejecting dialects will make people in dialect areas feel resistant, which is extremely unfavorable to the promotion of Putonghua. At the same time, Putonghua constantly absorbs nutrition from dialects, thus enriching itself.

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