How to build a smart city in Europe

From 2002 to 2005, Europe implemented the "Electronic Europe" action plan, and completed the third stage of the information society development strategy from 2006 to 20 10. On this basis, European cities began the practice of smart cities. In 2000, the smart card project was launched in Southampton, England. In 2005, the British government launched a nomadic project to promote mobile ubiquitous government management and public services. In 2006, the representative practice of intelligent transportation construction was carried out in Stockholm, Sweden.

Some pioneer cities are increasingly building smart cities from a people-oriented perspective. For example, the European Union has launched the Living Lab program for knowledge-based society innovation 2.0, which is dedicated to building cities into open innovation spaces, creating an urban ecology conducive to the emergence of innovation, and promoting the construction of smart cities with the living lab as the carrier. Cities such as Helsinki, Finland, Copenhagen, Denmark, Amsterdam, the Netherlands and Barcelona, Spain have also begun to build smart cities.

Europe has carried out many successful practices in smart city infrastructure construction and related technological innovation, public services, transportation and energy management, and made great progress in building an open, innovative and sustainable smart city. Among them, the practices of the Netherlands, France, Italy and other countries are very distinctive.

1. Netherlands: A smart city with sustainable development Amsterdam is the capital and economic center of the Netherlands. In the construction of smart city, Amsterdam encourages government departments, enterprises, scientific research institutions and users to participate in collaborative user experience, design innovation and demonstration and promotion, and implements plans such as sustainable energy, energy-saving buildings, smart homes and electric vehicles. For example, by using smart meters and energy feedback technology, energy consumption is "visualized", and experiments and demonstration applications are carried out to evaluate and improve energy use. Amsterdam is also the largest city and the second largest port in the Netherlands. The 73 berthing power stations in the port are equipped with 154 power inlet to facilitate the charging of cruise ships and cargo ships. Clean energy power generation facilities are used to replace fuel engines and reduce environmental pollution.

In 2009, Liander and Amsterdam Innovation Motor put forward the strategic concept of urban development, and ensured the sustainability of life, work, transportation and public space development through technological innovation and other measures. It is particularly noteworthy that the Living Laboratory in Amsterdam is also an important member of the European Living Laboratory Organization (ENoLL). Through the life laboratory, citizens, enterprises and the government are encouraged to actively cooperate, so that residents and visiting tourists can become the main participants in the design and innovation of the new technology application experimental area, emphasizing the 5R principle. That is to say, the principle of reducing waste, reusing waste, recycling, recycling and repaying resources will be adopted to promote the innovation and demonstration application of renewable energy such as smart grid, district heating, urban design, smart home, solar energy, wind energy, etc., so that all natural resources will be gradually measured and consumed with compensation, and waste will be exchanged through carbon equivalent, which will not only create a sustainable urban environment, but also promote the construction of a sustainable and innovative city in Amsterdam.

In addition, Amsterdam also attaches great importance to the open data strategy in the construction of smart cities. 20 12 Amsterdam won the Smart City Award at the 2nd Smart City World Congress held in Barcelona, Spain. Thanks to the cooperation of Amsterdam municipal authorities, the Northern Province of the Netherlands and the central government, social media data generated by government open data and citizen interaction are provided to data developers, and intelligent applications are developed by using open data to optimize traffic flow and traffic.

The Amsterdam government cooperates with data application developers to provide solutions to travel problems and provide travelers with real-time travel information to their destinations in various ways, thus improving travel efficiency. At the same time, Amsterdam's facilities and transportation department will open traffic and travel data to the public, encourage enterprises to innovate, provide new products and mobile services, and improve the efficiency of travelers.

2. France: a people-oriented smart city In recent years, France has invested a lot of energy in the construction of smart cities. The construction of smart cities in France mainly focuses on three benefits, among which the key point is to improve people's livelihood benefits through the application of new technologies and continuously improve the quality of life and comfort of urban residents.

The interests of people's livelihood are the most valued by the French government. Among them, the smart city livelihood projects being done by the French government include early warning of potential climate and geological risks, such as floods, fires and landslides. And send the alarm to relevant personnel or emergency service departments to reduce the impact of disasters on the lives of urban residents. Second, the construction of smart cities will also promote ecological benefits. According to the prediction of French experts, if the smart city construction is fully realized, it is expected to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 20% to 40%. The third is the economic benefits brought by the construction of smart cities.

According to the estimation of smart city construction industry, the overall scale of global smart cities has reached $526.3 billion in 201kloc-0/year. The "smart city concept" launched by Lyon, the second largest city in France, mainly considers four aspects: first, it pays attention to environmental issues and energy conservation, and encourages the use of transitional energy and clean energy; The second is to emphasize the network communication between the government, enterprises and urban residents; The third is to invite urban residents to participate in the construction of smart cities; Fourth, fully integrate and apply new technologies such as information and communication technology, robot technology and intelligent transportation system to promote the sharing and operation of multi-network information resources.

The integration and use of new technologies is an important feature of building a smart city in France. In 2008, France Telecom tried to optimize the quality of life of urban residents by using intelligent communication technology in Kane and Grenoble, France. France Telecom installed sensors in various areas of Cagne to monitor, measure and control the urban environment, including the water supply system, street lamp control system and environmental control system of public buildings. At the same time, it used wireless networks to cover seaside street lamps and sea surface temperature monitors in all directions, and used pollution detectors to monitor carbon dioxide, noise, ultraviolet rays, wind speed, air pressure and temperature in real time, and then provided the data to relevant government departments for reference in municipal construction.

According to the calculation of France Telecom, the street lighting in Kanye accounts for 40% of the energy consumption of the whole city. Using sensors can reduce the street lighting and maintenance cost of the city by 20% to 30%. Smart cities in France accurately collect urban data through the application of information technology, and then manage and analyze the data in collaboration, and make decisions through the analysis results, so as to achieve the purpose of reducing urban management costs or improving the quality of life of urban residents. Secondly, the construction of smart cities in France emphasizes giving full play to the role of enterprises in the construction of smart cities through PPP (public-private partnership), and pays attention to cross-industry cooperation among governments, enterprises, urban residents and enterprises. Relying on the construction of smart cities not only improves the level of urban operation and management, but also provides new opportunities for industrial development.

Telecommunications and water network construction are two indispensable links in municipal construction. As the "leader" in the above two fields, France Telecom and Veolia Water Company jointly developed the smart water meter project. In the process of cooperation, the two companies give full play to their respective advantages. France Telecom provides data transmission intervention technology, collects and transmits the information received by sensors by wired or wireless means, analyzes the collected data by using big data technology, and then provides the analysis results to end consumers. Veolia, on the other hand, focuses on water treatment. According to the needs of customers, they formulate different forms of data and push services to users through SMS. In addition, France Telecom has established an analysis platform and a certain number of smart water meters for Veolia, and Veolia uses this platform to inspect abnormal situations such as water leakage and water theft, monitor water pollution information, save costs and achieve a win-win situation.

Thirdly, French smart city construction attaches great importance to information security in the process of basic information construction. Based on the consideration of data and security, the French government handed over its cloud computing projects and related infrastructure construction to French enterprises. In 20 12, the French government set up a joint venture company with France Telecom and Terez through the National Trust Bureau to provide secure cloud computing services.

3. Italy: a smart city with humanistic care Italy is the birthplace of the European Renaissance and has excellent historical and cultural traditions. Milan is the second largest city in Italy and the economic and financial center of Italy, with many cultural institutions and universities. Milan has important museums, theaters and landmarks. At present, in the construction of smart cities, we are faced with cultural heritage protection and environmental problems.

On the basis of following the themes of smart economy, smart public, smart management, smart mobile, smart environment and smart life in European smart cities, Milan Smart City has also added a smart Expo. In order to welcome the 20 15 Milan Expo, on the basis of digital city, it has increased mobility, promoted social innovation, and formed a harmonious development of environment, culture and society. In the construction of smart cities in Italy, more attention is paid to the formation of appropriate solutions through science and technology, and the application of science and technology on the basis of protecting existing culture can achieve the purpose of improving the quality of life of residents through this model.

The solution of Italy's smart city not only pays attention to energy conservation and environmental protection, but also has humanistic care to realize the harmony between technology and beauty, tradition and modernity. People-oriented development mode means that technology should be regarded as an advanced means of human society, and human society should be developed more intelligently through technology. In the process of building a smart city in Italy, technology is regarded as a means and tool to achieve the goal of building and developing human society. In the process of building a smart city, Italy not only relies on technical means, but also needs the participation of citizens. Through the participation of citizens, * * * formulates policies for establishment and management, so as to establish a happy and beautiful life in the city.

It can be seen from the construction of smart cities in Italy that each city has its own history and culture, so it should also have its own unique smart city construction model. Milan pays attention to the inheritance of historical context in the construction of smart cities. On the streets of Milan, we can still see trams with an ancient history.

Green transportation is also an important part of the construction of smart Milan. Milan's green transportation construction pays special attention to establishing the concept of public transportation priority, and puts public transportation in the primary position of urban transportation development. Bicycle borrowing points can be seen everywhere on the streets of Milan, and they also provide wireless WIFI access, information inquiry and city-oriented services. Milan has also introduced some measures to encourage citizens to travel through public relations, such as using public transport vouchers to reward citizens who do not use private cars.

Milan's government, public services and urban management are also impressive. In addition to all kinds of public transport in the city, the police car of the city police is the most common, and the city police and their police cars can be seen everywhere in public places such as city streets. City police is a beautiful landscape for the government to provide public services to the public, with excellent communication and various equipment, ready to provide all kinds of help to the public. City police are in charge of all matters related to street order and city management, which is equivalent to "urban management" plus "traffic control" in China and some law enforcement units related to city management. Citizens don't need to be familiar with all kinds of complicated professional division of labor in urban operation management, and "call the police if there is a problem". City police become the unified window of street public service, which can be seen everywhere, while the city gendarmerie is responsible for real public safety and criminal affairs.

I feel that the responsibilities of urban management are more scientific and reasonable, street management is efficient, services are intimate and convenient, and citizens are orderly. User-centered street law enforcement services, rather than government supervision based on the government's professional division of labor, are also the concrete embodiment of smart cities in urban management services.

We visited the University of Verona and watched 3D modeling and printing technology. As a rapid prototyping technology, 3D printing is often used in Fab Lab and maker space, which supports people to design and manufacture their imaginary products at will. From FabLab initiated by MIT Bit and Atom Research Center to Maker, user innovation is the core concept, which is a typical performance of the innovation 2.0 model for knowledge society in the field of design and manufacturing. Based on the social and technological development from personal communication to personal computing to personal manufacturing, we try to establish a user-centered and application-oriented user innovation environment, which integrates creativity, design and manufacturing.

Barcelona's smart city construction has also adopted this concept. Through Fab Lab's exploration in the field of smart cities, we will build a people-oriented and sustainable smart city. This wave of innovation has also promoted the development of German industrial industry, namely Industry 4.0, which extends the tentacles of innovation to the client, covering the whole process of industry, organically connecting and integrating the virtual information network, intelligent research and intelligent technology based on modern information technology with the operation of the real world into an organic whole, bringing brand-new opportunities for the improvement of production mode, business model, industrial management, industrial efficiency and the realization of more humanized and customized products.

Fourth, the framework and characteristics of smart cities in Europe

1. European framework for building smart cities

Through investigation and case analysis, we can know that the construction of smart cities in Europe is people-oriented, pays attention to the historical and cultural characteristics and sustainable development of cities, closely combines urban information systems with economic development, urban management and public services, optimizes urban management decisions, innovates technologies, expands industrial space, and improves the quality of urban life for all. Through extensive public participation and top-down information feedback mechanism, urban construction and society are highly integrated, and economic and social development is more intelligent and sustainable.

Among them, the environment is the focus of the construction of smart cities in Europe, paying attention to urban development, residents' lives and the sustainable development of the environment. Through energy saving, emission reduction, environmental protection, environmental friendliness and ecological sustainable development, pleasant natural conditions (climate, greening, etc. ) will be built.

For example, in 20 1 1 year, the "Smart Cities and Communities Initiative" initiated by the European Union plans to invest 8 1 10,000 euros in 20 12 to support the pilot project of transportation and energy, which supports cities and communities to take measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 40% by 2020 through sustainable use and production of energy.

In the social aspect, we should highlight the people-oriented theme, including all aspects of government participation in management and operation to serve citizens, and all aspects of improving the quality of public life, including education, culture, health, safety, housing, travel and so on. For example, on July 12, 2065438, the European Commission launched the "European Innovation Partnership for Smart Cities and Communities", which combined technologies in the fields of energy, transportation and information and communication technologies with urban needs. And carry out demonstration projects in specific cities, such as efficient heating and cooling systems, intelligent instruments, real-time energy management, zero-emission buildings, intelligent transportation and so on. Through user-centered service design, we can optimize urban living space, improve residents' quality of life and improve public satisfaction with public services.

Economically, we will promote sustained economic growth, promote economic development through knowledge and technological innovation, increase employment rate through the application of new generation information technology, pay attention to the improvement of market system, participate in domestic and international competition and cooperation extensively, and promote user innovation, open innovation, mass innovation and collaborative innovation through the construction of knowledge society innovation 2.0 models and platforms such as Living Lab and Fab Lab, as well as open data and crowdsourcing crowdfunding, so as to stimulate market and social vitality and promote sustainable economic development.

2. Characteristics of smart city construction in Europe

The construction of smart cities in Europe pays attention to the needs of citizens, builds perceptual facilities supported by various basic networks, provides intelligent services through information fusion analysis, enhances economic benefits and political efficiency, and promotes social, cultural and urban development. The construction of smart cities in Europe pays special attention to people-oriented, citizen participation, social coordination, opening up innovation space and creating public unique value. Pay attention to the needs of citizens, strengthen user participation through the new generation of information technology and social media, gather public wisdom, and constantly promote user innovation, open innovation, mass innovation and collaborative innovation to achieve people-oriented economic, social and environmental sustainable development.

The construction of smart cities in Europe has the characteristics of people-oriented sustainable innovation, such as user innovation, open innovation, mass innovation and collaborative innovation.

Mainly reflected in: user innovation, through Living Lab and other modes, let users participate in the whole process of urban public service product production, including the whole process of design, production, provision and decision-making of public service products, improve user experience through user service DIY, and continuously optimize public service products and services.

For example, the Living Lab Sustainable Development Experimental Zone in Amsterdam and the practice from Fab Lab to Fab City in Barcelona are actively trying to make users better participate in the innovation process, become the main body of service design and innovation, and bridge the gap between demand and technology realization through the application of new generation information technology.

Open innovation can realize the openness of public service data content, data standards and related tools, and can provide public inquiry, download and use of government data services, including the openness of data standards, which is convenient for the society to use and apply government data, and the market and social resources can further develop and utilize data and generate social value. For example, Helsinki, the capital of Finland, has opened more than 1000 data sets and actively promoted cooperation with developers through hackathon.

In 20 12, the first global open knowledge festival was held, and Helsinki also launched the forum Virium Smart City Plan to provide data for citizens everywhere to improve their quality of life. Mass innovation and the emergence of new technologies such as the Internet make it easier for the public to acquire, exchange and update knowledge. BBS, blog, Weibo, Wiki and other tools further promote the new mode of knowledge collection, generation and sharing, and also change the form of innovation. Crowdsourcing has become a prominent phenomenon in the field of knowledge work today. For example, the Amsterdam municipal government tried crowdsourcing on the AmsterdamOpent.nl platform, allowing citizens to participate in local decision-making interactively. The platform allows users to submit opinions through Facebook, and encourages communities to participate in local decision-making, share opinions and interact and cooperate with the government through the use of social media.

Collaborative innovation, realize the interaction, communication and cooperation among the government, enterprises and the public, realize the shaping process of public service value, and realize collaborative innovation. For example, in the construction of smart city in Lisbon, the dynamic cooperation, creation and decision-making process of public institutions, private enterprises, universities, R&D centers, associations and local governments has been realized, with the emphasis on improving the quality of urban life and taking the needs of citizens as positive opinions. In this process, participatory budgeting is used to collect users' opinions and feedback on the evaluation of urban development projects.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) conclusion and policy suggestion

From the perspective of smart city construction in Europe, we should first understand the connotation of smart city, deeply understand the connotation of "smart city" which is people-oriented and pays attention to the sustainable development of environment, society and economy. This is the key to the success of "smart city" construction. Secondly, we should see the infrastructure gap of smart cities between China and Europe, learn from the successful experience of smart cities in Europe, and make up the gap at the same time, so as to promote the healthy development of smart cities with China characteristics.

1. Strengthen user-oriented urban design and service provision. The development of a new generation of information technology has shaped the innovation 2.0 model oriented to the knowledge society, which is user-centered, social practice as the stage, and characterized by user participation and open innovation. The construction of smart cities needs to fully understand and make use of the user-centered and demand-driven innovative service model, strengthen user orientation and cultivate new innovative value chain partnerships.

The transformation of the government itself is very important. The government should be the builder of the platform and the service provider of innovative ecology. In urban design and service provision, it should change from the perspective of producers to the perspective of service providers. Let the user-centered service thinking replace the regulatory logic starting from the division of government occupations. Accordingly, urban planning should also be transformed from traditional decision-makers to operational planning with public participation, so as to realize the effective connection between urban planning, construction and operation. Let the users of the city-citizens-become the center of urban services and become the protagonists involved in design.

2. Cultivate industrial ecology, pay attention to collaborative innovation, and promote regional economic development. Industries and various market players are the main force in the construction of smart cities. Industrial and economic development is the engine to promote urban development, and a good industrial ecology is an important source of urban vitality. It is necessary to make full use of market forces, draw lessons from collaborative innovation modes such as Living Lab through PPP, and realize the coordinated development of smart city construction, civil society participation and industrial ecological cultivation. It is necessary to seize the new opportunities of high-tech and new technologies such as high-end software, high-end chips, optical fiber technology and the fourth generation mobile communication technology in the construction of smart cities, promote the development of emerging industries, cultivate industrial ecology, promote industrial upgrading and realize innovation-driven and sustainable economic development while building smart infrastructure in smart cities.

3. Strengthen data awareness, promote the integration of data resources, and enjoy and open data. Strengthening data awareness and vigorously promoting the integration and sharing of data resources are the key to the construction of smart cities, and also the premise of realizing user-oriented urban service and design.

On the basis of the integration and sharing of government data resources, we will further promote data openness. By opening up urban public data content, data standards and related tools, the government can not only provide services for the public to query, download and use government data; It can also strengthen social supervision and promote the construction of transparent government, responsible government and government ruled by law; More importantly, it is convenient for all sectors of society to participate in the development and application of public data, stimulate the vitality of the market and society, promote the emergence of innovation, and promote the shaping of public value of group wisdom and multi-party cooperation. Developed countries such as the United States and Britain have greatly promoted the ability of social open data analysis and development and the innovation ability of various business service models through the open data strategy.

4. Seize the opportunity of new generation information technology and improve the infrastructure construction level of smart cities. We can see that the construction of smart cities in Europe pays attention to improving the smart services of cities by using the existing infrastructure, but at the same time, we should also see the infrastructure gap between China and Europe. It is necessary to seize the opportunity of the development of a new generation of information technology, improve infrastructure, speed up the construction of broadband ubiquitous networks, and realize that everyone can receive "online" services at any time; To realize the Internet of Things city, every "unit" of the city can be connected with the network through sensors; Through cloud computing, in-depth analysis of urban state and data can be realized. Therefore, it can be applied to urban public safety, manufacturing and production, environmental monitoring, intelligent transportation, smart home, public health, health monitoring, finance and trade and many other fields.

5. Achieve green and sustainable development. The construction of smart cities should pay attention to the sustainable development of economy, society and environment. Through the application of a new generation of information technology, urban life will be more intelligent, resources will be used more effectively, costs and energy will be saved, service and quality of life will be improved, environmental impact will be reduced, and innovation and low-carbon economy will be supported. At the same time, it is necessary to fully evaluate the life cycle environment of the new generation of information technology and equipment applications, make full use of information technology to realize the rational utilization of urban space and resources, emphasize green ecology and sustainable development, realize wisdom growth, and build a healthy, livable, green, ecological and sustainable smart city.