Nine-year compulsory education law

The old Compulsory Education Law of People's Republic of China (PRC) was abolished on September 1 2006. See the Compulsory Education Law of People's Republic of China (PRC) for new laws and regulations.

Article 1 In order to develop basic education and promote the construction of socialist material civilization and spiritual civilization, this Law is formulated in accordance with the Constitution and the actual situation in China.

Article 2 The state practices nine-year compulsory education. Provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government shall determine the steps to implement compulsory education according to the economic and cultural development of their respective regions.

Article 3 Compulsory education must implement the educational policy of the state, strive to improve the quality of education, enable children and adolescents to develop morally, intellectually and physically in an all-round way, and lay a foundation for improving the quality of the whole nation and cultivating talents with ideals, morality, culture and discipline for socialist construction.

Article 4 The state, society, schools and families shall protect the right of school-age children and adolescents to receive compulsory education according to law.

Article 5 All children who have reached the age of six, regardless of sex, nationality or race, should attend school and receive compulsory education for a certain period of time. In areas where conditions are not met, enrollment can be postponed until the age of seven.

Article 6 Schools should promote the use of Putonghua, which is commonly used throughout the country. Schools that mainly recruit ethnic minority students can teach in the language commonly used by ethnic minorities.

Article 7 Compulsory education is divided into two stages: primary education and junior secondary education. Popularize primary and secondary education on the basis of universal primary education. The educational system of primary education and junior secondary education shall be formulated by the education authorities of the State Council.

Eighth compulsory education under the leadership of the State Council, the implementation of local responsibility, hierarchical management. According to the needs of socialist modernization and the physical and mental development of children and adolescents, the education authorities in the State Council have determined the teaching system, teaching content and curriculum of compulsory education and revised textbooks.

Article 9 Local people's governments at all levels shall reasonably set up primary schools and junior secondary schools so that children and adolescents can enter schools nearby. Local people's governments at all levels set up special education schools (classes) for blind, deaf-mute and mentally retarded children and adolescents. The state encourages enterprises, institutions and other social forces to establish schools of various types as stipulated in this Law under the unified management of the local people's government in accordance with the basic conditions stipulated by the state. Urban and rural construction and development planning must include corresponding compulsory education facilities.

Article 10 The state exempts students who receive compulsory education from tuition fees. The state sets up grants to help poor students go to school.

Eleventh parents or other guardians must make school-age children and adolescents enter school on time and receive compulsory education for a specified number of years. If school-age children and adolescents need to be postponed or exempted from school due to illness or special circumstances, their parents or other guardians shall apply for approval by the local people's government. It is forbidden for any organization or individual to recruit school-age children and adolescents who should receive compulsory education for employment.

Twelfth the State Council and local people's governments at all levels are responsible for raising and ensuring the necessary funds for compulsory education and capital construction investment. The growth ratio of the state's financial allocation for compulsory education should be higher than the growth ratio of the recurrent financial revenue, and the average education expenditure should be gradually increased according to the number of students in school. Local people's governments at all levels, in accordance with the provisions of the State Council, levy additional education fees in urban and rural areas, mainly for the implementation of compulsory education. The state subsidizes the funds for compulsory education in economically disadvantaged areas. The state encourages all kinds of social forces and individuals to donate money for education voluntarily. The state helps ethnic minority areas to implement compulsory education in terms of teachers and funds.

Article 13 The state shall take measures to strengthen and develop normal education, speed up the training of teachers, and realize the graduation of primary school teachers from secondary normal schools and junior high school teachers from higher normal schools in a planned way. The state establishes a teacher qualification examination system and issues qualification certificates to qualified teachers. Normal college graduates must engage in education in accordance with the regulations. The state encourages teachers to engage in educational work for a long time.

Article 14 The whole society should respect teachers. The state protects the legitimate rights and interests of teachers, takes measures to improve their social status, improves their material treatment and rewards outstanding teachers. Teachers should love socialist education, strive to improve their ideological, cultural and professional level, love students and be loyal to their duties.

Fifteenth local people's governments at all levels must create conditions for school-age children and adolescents to receive compulsory education. Unless approved by the local people's government due to illness or special circumstances, if school-age children and adolescents do not attend school to receive compulsory education, the local people's government shall criticize and educate their parents or other guardians, and take effective measures to order them to send their children or ward to school. Organizations or individuals that recruit school-age children and adolescents for employment shall be criticized and educated by the local people's government and ordered to stop recruiting; If the circumstances are serious, you may also be fined, ordered to suspend business or revoke your business license.

Article 16 No organization or individual may occupy, deduct or misappropriate funds for compulsory education, disturb the teaching order, or occupy or destroy school buildings, houses and equipment. Insulting, beating teachers and corporal punishment of students are prohibited. Religious activities that hinder the implementation of compulsory education shall not be used. In violation of the provisions of the first and second paragraphs, administrative sanctions and administrative penalties shall be given respectively according to different situations; Causing losses, shall be ordered to compensate for the losses; If the circumstances are serious enough to constitute a crime, criminal responsibility shall be investigated according to law.

Article 17 The competent department of education in the State Council shall formulate detailed rules for implementation according to this Law, which shall be implemented after being submitted to the State Council for approval. The standing committees of the people's congresses of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government may, in accordance with this Law and in light of local conditions, formulate specific implementation measures.

Article 18 This Law shall come into force as of 1 July 19861day.

The new Compulsory Education Law of People's Republic of China (PRC) came into effect on September 6th, 2006.

compulsory education law of the people's republic of china

(Adopted at the Fourth Session of the Sixth National People's Congress on April 2006 1986 and revised at the 22nd Session of the Standing Committee of the Tenth NPC on June 29, 2006)

Chapter I General Provisions

Article 1 In order to guarantee the right of school-age children and adolescents to receive compulsory education, ensure the implementation of compulsory education and improve the quality of the whole nation, this Law is formulated in accordance with the Constitution and the Education Law.

Article 2 The State implements a nine-year compulsory education system.

Compulsory education is a compulsory education for all school-age children and adolescents and a public welfare undertaking that the state must guarantee.

The implementation of compulsory education, free of tuition and fees.

The state establishes a mechanism to guarantee the funds for compulsory education to ensure the implementation of the compulsory education system.

Article 3 Compulsory education must implement the national education policy, implement quality education, improve the quality of education, enable school-age children and adolescents to develop in an all-round way in morality, intelligence and physique, and lay a foundation for cultivating socialist builders and successors with ideals, morality, culture and discipline.

Article 4 All school-age children and adolescents with China nationality, regardless of gender, nationality, race, family property status, religious beliefs, etc. , enjoy the equal right to receive compulsory education and fulfill the obligation to receive compulsory education according to law.

Article 5 People's governments at all levels and their relevant departments shall perform their duties as stipulated in this Law and guarantee the right of school-age children and adolescents to receive compulsory education.

Parents or other legal guardians of school-age children and adolescents shall ensure that they enter school on time to receive and complete compulsory education.

Schools that implement compulsory education according to law should complete the education and teaching tasks in accordance with the prescribed standards and ensure the quality of education and teaching.

Social organizations and individuals should create a good environment for school-age children and adolescents to receive compulsory education.

Article 6 the State Council and local people's governments at or above the county level shall rationally allocate educational resources, promote the balanced development of compulsory education, improve the conditions for running weak schools, take measures to ensure the implementation of compulsory education in rural areas and ethnic minority areas, and ensure that school-age disabled children and adolescents with financial difficulties receive compulsory education.

The state organizes and encourages economically developed areas to support economically underdeveloped areas in implementing compulsory education.

Article 7 Under the leadership of the State Council, compulsory education is planned and implemented by the people's governments of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government, and the people's governments at the county level give priority to management.

The education administrative department of the people's government at or above the county level shall be specifically responsible for the implementation of compulsory education; Other relevant departments of the people's governments at or above the county level shall be responsible for the implementation of compulsory education within the scope of their respective duties.

Eighth people's government education supervision institutions shall supervise the implementation of laws and regulations, the quality of education and teaching and the balanced development of compulsory education, and the supervision report shall be announced to the public.

Article 9 Any social organization or individual has the right to report or accuse any violation of this Law to the relevant state organs.

If a major event in violation of this law occurs, which hinders the implementation of compulsory education and causes great social impact, the people's government or the person in charge of the education administrative department of the people's government who bears the leadership responsibility shall take the blame and resign.

Tenth social organizations and individuals who have made outstanding contributions in the implementation of compulsory education shall be commended and rewarded by the people's governments at all levels and their relevant departments in accordance with the relevant provisions.

Chapter II Students

Eleventh all children over the age of six, their parents or other legal guardians shall send them to school to receive and complete compulsory education; Children in areas where conditions are not available can be postponed to seven years of age.

School-age children and adolescents who need to postpone or drop out of school due to their physical condition shall apply to their parents or other legal guardians, and be approved by the education administrative department of the local township people's government or the county-level people's government.

Twelfth school-age children and adolescents are exempt from physical examination. Local people's governments at all levels shall ensure that school-age children and adolescents are enrolled in the nearest place where they are registered.

School-age children and adolescents whose parents or other legal guardians work or live in non-registered places receive compulsory education where their parents or other legal guardians work or live, and the local people's government shall provide them with equal conditions for receiving compulsory education. Specific measures shall be formulated by provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government.

The education administrative department of the people's government at the county level shall ensure that the children of military personnel within their respective administrative areas receive compulsory education.

Article 13 The education administrative department of the people's government at the county level and the people's government at the township level shall organize and urge school-age children and adolescents to enter school, help them solve the difficulties in receiving compulsory education, and take measures to prevent school-age children and adolescents from dropping out of school.

Residents' committees and villagers' committees assist the government to do a good job and urge school-age children and adolescents to enter school.

Article 14 Employers are prohibited from recruiting school-age children and adolescents who should receive compulsory education.

According to the relevant provisions of the state, social organizations that have been approved to recruit school-age children and adolescents for professional training in literature, art and sports shall ensure that the enrolled school-age children and adolescents receive compulsory education; Self-implementation of compulsory education shall be approved by the education administrative department of the people's government at the county level.

Chapter III Schools

Fifteenth local people's governments at or above the county level shall, according to the number and distribution of school-age children and adolescents living in their respective administrative areas, and in accordance with the relevant provisions of the state, formulate and adjust school plans. New residential areas need to set up schools, which should be carried out simultaneously with the construction of residential areas.

Article 16 The construction of schools shall conform to the standards for running schools stipulated by the state and meet the needs of education and teaching; Meet the site selection requirements and construction standards stipulated by the state, and ensure the safety of students and faculty.

Seventeenth people's governments at the county level shall, according to the needs, set up boarding schools to ensure that school-age children and adolescents living in scattered places receive compulsory education.

Eighteenth the State Council education administrative departments and the people's governments of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government shall, according to the needs, set up schools (classes) in economically developed areas to accept school-age children and adolescents of ethnic minorities.

Nineteenth local people's governments at or above the county level shall, according to the needs, set up corresponding schools (classes) to implement special education, and implement compulsory education for school-age children and adolescents with visual disability, hearing and language disability and intellectual disability. Special education schools (classes) should have places and facilities to adapt to the learning, rehabilitation and life characteristics of disabled children and adolescents.

Ordinary schools should accept disabled school-age children and adolescents who have the ability to receive general education to study in regular classes and provide help for their study and rehabilitation.

Article 20 The local people's governments at or above the county level shall set up special schools according to the needs, and carry out compulsory education for school-age teenagers who have serious bad behaviors as stipulated in the Law on the Prevention of Juvenile Delinquency.

Twenty-first juvenile offenders who have not completed compulsory education and minors who have taken compulsory education measures shall receive compulsory education, and the required funds shall be guaranteed by the people's government.

Twenty-second people's governments at or above the county level and their education administrative departments shall promote the balanced development of schools, narrow the gap between schools, and shall not divide schools into key schools and non-key schools. Schools may not set up key classes and non-key classes.

The people's governments at or above the county level and their education administrative departments shall not change the nature of public schools in any name or in disguised form.

Twenty-third people's governments at all levels and their relevant departments should maintain the order around the school, protect the legitimate rights and interests of students, teachers and schools, and provide security for schools.

Twenty-fourth schools should establish and improve the safety system and emergency mechanism, carry out safety education for students, strengthen management, eliminate hidden dangers in time and prevent accidents.

Local people's governments at or above the county level regularly inspect the safety of school buildings; Need maintenance and renovation, timely maintenance and renovation.

Schools shall not employ persons who are deprived of political rights according to law or are not suitable for compulsory education because of intentional crimes as teaching staff.

Twenty-fifth schools shall not charge fees in violation of state regulations, and shall not seek benefits by selling goods and services to students or in disguised form.

Twenty-sixth schools implement the principal responsibility system. The headmaster shall meet the qualifications prescribed by the state. The principal shall be appointed by the education administrative department of the people's government at the county level according to law.

Twenty-seventh students who violate the school management system shall be criticized and educated by the school and shall not be expelled.

Chapter IV Teachers

Article 28 Teachers shall enjoy the rights prescribed by law, perform their obligations prescribed by law, be a model for others and be loyal to the people's educational cause.

The whole society should respect teachers.

Article 29 Teachers should treat students equally in education and teaching, pay attention to their individual differences, teach students in accordance with their aptitude and promote their all-round development.

Teachers should respect students' personality, and must not discriminate against students, and must not punish students with corporal punishment, corporal punishment in disguised form or other acts that insult their personal dignity, or infringe upon their legitimate rights and interests.

Thirtieth teachers should obtain the qualifications of teachers prescribed by the state.

The state establishes a unified post system for compulsory education teachers. Teachers' posts are divided into junior posts, intermediate posts and senior posts.

Article 31 People's governments at all levels shall guarantee teachers' salaries, welfare and social insurance benefits and improve their working and living conditions; Improve the guarantee mechanism of rural teachers' salary funds.

The average salary of teachers should not be lower than that of local civil servants.

Special education teachers enjoy special post subsidies. Teachers working in ethnic minority areas and remote and poor areas enjoy subsidies in hard and poor areas.

Article 32 People's governments at or above the county level shall strengthen teacher training and take measures to develop teacher education.

The education administrative department of the people's government at the county level shall balance the allocation of school teachers within their respective administrative areas, organize the training and mobility of principals and teachers, and strengthen the construction of weak schools.

Thirty-third the State Council and local people's governments at all levels encourage and support urban school teachers and college graduates to engage in compulsory education in rural areas and ethnic minority areas.

The state encourages graduates of institutions of higher learning to serve as volunteers to teach in schools lacking teachers in rural areas and ethnic minority areas. The education administrative department of the people's government at the county level shall recognize its teacher qualification according to law, and its teaching time shall be included in the length of service.

Chapter V Education and Teaching

Article 34 Education and teaching should conform to the laws of education and the characteristics of students' physical and mental development, face all students, teach and educate people, organically integrate moral education, intellectual education, physical education and aesthetic education in education and teaching activities, pay attention to cultivating systematic students' independent thinking ability, innovative ability and practical ability, and promote students' all-round development.

Article 35 The education administrative department of the State Council shall, according to the physical and mental development of school-age children and adolescents and the actual situation, determine the teaching system, teaching content and curriculum, reform the examination system, improve the enrollment method of senior secondary schools, and promote the implementation of quality education.

Schools and teachers carry out educational and teaching activities in accordance with the determined educational and teaching contents and courses to ensure that the basic quality requirements stipulated by the state are met.

The state encourages schools and teachers to adopt heuristic education and other teaching methods to improve the quality of education and teaching.

Article 36 Schools should put moral education in the first place, integrate moral education into education and teaching, carry out social practice activities suitable for students' ages, form an ideological and moral education system in which schools, families and society cooperate with each other, and promote students to develop good ideological and moral character and behavior habits.

Article 37 Schools should ensure students' extracurricular activities and organize cultural and recreational activities. Social public cultural and sports facilities should provide convenience for schools to carry out extracurricular activities.

Article 38 Teaching materials shall be compiled in accordance with the national education policy and curriculum standards, with the contents as concise as possible, the necessary basic knowledge and skills carefully selected, economical and practical, and the quality guaranteed.

State functionaries and textbook examiners shall not participate in or participate in the compilation of textbooks in disguised form.

Article 39 The State practices a textbook examination and approval system. Measures for the examination and approval of textbooks shall be formulated by the administrative department of education of the State Council.

Textbooks that have not been approved shall not be published or selected.

Fortieth the price of teaching materials shall be determined by the competent price department of the State Council in conjunction with the publishing administrative department in accordance with the principle of meager profit. The price departments of the people's governments of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government shall, jointly with the publishing administrative departments, determine the retail price according to the benchmark price.

Article 41 The State encourages the recycling of textbooks.

Chapter VI Funding Guarantee

Article 42 The State shall fully include compulsory education in the scope of financial guarantee, and the funds for compulsory education shall be guaranteed by the State Council and local people's governments at various levels in accordance with the provisions of this Law.

The State Council and local people's governments at all levels will include compulsory education funds in their fiscal budgets, and allocate compulsory education funds in full and on time according to the staff establishment standards, salary standards, school construction standards and public funds per student, so as to ensure the normal operation of schools and the safety of school buildings, and ensure the payment of staff salaries in accordance with regulations.

The State Council and local people's governments at all levels should make the growth ratio of financial allocation for compulsory education higher than the growth ratio of recurrent financial revenue, ensure the gradual growth of compulsory education funds according to the average number of students in school, and ensure the gradual growth of teaching staff salaries and public funds per student.

Forty-third the basic standard of public funds per student in schools shall be formulated by the financial department of the State Council in conjunction with the administrative department of education, and adjusted in a timely manner according to the economic and social development. Formulating and adjusting the basic standard of public funds per student should meet the basic needs of education and teaching.

The people's governments of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government may, according to the actual conditions of their respective administrative regions, formulate standards for per capita public funds for school students that are not lower than the national standards.

Special education schools (classes) per capita public funds should be higher than ordinary schools.

Forty-fourth compulsory education funds shall be invested in a system in which the State Council and local people's governments at all levels shall share their responsibilities and the people's governments of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government shall be responsible for overall implementation. The funds needed for compulsory education in rural areas shall be divided by the people's governments at all levels according to the provisions of the State Council and shared in proportion.

People's governments at all levels provide free textbooks for school-age children and adolescents with financial difficulties and subsidize the living expenses of boarders.

The specific measures for the guarantee of compulsory education funds shall be formulated by the State Council.

Forty-fifth local people's governments at all levels should separate the funds for compulsory education in the financial budget.

The people's governments at the county level shall make balanced arrangements for compulsory education funds except for schools in rural areas and weak schools.

Article 46 the State Council and the people's governments of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government shall standardize the financial transfer payment system, increase the scale of general transfer payment, standardize the special transfer payment for compulsory education, and support and guide local people's governments at all levels to increase their investment in compulsory education. Local people's governments at all levels shall ensure that the transfer payment funds of the people's governments at higher levels for compulsory education are used for compulsory education in accordance with regulations.

Article 47 the State Council and local people's governments at or above the county level shall set up special funds according to actual needs to support the implementation of compulsory education in rural areas and ethnic minority areas.

Article 48 The State encourages social organizations and individuals to donate to compulsory education, and encourages the establishment of compulsory education funds in accordance with the provisions of the State on the management of foundations.

Forty-ninth compulsory education funds in strict accordance with the provisions of the budget for compulsory education; No organization or individual may occupy or misappropriate funds for compulsory education, or illegally collect or apportion fees from schools.

Fiftieth people's governments at or above the county level shall establish and improve the audit supervision and statistical announcement system of compulsory education funds.

Chapter VII Legal Liability

Article 51 If the relevant departments of the State Council and local people's governments at all levels violate the provisions of Chapter VI of this Law and fail to perform their duties of ensuring compulsory education funds, the State Council or the local people's government at a higher level shall order them to make corrections within a time limit; If the circumstances are serious, the directly responsible person in charge and other directly responsible personnel shall be given administrative sanctions according to law.

Fifty-second local people's governments at or above the county level are under any of the following circumstances, and the people's governments at higher levels shall order them to make corrections within a time limit; If the circumstances are serious, the directly responsible person in charge and other directly responsible personnel shall be given administrative sanctions according to law:

(a) failing to formulate or adjust the school plan in accordance with the relevant provisions of the state;

(two) the school construction does not meet the standards for running schools, site selection requirements and construction standards stipulated by the state;

(three) failing to regularly check the safety of school buildings and timely repair and transformation;

(4) Failing to arrange compulsory education funds in a balanced way in accordance with the provisions of this Law.

Fifty-third people's governments at or above the county level or their education administrative departments in any of the following circumstances, the people's governments at higher levels or their education administrative departments shall order them to make corrections within a time limit and informed criticism; If the circumstances are serious, the directly responsible person in charge and other directly responsible personnel shall be given administrative sanctions according to law:

(a) schools are divided into key schools and non-key schools;

(two) change or change the nature of public schools in disguise.

If the education administrative department of the people's government at the county level or the people's government at the township level fails to take measures to organize school-age children and adolescents to enter school or prevent them from dropping out of school, they shall be investigated for legal responsibility in accordance with the provisions of the preceding paragraph.

Article 54 Under any of the following circumstances, the people's government at a higher level or the administrative department of education, the financial department, the competent price department and the auditing organ of the people's government at a higher level shall order it to make corrections within a time limit according to the division of responsibilities; If the circumstances are serious, the directly responsible person in charge and other directly responsible personnel shall be punished according to law:

Embezzlement and misappropriation of compulsory education funds;

(2) illegally collecting or apportioning fees from schools.

Article 55 Schools or teachers who violate the provisions of the Education Law and the Teachers Law during compulsory education shall be punished in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Education Law and the Teachers Law.

Fifty-sixth schools in violation of state regulations to collect fees, the education administrative department of the people's government at the county level shall be ordered to refund the fees collected; The directly responsible person in charge and other directly responsible personnel shall be punished according to law.

If the school seeks benefits by selling goods and services to students or selling goods and services in disguise, the education administrative department of the people's government at the county level shall give informed criticism; Illegal income, confiscate the illegal income; The directly responsible person in charge and other directly responsible personnel shall be punished according to law.

State functionaries and textbook examiners who participate in or participate in the compilation of textbooks in disguised form shall be ordered by the people's governments at or above the county level or their education administrative departments to make corrections within a time limit according to their functions and powers, and shall be given administrative sanctions according to law; If there are illegal gains, the illegal gains shall be confiscated.

Fifty-seventh schools in any of the following circumstances, the education administrative department of the people's government at the county level shall be ordered to make corrections within a time limit; If the circumstances are serious, the directly responsible person in charge and other directly responsible personnel shall be punished according to law:

(a) refusing to accept disabled school-age children and adolescents who have the ability to receive general education;

(two) divided into key classes and non-key classes;

(3) expelling students in violation of the provisions of this law;

(four) the selection of unapproved teaching materials.

Article 58 If parents or other legal guardians of school-age children and adolescents fail to send them to compulsory education in accordance with the provisions of this Law without justifiable reasons, the education administrative department of the local township people's government or the people's government at the county level shall give criticism and education and order them to make corrections within a time limit.

Fifty-ninth any of the following circumstances, shall be punished in accordance with the provisions of relevant laws and administrative regulations:

(1) coercing or deceiving school-age children and adolescents who should receive compulsory education or dropping out of school;

(2) Illegally recruiting school-age children and adolescents who should receive compulsory education;

(3) publishing textbooks that have not been examined and approved according to law.

Article 60 Whoever violates the provisions of this Law and constitutes a crime shall be investigated for criminal responsibility according to law.

Chapter VIII Supplementary Provisions

Article 61 The implementation steps of exempting school-age children and adolescents receiving compulsory education from miscellaneous fees shall be formulated by the State Council.

Article 62 Private schools run by social organizations or individuals according to law shall implement compulsory education in accordance with the relevant provisions of the Law on the Promotion of Private Education; If there are no provisions in the Law on the Promotion of Private Education, this Law shall apply.

Article 63 This Law shall come into force as of September 6, 2006.

Main Features of the Revision of the New Compulsory Education Law

The revision of the Compulsory Education Law impressed me the most and touched me greatly. First of all, it lies in its democratic decision-making process and the extensive participation of all sectors of society. I have participated in many seminars organized by the National People's Congress, the Legislative Affairs Office of the State Council and the Ministry of Education. It is very rare to listen to the opinions of all sectors of society in the process of legislation. We should sum up our experience and provide reference for future legislative practice.

Secondly, I think the new law emphasizes the concept of fair and balanced education, and the education of vulnerable groups has received attention, including the education of children of floating population, disabled children and juvenile offenders. From beginning to end, the concept of educational equity in the new law is very clear.

In addition, the new law also puts forward specific measures to achieve educational balance. For example, Article 53 stipulates that the practice of dividing schools into key schools and non-key schools and changing or disguised the nature of public schools should be punished accordingly. Regardless of the specific design of these mechanisms, at least the guiding spirit of the law is very clear, which is a highly recognized progress.

Thirdly, the accountability mechanism of the government is very clear, especially in the aspect of the guarantee mechanism of compulsory education funds, and there are very clear regulations on which level of government bears what responsibilities. I think this is also one of the characteristics of the new law.