The Political Initiative of Eichengiro Zai Chun.

The New Deal policy encountered a rare historical opportunity: at home, it was between the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom and the Boxer Rebellion, and internationally, it was between the British and French invasions and Eight-Nation Alliance invasions, just as it was in the buffer period between two major storms. Daoguang and Xianfeng before Tongzhi and Guangxu and Xuan Tong after Tongzhi did not have such favorable conditions. This provided a rare opportunity for Tongzhi Dynasty to carry out the New Deal.

Japan's Meiji Restoration was also at this time. Wang Yi, Empress Dowager of the Two Palaces, listens to politics? Preside over government affairs, cooperate with each other and implement the New Deal. Zaiyi? Under the auspices of the group, the main measures of the New Deal are: setting up the Prime Minister's yamen, setting up the Wentong Museum, setting up new schools, sending people abroad, setting up factories to mine, building railways and so on. Implement measures to learn from western modernization and begin to move towards opening up and progress. The establishment of the Prime Minister's Office is called the Prime Minister's Office of International Trade Affairs, which is generally called "the Prime Minister's Office of International Trade Affairs". The 11th year of Xianfeng (186 1) was officially approved on January 20th. Its actual function is the central government agency in charge of the New Deal, and it is a completely innovative agency facing the world situation. It is not only in charge of the foreign affairs between the Qing court and other countries, but also includes foreign trade, customs and taxation, border defense, naval construction, new industries and mining, as well as the construction of new schools, railways and mines. In fact, it is equivalent to the cabinet of the Qing court and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. This is the first central institution dealing with foreign affairs in two thousand years.

There is an independent office under the Prime Minister's yamen, which consists of five institutions: Britain, France, Russia, the United States and coastal defense. When the Qing government first set up the Prime Minister's yamen, there were three trade ministers stationed in Tianjin to manage the foreign trade affairs of Tianjin, Niuzhuang (later changed to Yingkou) and Dengzhou (later changed to Yantai). In the ninth year of Tongzhi (1870), Emperor Tongzhi changed him to Minister of Beiyang Trade, who was in charge of foreign trade and negotiations in northern Zhili (about present-day Hebei), Shandong and Fengtian provinces, and was also stationed in Tianjin. In the 12th year of Tongzhi (1873), Zai Chun took charge of state affairs at the age of 18. When he was in charge of the government, in order to abide by the sacred decree of the Virgin Mary, he wrote to ask for "obedience to kindness and training". After he took office, he also did some things, such as meeting with Japanese Ambassador Tasuke Nakajima, Russian Ambassador Voryagari, American Ambassador Lou Feidi, British Ambassador Wade, French Ambassador Jeffrey and Dutch Ambassador Fei Guosun in Xiyuan Ziguangge, and accepting their credentials. Tongzhi was in power for more than a year, and one of the major events he personally presided over was the reconstruction of Yuanmingyuan.

After leaving the curtain, Cixi wanted to travel outside the palace and recalled her life in Yuanmingyuan. She decided to rebuild Yuanmingyuan. This is a major project, which needs at least tens of millions of taels of silver. In September, Zai Chun issued an imperial edict: Yuanmingyuan is the residence of Empress Dowager Cixi and the place where the emperor listens to politics, so officials of all sizes inside and outside Beijing below the maharaja can donate money to repair it. Prince Gong refused completely and gave him 22,000 taels of silver. He ordered the Ministry of Industry to allocate 22,000 silver first. After the appropriation, the court was shocked. Later, 100 officials silently opposed the reconstruction of Yuanmingyuan. Shen Huai, an imperial envoy, begged to postpone the Yuanmingyuan project. TongZhiLan great anger, immediately summoned Shen Huai, sternly condemned. Then, it was suggested to swim in Baichuan, and then the boycott was rejected. Tongzhi also ordered you to swim in Baichuan. After a period of preparation, in the 13th year of Tongzhi (1874), the renovation works of Yuanmingyuan, including Zheng Da Guangming Hall and Tian Jia Yichun (the former residence of Cixi), started one after another. In April, Tongzhi visited Yuanmingyuan, and Cixi personally looked at the drawings to build more than 3,000 halls. On the sixth day of July, Guangdong businessman Li claimed to be "Li Jian of Yuanmingyuan" and defrauded 302,000 silver by buying and repairing garden wood, which aroused the opposition of courtiers. Zai Chun still ignored Zai Chun's painting "Happy New Year" and continued his project. On July 18th, Prince Gong Yi Xin, Wen Xiang and other ten people (three princes, three ministers, three military ministers and a master) jointly played. Please stop the Yuanmingyuan project: "It is advisable to cultivate vitality to consolidate the foundation; We shouldn't waste money, so it's not urgent. " Zai Chun had several face-to-face debates with the top ten officials, but he knew his mistake and still refused to repent.

When people repeatedly opposed it, Zai Chun prepared to issue an imperial edict, announcing the recall of ten ministers on charges of "collusion and conspiracy". The Empress Dowager of the two palaces saw that things were getting too big, so she had to intervene. According to Wu Rulun Dai, when summoned, "the people in the two palaces shed tears on the floor, and the emperor knelt down. It is said that in the past ten years, why is there no palace today? The emperor is young, and he ordered the cancellation yesterday. " As a result, the imperial edict of the post of minister of the tenth revolution was not issued, and the Yuanmingyuan was rebuilt instead of the Three Seas. Under the resistance of Yi and others, Tongzhi said, "What if I stop working? What are you waiting for? " On the 29th, the Yuanmingyuan project was stopped. The reconstruction of Yuanmingyuan is an imperial edict of Cixi, which angered Cixi. On the 30th, Zai Chun issued an imperial edict: "Brother Zhu was replaced by the prince, and he was reduced to the county king." There are 65,438+000 halls, pavilions and other 500 rooms, which are basically formed after covering, building, gluing and uncovering tiles. On the first day of August, Tongzhi issued an imperial edict: "I received imperial edicts from Yu Kangqing, Empress Dowager Ci 'an, and Kang Yi, Empress Cixi: Yesterday, the emperor ordered the dismissal of Prince Gong as a Spyker and reduced him to the county king ... and rewarded him with grace. ".Yu Yu repaired the West Garden and Three Seas Project. Main figures: Zeng Guofan, Li Hongzhang and Zuo, who founded Westernization in the Westernization Movement. Modern military factories have been set up in Shanghai, Nanjing and Fuzhou, and more foreigners have been hired as technical directors. This is the so-called "Westernization Movement", which includes organizing new military industries, training new troops and strengthening national defense construction. Its purpose is to "seek strength" and "seek wealth". Yi emphasizes learning "western learning" and making "western musical instruments". He believes that "Western learning spread to the east" and "foreign things serve China" had been carried out as early as the reign of Emperor Kangxi in the early Qing Dynasty, and now they are carrying forward the system and tradition of their ancestors. In the third year of Tongzhi (1864), the Qing government opened more than 20 large-scale arsenals, including Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau, Jinling Manufacturing Bureau, Fuzhou Shipbuilding Bureau, Tianjin Machinery Bureau and Xi 'an Machinery Bureau. The larger and more typical arsenals are Jiangnan, Jinling, Fuzhou, Tianjin and Hanyang.

Jiangnan manufacturing general bureau. It is the largest military industry planned by Zeng Guofan and actually managed by Li Hongzhang. In the fourth year of Tongzhi (1865), Li Hongzhang entrusted Ding Richang, a customs official, to buy the American merchant flag iron factory in Hongkou, moved two foreign artillery bureaus in Shanghai and Suzhou to Shanghai, and established a large-scale military industrial manufacturing bureau. In the sixth year of Tongzhi (1867), Zeng Guofan advocated shipbuilding in this factory, and allocated 20% tariff in Shanghai Customs to finance shipbuilding. Since then, the factory has expanded year by year, including foreign gun factory, foreign gun factory, cannonball factory, pyropharmaceutical factory, ship factory, steel-making factory, bullet factory and mining factory, and has schools and translation halls, with a large scale. In the seventh year of Tongzhi (1868), the shipyard built the first ship and named it "Huiji". Before the Sino-French War, a total of 15 warships were built, the largest of which was 2,800 tons, and the smallest was only a few hundred tons. Cultivate westernization talents, set up foreign language schools, industrial schools and modern military schools, and send overseas students. The earliest new school in Tongzhi period was Wentong Museum in Shi Jing. 10 students are selected from the children of the Eight Banners in Beijing, and the teacher is English pastor Teng Paul. In addition to hiring foreigners to teach foreign languages, the museum also invited Professor Xu to teach Confucian classics.

The new schools established during Tongzhi period included the Machinery School affiliated to Jiangnan Manufacturing Bureau and the Ship Administration School affiliated to Fuzhou Ship Administration Bureau. Tongzhi for five years (1866), when Zuo presided over Fuzhou Shipping Bureau, he attached Fuzhou Shipping Bureau School, also known as Qiushitang Art Bureau. This school is a new school opened earlier in modern times, mainly studying natural science. At the same time, it has the nature of a military school, and one of its purposes is to train naval and shipbuilding talents. In the eleventh year (1872), the first batch of 30 "young children" went to the United States to study, which was called "young children going abroad" in history. The rise of studying abroad during Tongzhi period was inseparable from Hiroshi. Hong Rong (1828- 19 12), a native of Xiangshan (now Zhongshan), Guangdong Province, entered Ma Lixun Christian School in the 21st year of Daoguang (184 1), and his parents hoped that he would become a comprador after his completion. Later, when Brown, an American teacher of the school, returned to the United States, Yung Wing also went to the United States with him and became one of the early modern international students. Hong Rong proposed and arranged for them to live separately in American civilian families. American teachers, doctors and gentlemen have brought children from China to their own homes. Every family takes good care of young children, provides them with better food and shelter, and cares about their study and life. They become a bridge between Chinese and western cultures. However, Chen Lanbin, an official sent by the Qing government to the United States to supervise the study abroad, took the foreign students to learn sports and dance, wore suits instead of robes and jackets, shook hands instead of bowing, and even some students cut their braids, thinking that "if they could return to China, it would be bad for the country and harmful to society" and suggested to the Qing court to withdraw the students studying in the United States. Although they didn't finish their planned studies in the United States, they all received education in the West. These young people who have returned from studying abroad have gradually become famous figures and scientific and technological backbones in China's political, military, academic, industrial and commercial fields, and have made contributions to China's modernization. According to incomplete statistics, there are 24 people engaged in administration and diplomacy, including consuls and agents 12, foreign ministers and ministers 2, chief minister 1 person and prime minister 1 person. 20 people joined the navy, and 14 of them became naval generals; Five educators, two of whom became university presidents; There are 30 people engaged in industry, 9 of whom have become industrial and mining leaders, 6 are engineers and 3 are railway directors. Main items: The Sino-French War and the Peony Society Incident first dealt with Japan and France, and treated some foreign affairs together. In the 12th year of Tongzhi (1873), he received the Japanese ambassador in Ziguangge on June 13th. Later, envoys from Russia, the United States, Britain, the Netherlands and other countries submitted their credentials to him.

Second, in the 12th year of Tongzhi (1873), at the request of the king of Vietnam, Zai Chun sent Rui Lin, Governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, to help Vietnam resist the French.

Thirdly, because the Gaoshan people in Taiwan Province Province killed the Ryukyu people who drifted to Taiwan Province Province by mistake, the Japanese used this as an excuse to invade Taiwan Province Province. In the 13th year of Tongzhi (1874), on March 29th, Zai Chun sent Shen Baozhen, Fujian Minister of Shipping, to Taiwan to deploy defense, and Zai Chun, a young man, wrote a letter to resist Japan. Later, after negotiations, the Beijing Special Fund was concluded, the Japanese withdrew from Taiwan Province Province, and the Qing government compensated 502,000 silver. If Zai Chun has made achievements in diplomacy, he has made no achievements in internal affairs. If there is, it is that he is in trouble. Going abroad to inspect western countries broke into houses twice, and the Qing Dynasty was forced to open its doors. China goes to the world, and the world goes to China. The Western Expedition in Qing Dynasty began in Tongzhi five years (1866). On the 21st day of the first month of Tongzhi five years (1866), Bin Chun led three students from Wentong Museum and his son Guangying (a peer who took care of his father) to go abroad by boat. After a month and eight days' voyage, he arrived in Marseille, France. He traveled in Europe for more than 1 10, visited France, Britain, Netherlands, Denmark, Sweden, Finland, Russia, Prussia, Norway, Belgium and other countries, and returned to Beijing on September 18. Bin Chun wrote "Travel Notes", which recorded for the first time what he saw with his own eyes, such as trains, ships, telegrams, elevators, machine printing, steam engines, photography, cranes, pumps, microscopes, slide projectors, textile mills, arsenals and so on. He also visited and described the European Exposition, Ballet, British Museum, National Assembly, modern newspapers and institutions of higher learning, and visited the Palace of Versailles and the Arc de Triomphe in France for the first time. He saw the modern technology and civilization in the west.