Russian conscription system

The Russian army established the development direction of establishing a professional army at the early stage of its formation, and took the establishment of a well-trained contract sergeant team as the primary goal of building a truly professional army. However, due to the lack of sufficient financial support and the concept of unified and gradual development, the road for Russian troops to establish a professional army is very tortuous and repeated. 1993, according to the Military Service Law of the Russian Federation signed by President Yeltsin, Russia decided to abandon the universal compulsory military service system and establish a mixed soldier supplementary system combining compulsory military service system and contract military service system. 1May, 1996 16, Yeltsin signed an order to professionalize the Russian army and announced that the contract military service system would be completed by 2000. However, due to the unstable political situation and economic difficulties in Russia, this goal has not been achieved as scheduled. After Putin came to power, he started a new round of military reform process, and set the establishment of a new, lean and efficient specialized army suited to the country's economic strength as the development goal of military construction. Among them, the reform of military service system is an important content, and then Minister of National Defense Ivanov was an active promoter of this reform. In 2003, the Russian Ministry of Defence made a plan to build a professional army in an all-round way, requiring that by 20 10, Russia will implement the contract system in all troops. But in fact, so far, the number of Russian contract soldiers is only about 6.5438+0.5 million, which is far from the expected goal. Moreover, the contracted soldiers who have served are not willing to renew their contracts at all. Russia obviously can't complete the goal of building a professional army on schedule. After serdyukov became the Minister of National Defense in early 2007, he reflected on the Russian military service system. He believes that based on the current economic level of the country, Russia cannot establish a fully professional army, nor should it rush to change to a fully professional army. In the reform of building a new look of the armed forces initiated at the end of 2008, the Russian army abandoned the development goal of building a fully professional army and the principle of army supplement that turned to contract military service in an all-round way, and instead implemented the principle of army supplement based on contract system. According to the outline of Russian armed forces construction from 2009 to 20 15, the Ministry of National Defense plans to gradually expand the number of contract soldiers to 70% to 250,000 of the total number of soldiers and non-commissioned officers by 20 15. However, just one year after the implementation of the new military service system, the Russian army came to an abrupt end. In September this year, serdyukov put forward a new reform plan, that is, the proportion of contract soldiers in the total number of soldiers and non-commissioned officers was reduced from 50% to 70% to 20%, and the scale remained at about 6.5438+0.05 million, and the proportion of conscripts was correspondingly increased. Serdyukov's proposal was approved by the Russian President. In the autumn conscription order signed on June 1, the Russian President pointed out that Russia will recruit 278,800 recruits this autumn, reduce the number of existing contract soldiers and suspend the recruitment of contract soldiers. Specific measures for the new round of military service system reform in Russia In fact, the chief architect of the new round of military service system reform in Russian army is Defense Minister serdyukov. As a businessman, he attaches great importance to the efficiency and effectiveness of military expenditure. He frankly pointed out that the Russian army made many mistakes in the reform of the military service system, and the Russian army needed a "new way of thinking" to build the army. Under the current political and economic situation, on the one hand, Russia should reduce the number of contract soldiers and increase the number of conscripts, on the other hand, it should raise the allowance standard and welfare treatment of contract soldiers and improve the service conditions of conscripts. The goal of this round of Russian military reform is to keep the number of contract soldiers at around 6.5438+005 million. To be precise, it has established 6.5438+0.05 million contract military posts. The Russian army believes that these are important positions with strong science and technology, which can determine the combat effectiveness of the troops and are more dangerous. These soldiers will serve as junior commanders, mainly squad leaders, platoon leaders or deputy platoon leaders. These positions mainly include torpedo soldier, radar soldier, aircraft mechanic, radio operator, aerial shooter, loader, monitor of radio direction finding class and stationmaster of telemetry station. The purpose of Russian military service system reform is to improve the prestige of military service and attract outstanding young people with high cultural literacy and physical and mental health to serve in the army. Therefore, it is one of the important means to improve the allowance standard and welfare treatment of military personnel. After the number of contract soldiers is reduced, their allowances and benefits will be improved. Smirnoff, director of the Organization and Mobilization Bureau of the Russian General Staff, said that by 20 12, Russia will set a new allowance standard for contract soldiers, and the allowance will be greatly increased. The Russian army has also made great efforts to improve the service conditions of conscripts. Due to the population crisis, Russia's military reserves are seriously inadequate. At the same time, the enthusiasm of Russian young people to join the army has not been high, and the phenomenon of evading military service is very serious. How to solve the contradiction between the serious shortage of soldiers and the obvious increase in the proportion of conscripts has become the primary task facing the Russian army this autumn. To this end, Russia has taken the following measures to improve the service conditions of soldiers: First, it has extended the recruitment time. The spring conscription lasts from May to the end of August, and the autumn conscription lasts from June to February 30th. Its purpose is to give military service bureaus at all levels enough time to publicize and persuade more young people to join the army. The second is to increase the transparency of services. Starting from this autumn, parents of recruits are allowed to attend the meetings of the conscription committee of the Military Service Bureau, and parents are also allowed to accompany recruits to their service places. In addition, the Ministry of National Defense is also preparing to resume parent committees in all units and hold three parent meetings irregularly every year. Parents' travel expenses will be borne by the Ministry of National Defense, so that military parents can keep abreast of their children's service and ideological trends. The third is to relax service restrictions. The new military service system stipulates that recruits with family difficulties, sick parents or married parents may, in principle, consider serving nearby. The fourth is to reduce the burden on soldiers. The Russian army believes that the duty of soldiers is to carry out physical exercise and combat training and learn to use weapons and equipment. Other service jobs unrelated to combat readiness, such as cooking and cleaning, are socialized and are undertaken by specialized local companies. Three reasons for the frustration of Russian army in establishing a professional army. The adjustment of Russian military service system shows that after more than 10 years of reform and exploration, the construction of Russian professional army has once again run aground, and the military service system has once again returned to the mixed military service system dominated by conscripts. At the same time, it also shows that building a professional army is a huge project that consumes time, energy and money, and it can never be done overnight. According to the analysis, there are many reasons why the Russian army has been frustrated in building a professional army. First of all, the reform plan is neither fully demonstrated nor implemented step by step. Before the reform of military service system, we should not only learn from the experience of other countries, but also proceed from our own national conditions and military situation; We should not only focus on the current tasks and needs of the army, but also focus on the needs of future wars. However, in less than 20 years, the Russian army has made many adjustments and changes in the way of replenishment, and each reform was hastily implemented without sufficient demonstration and testing, lacking a gradual implementation mechanism. Moreover, the Russian army hopes to complete the reform of the military service system, a huge project involving national politics, economy, society and population, within three to five years. However, the US military's transition to the supplementary contract mode in 1970s not only invested a huge sum of money, but also took nearly 20 years. At the same time, the Russian military reform often adjusts the plan immediately or even changes in the opposite direction when there is an emergency, which is obviously not conducive to the long-term stable development of the military. Secondly, Russia's economic strength is limited and it cannot guarantee the funds needed to establish a professional army. The Russian army has been committed to building a professional army with high efficiency, high morale and well-equipped. However, young people who take service as their lifelong career must get due material treatment and high social status in order to seriously fulfill their military mission and even give their lives. This requires the state to increase its military expenditure, especially to increase the proportion of military maintenance expenses in military expenditure. However, at present, Russian military spending accounts for less than 3% of GDP, and the economic situation is sluggish. Russia is unable to significantly increase the maintenance cost of the army, and the limited military expenditure is mainly used to change clothes for the army. No wonder as early as the beginning of 2009, Russian Defense Minister serdyukov said that even a powerful country like Germany could not support a fully professional army, and the proportion of contract soldiers was 70%. It is estimated that the cost of maintaining a contract soldier in the Russian army is about 10 times that of conscripts. On September 23rd this year, serdyukov officially announced that due to lack of funds, it decided to reduce the number of contract soldiers. This shows that economic strength has become a serious constraint for Russia to establish a professional army. Finally, the training ability of Russian soldiers is limited, and the reserve soldiers are seriously insufficient. The advantage of implementing the contract military service system and establishing a professional army is that the number of troops is greatly reduced, while the quality and training level of personnel are greatly improved. This requires a corresponding change in soldiers' training and training methods, especially the training system for contract soldiers. However, due to the adjustment of Russian military academies, it is impossible to establish enough academies to train professional non-commissioned officers. Under the framework of the new face reform, the Russian army only established a college to train professional non-commissioned officers in Ryazan. Enrollment began in 2009. At present, only 2000 students have been enrolled, and the first batch of students will not graduate until the end of 20 1 1. This is only nine Niu Yi hairs for the professional army. The serious shortage of reserve soldiers is also an important reason that restricts Russia from establishing a professional army. According to smirnoff, director of the General Mobilization Bureau of the General Staff of the Russian Ministry of National Defense, during the period of 1980~ 1985, there were150,000 boys born in Russia every year, while only 800,000 boys were born in 1988, which led to a sharp decrease in young people of service age in Russia, some of whom were drug addicts and people with criminal records. First of all, extend the service period of conscripts and relax the upper limit of service age. In order to reduce the pressure of conscription, smirnoff, director of the Organization and Mobilization Department of the Russian General Staff, suggested at the hearing of the Federal Council this spring that the service period of conscripts should be restored from that year to the previous year and a half or even two years, and the upper limit of service age should be raised from 27 to 30. Since Russia will hold the State Duma election next year, this proposal has not been passed in order to win the support of voters. However, in the case of a sharp reduction in contract soldiers, if the situation of Russian conscription is particularly severe in the next few years, the possibility of taking this measure cannot be ruled out. Secondly, it is conditional to cancel the principle of supplementary in different places. For a long time, Russia has been implementing the principle of supplementing armed forces in different places. However, due to the lack of effective housing for soldiers and their families, Russia may be forced to take measures to recruit contract soldiers from reserve officers mainly according to their residences. The Russian army has implemented this regulation when recruiting this year. The new military service system stipulates that recruits with family difficulties, sick parents or married parents may, in principle, consider serving nearby. According to the implementation situation, Russia does not rule out partially canceling the principle of supplementary in different places when recruiting contract soldiers, and implementing the principle of supplementary in situ as appropriate. But at the same time, Russia needs to take measures to prevent the possibility of establishing armed groups in the main body of the Russian Federation. Finally, strengthen the pre-job training of citizens. At present, an important issue being discussed by Russian military theorists is how to ensure Russia's wartime mobilization ability when the number of contract soldiers is greatly reduced and the service period of conscripts is only one year. Russia believes that the only feasible measure is to increase citizens' pre-service training. At the beginning of 20 10, the prime minister of the Russian government signed the concept of the federal system of pre-job training for citizens of the Russian Federation before 2020. Its main content is to improve the physical quality, moral and psychological quality, patriotic sentiment and military accomplishment of school-age youth by relying on the existing pre-service training system supporting the Volunteer Association of the Army, Navy and Air Force. The main means is to strengthen physical training, and students above grade eight in middle schools arrange military training classes for 5-7 days each semester.

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