Does anyone know the lyrics of Farewell to the Dead Ten Times?

The traditional funeral ceremonies in Yangzhou vary from dynasty to dynasty. Generally speaking, there are several procedures: stopping the spirit and reporting the funeral; Condolences and funerals; Libation and funeral; Bury.

-Stop mourning

Lingering is also called "pawn" in ancient ritual system, and also called "corpse" and "morgue" in Yangzhou folk saying. Wang Zengqi said in his essay My Home: "First, I want to stop in the main hall, so I have to agree." Another example is the sixty-fourth cloud in Guangling Tide: "My husband died in bed, and I want to put on a yoga flame at night."

When someone in the family is critically ill, Yangzhou people begin to prepare for the funeral, such as cleaning indoors and outdoors, preparing utensils for guests to mourn, and preparing "shroud" for the critically ill. When the patient was dying, someone put a little new silk cotton on the upper lip under the patient's nose to test whether the patient was still breathing. The new silk cotton has a good texture and moves with a little breath. If the fine fibers of silk cotton suddenly stop moving completely, it means that breathing has stopped. Yangzhou people call this state "dying". If you prove that you are really dying, you should move to the hard ceiling while the human body is still stiff, and then carry it to the "bright room" (that is, the main room) to park. This is called "corpse holding" and "morgue". The direction of the mortuary is that the head faces north and the feet face south, and then put on the "shroud" for the deceased as soon as possible. If possible, Yangzhou people will scrub the body before the death of the deceased, put the shroud on the deceased, and let the deceased die neatly.

After the shroud is changed, Yangzhou people will comb their hair for the deceased, and some will also wear lipstick and rouge to make the deceased look normal. Then, light an oil lamp at the head and feet of the deceased and serve a bowl of rice. This bowl of rice is also called "pouring rice", which means that the deceased can eat the last bowl of rice, hold up the lights and set foot on the road to the "other world"-the underworld.

In the old society, after Yangzhou people finished all this, they couldn't handle the funeral immediately, but they had to do a strange thing, that is, throw the pillow on the bed of the deceased on their own roof. When throwing it, relatives waved a coat worn by the deceased in the yard and shouted the name of the deceased. After shouting three times, they put their coats on the dead man. This practice is called "evocation" by Yangzhou people.

This practice of Yangzhou people is an ancient ceremony, which is called "Fu" and "Book of Rites". "Tan Xiagong" said: "Recovery is the way of love, and there is a praying heart as a shrine. Look back at the secluded place and seek the way of ghosts and gods. " This record shows that in ancient times, after people died, there was a custom of "recovery". Recovery means return, which means that the living can't bear the death of their loved ones, and pray for the mercy of ghosts and gods, so that the souls of the dead can return to the world. Judging from this desire and motivation of the ancients, Yangzhou people's "evocation of souls" is in the same strain as the ancient "restoration" ceremony, which is the popularization and concretization of the ancient "restoration" ceremony. Throwing pillows on the house means evoking souls, and putting old coats on the dead again is a way to visually "restore" ancient rituals. In Yangzhou's funeral customs, there are many specific practices that are the remains of the ancient ritual system, which will be mentioned in the following discussion.

After "evocation", the deceased still can't recover, and a funeral can be arranged. Among many complicated funerals, the first important thing is to report the funeral.

In mourning, Yangzhou people usually go to relatives and friends' homes by their dutiful sons. But the dutiful son has other important things to deal with at home, and servants can also be sent. The dutiful son went to the funeral because there were many relatives and friends to visit and the time was tight, so he had to hurry, so Yangzhou people also called it "rushing to the funeral".

In the old days, the mourning of dutiful sons was also exquisite. Wang Shaotang, a master storyteller in Yangzhou, wrote in his masterpiece The Water Margin? There is a "mixed city" in "Ten Songs", which says that Zhu Gui, the leader of the water margin, wants to sneak into the city to rescue Song Jiang and Dai Zong, and Zhu Gui pretends to be a dutiful son in order to get rid of the soldiers guarding the city. Although Zhu Gui is faking it, his son's clothes are not fake at all. Wang Shaotang said this:

Indeed, Uncle Zhu doesn't want people to disturb God. He also played a role. ..... He spread his hair, put it on his back, tied a piece of linen at the back, tied a piece of white cloth on his head, wore a white cloth gown, tied a straw rope around his waist, and wore sandals on his feet. An iron weight in his hand is his weapon; But he must wrap the lower part of mill scale with the paper cut from white paper, and the upper part should be retracted into his sleeve, like a funeral stick. These are all just dressed up on the dock. It turns out that he is a dutiful son.

Wang Shaotang's vivid description of the table shows us what kind of clothes the dutiful son wore in the old days. As for why the dutiful son "has hemp on his head, a white cloth on his head, a white robe, a straw rope around his waist and sandals on his feet." Why are you holding a "funeral stick"? We'll discuss it in detail when we talk about mourning.

Wang Shaotang said here that the dutiful son was personally buried. If a servant is sent to the funeral, the old Yangzhou people will write a "funeral book" and let the servant send it to relatives and friends. Li in the sixty-fourth chapter of Guangling Tide has a description:

Yunlin suddenly saw a piece of white paper on the table with more than a dozen Chinese characters written on it. It was such a big shock that he couldn't help crying, "Oh, dear! Where did this come from? Why didn't you tell me? " Aunt Huang smiled and said, "Master, did you ask about this note? What does it matter? I just opened the door this morning and passed a man in a short coat with a stack of such notes in his hand. He rashly stuffed one in my hand and turned and ran away. ……"

Qin didn't pay attention to it before. At this time, I saw Yunlin speak so solemnly and took it from the table. I saw it clearly written:

On August 15th, Xuantong four years, Mr. He Qifu died at noon. I want to pay my respects at noon on 16. The story is highly publicized.

After reading it, Qin couldn't help crying and said ... Theoretically, he is your teacher ... You should change into plain clothes and bring some memorial tablets to kowtow to his old man's house. ……"

The article said that "story facilitation" was a servant who ran errands for a large family in Yangzhou in the old society. In order to please, these servants don't use their own names, but call them "Gao Sheng".

At that time, this kind of funeral notice evolved into "obituary" and "obituary" in later generations, and "obituary" means "go". At the end of Qing Dynasty, Tsui Hark wrote in Mourning: "An obituary, an obituary, an ancient book telling people about funerals. Details of the deceased's surname, resume, year of birth and death, month, day, hour, burial place or floating place, funeral date, etc. are given to all relatives, relatives, fellow villagers, colleagues and classmates. " Some of the "obituaries" written by scholar-officials are more particular, paying attention to every word, trying to conform to the identity of the deceased, and can write the blood relationship between each dutiful son and the deceased from the clothing system of mourning according to etiquette. Well, I'm also worried about imprecise wording and carelessness. Therefore, in the old "obituary", I often wrote "Sorry, I didn't report well" and said hello in advance.

Yangzhou people's "mourning record" is a quick and simple way to convey funeral information, which is more convenient and effective than the filial son's door-to-door mourning. Therefore, in Yangzhou people's funeral reports, ordinary relatives and friends use "mourning notes" except for elders and close relatives who come to the door personally by their dutiful sons. Others just put up an "obituary" at the gate to show their extensive publicity. In modern times, people use the news media and modern communication means to provide funeral services, publish "obituaries" in newspapers and radio stations, or send telegrams and make phone calls so that relatives and friends can attend the funeral as soon as possible.

At the same time of mourning, the family members at home should also follow the mourning. In addition, there should be a mourning hall, a mourning shed, vegetarian dishes, a white door, and a memorial pavilion. , very busy.

-Mourn for the dead

The funeral of a dutiful son is called "funeral". After hearing the news, relatives and friends rushed to the funeral day and night, which is also called "mourning". Yangzhou people associate the mourning of parents and children with filial piety ethics, and think that mourning for parents is filial piety. Otherwise, it's all wet. So some families have to be buried at home before their children arrive. Of course, generally speaking, no matter how far away the children are, they have to go back to Yangzhou day and night. In the old funeral, it was called "seeing with my own eyes". If some children fail to arrive on time, some people will explain in the obituary: "Only XXX is outside, smelling the starry night, and making clothes one after another."

Children should be buried with their own hands, and other relatives and friends should be hanged. The so-called "funeral" means that relatives and friends who receive the funeral report should go to the deceased's home or funeral home as soon as possible. Mourning, Yangzhou people are also called "mourning" and "mourning". Its purpose is to mourn the dead and express condolences to their relatives.

Relatives and friends who go to attend the mourning also have some customs in dress, expression, sadness, speech and so on. For example, the clothes of mourners must be clean. Sima Guang said in "Documents": "Anyone who hangs people is easy to go to Watson's clothes." Therefore, in the "Guangling Tide" quoted above, Qin asked Yunlin to "quickly change into a plain suit", which is to follow this custom. In the old society, relatives and friends came to pay their respects, and some people also gave a "filial piety" ceremony, that is, a white handkerchief. There are two explanations for sending white handkerchiefs. One is to let mourners hold them on their heads when they salute to express their grief. The second is to facilitate the mourners to wipe their tears. Later, this custom changed and evolved into "white flowers", and now "white flowers" have become a popular funeral.

Of course, the expression of mourners should be sad. If they are close relatives and friends, there will be a mourning ceremony. When mourners cry, the dutiful son in the family has the etiquette of accompanying them to cry. At this time, the indoor and outdoor crying became one, and some people even cried bitterly. Yangzhou people called it "mourning". But some families are busy with business, or extremely sad, and it is difficult to cry. There are people crying in the countryside around Yangzhou, mostly middle-aged women, who work with trumpeters.

The guests came to pay their respects. In the old days, Yangzhou people had a special "drinking ceremony", and mourners performed a ceremony of "kneeling and knocking three times" according to the command of the "drinking ceremony". "Three Hundred Spears on the Han River" has five clouds: "One kneeling and three knocking, the state system is also. When Yangcheng was in mourning, he stood alone in front of the spirit, went to hang it once and bowed down. Worship four kowtows, alternating up and down. The hanger bowed its head for the first time and drank the cloud:' Don't dare, get up!' After four obeisances, another cloud said, "Please kowtow and get up!" The name is: drinking ceremony. Nowadays, "three knocks on one knee" has changed, and people use "three bows" instead. When saluting, the dutiful son is with him.

When visiting New Year, guests will not only salute and mourn, but also send some property to help mourn according to the custom. These properties are called "wine". Yangzhou people's "libation" generally includes: cash, filial piety, incense, money and so on. There are also eulogies and elegies among the scribes. Since the Republic of China, more wreaths have been used.

Since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, there have been funerals in both urban and rural areas in Yangzhou, and a group of trumpeters have been invited to play and sing. When there is a follower, the trumpeters have to perform vigorously. Since the 1970s, a new custom has emerged. Some people began to play funeral music in the mourning hall instead of trumpeters. There are sorrows and sorrows in the mourning hall, which is undoubtedly much more civilized than the trumpeter.

In fact, the use of trumpeters in funerals is not old. After the death of ancient people, they repeatedly knocked on the cloud plate to preach points in the inner room, four times at a time, and frequently knocked several times. This is the so-called "mourning". In Yangzhou, there is a saying that there are three ghosts and four gods, which means that people often use the number "three" when bowing down and "four" when mourning, so the mourning sound is four. The thirteenth time in A Dream of Red Mansions: "When I heard the sound of the clouds on the second door, it was the wailing that woke Feng. People are back: Grandma Dong Furong is gone. "

Yangzhou scholar Ruan Yuan is familiar with this ancient system. So when Ruan Yuan's father died, he didn't need to preach, but used the "drum" as the mourning sound. In this regard, it is recorded in "Three Hundred Spears of Hanshui": "There is no need to be happy in mourning, and it is common in ancient and modern times. At the funeral in Yangzhou, undertaker was introduced, advocating that silk and bamboo are festivals for sacrifice and sacrifice, so music should also be used. Ruan lived at his father's funeral, but he followed the ancient system and set up a drum hall at the door and a waiting point for customers. Drumming is also the main way to drink without offering sacrifices. Burial with drums and horns is not fun. Those who know the ceremony are changeable and follow it. "

After the main relatives of the funeral are present, the family can cover the deceased with a "face covering cloth", which can also be paper, mostly laminated paper, also known as "face covering paper". Cover the victim's face with a cloth so that it won't be uncovered. Then, the family was busy "dying".

In the past, undertakers were divided into small undertakers and large undertakers. Xiao Di will dress the dead. Great-coat is to put the body in the coffin. When Yangzhou people have a small funeral or a big funeral, their families will burst into tears. Especially after the gown and coffin were covered, they never saw the dead again, and their families were so sad that they stopped mourning. Since the 1950s, cremation has been advocated in the society, and the funeral of the coat has evolved into a farewell ceremony for the remains today.

In the past, Yangzhou people held a "coffin closing ceremony" when closing coffins. At this time, the dutiful son should have a sieve basket on his head. There is a lock of filial son's hair, a pine and cypress branch, an axe wrapped in red cloth and several coffin nails in the sieve basket. Most of the "nails" are the brothers of the deceased, and the "nails" (nailing the coffin lid) are carpenters. The last nail is called a "sub-nail". Under the nail, wrap the filial son's hair in red paper and nail it into the coffin with the nail. Yangzhou people's "coffin-sealing ceremony" is a ceremony for dutiful sons to repay their parents' kindness.

However, some people use the opportunity of burial to "engage in funerals." Most of the reasons are family chores such as property distribution and funeral expenses. Some big relatives are either not invited repeatedly or refuse to hold the nail, which is often endless and protracted, making the funeral a "clearing". A etiquette that was originally a filial son's filial piety has developed into a family farce in some people.

-Li's funeral

Putting a body in a coffin is called a coffin, and stopping to bury it is called a funeral. In ancient times, the coffin was parked on the Dongtai step in front of the main hall after the big party, and moved to the west step three days later to continue parking. This time is called "mourning". Why is there such a set of practices? In ancient etiquette, the east is the location of the host and the west is the location of the guest. Moving the coffin from the east stage to the west stage shows that the deceased has changed from a master to a guest and will not be able to stay at home for a long time. This is a fact.

In the old days, the drinking ceremony of Yangzhou people was held at home before the funeral, which was called "family drinking". After cremation, the body should be buried in the funeral home first, and a drinking ceremony should be held in the funeral home, and then a drinking ceremony should be held after the funeral.

In the old days, some people asked monks to recite scriptures, some asked Taoist priests to do Dojo, and some asked drummers to play music or sing operas, with different practices. People have different interpretations of these practices. Some people think that monks are crossing over the dead by chanting scriptures. Some people say that the Taoist Dojo is to pursue the recommendation to ascend to heaven; It was also explained that the drummer's music and drama can make the dead leave happily. In fact, these different practices are all concrete manifestations of the folk belief of "supporting the spirit into the yin" in mourning customs. Among the beliefs and customs of Yangzhou people, the belief of "helping the gods enter the Yin" has a long history. The ancients assumed that people had souls, and thought that death was just "spiritual separation, and each returned to its true nature." This "spirit" of "separation" is the soul, which is what the common people call a "ghost". The soul belongs to the underworld after death, and there are many obstacles on the way to the underworld, which need to be pointed out one by one. This is the folk psychology of "helping the soul to enter the yin" and the folk implication of holding a family dinner before the funeral.

In addition to the above-mentioned forms, Yangzhou people also sing requiem songs to inform the dead of the scenery and matters needing attention on their way to the underworld. Baoying, located in the water town, has a folk song called "Ten Farewells to the Dead", which is a requiem to help the soul enter the Yin. The fourth paragraph sings:

Fourth, seeing the dead at large,

Climb up the fairy bridge step by step,

Xianqiao has a ferry,

Get on the ferry (stand firm).

In Baoying, if grandma dies, her "birthday shoes" will be embroidered with puppies and goslings, and there is a saying that "puppies and goslings help grandma cross the river". It can be seen that the belief of "supporting the spirit into the yin" is still relatively common among the people, which is also an important feature of family funeral.

Family funeral is the most grand ceremony among folk funerals. In addition to the above methods to help the gods enter the shade, Yangzhou people will also hold banquets to entertain visitors. This is the so-called "funeral feast". The "funeral banquet" of Yangzhou people has a long history. Twenty-seven volumes of Yangzhou Prefecture Records in Wanli period of Ming Dynasty recorded that "funerals were celebrated, …… relatives and friends gave money, and geisha were miscellaneous". Rebuilding Yangzhou Prefecture Records in Jiaqing period of Qing Dynasty also said: "Recently, Chun Zhu in Yangcheng is louder than crying." From the Ming Dynasty to the Republic of China, this kind of funeral banquet in Yangzhou became more and more common and extravagant. The funeral was originally held for the dead, but in this case, it became a treat for the living, which is really against common sense. In modern times, luxury in cities has been greatly improved, but in rural areas, luxury has not disappeared.

In the old days, some people in Yangzhou thought that the soul could not reach the prince immediately after death, but should temporarily stay in the local land temple. In Hu Pu 'an's Records of Chinese National Customs, there is an article "Gaoyou Funeral" which records: "On the evening of the coffin, it is necessary to delay the monk's thoughts and let the flame pass. Family members carried them to the land shrine in paper sedan chairs, paper boats and paper horses, asking the land god to let the dead go temporarily and return with them. This is called evoking the soul to watch a play. " These paper cars, paper boats and paper horses are all means of transportation for the dead in the underworld. People take them to the Land Shrine, thinking that they can take the souls of the dead home. However, people think that when souls go home, there will be evil spirits, so Yangzhou people bring back the souls of the dead, which is called "returning evil spirits." Strangely, the family brought back the soul of the deceased, and because they were afraid of evil spirits, the whole family had to go out that night, which was called "avoiding ghosts". This is really shooting yourself in the foot, imagining an empty soul, and in turn being conquered by your imagination. This is an important feature of the old superstitious behavior.

There was a famous note novel in Qing Dynasty called Six Chapters of a Floating Life. Shen Fu's wife Yunniang died in Yangzhou, and Shen Fu arranged Yunniang's funeral according to the customs of Yangzhou. In the third volume of Six Chapters of a Floating Life, he described the process from "resurrection" to "ward off evil spirits":

It is said that the soul of the sun will return with evil spirits during the evil spirit, so the room should be placed as before, with old clothes on the bed and old shoes under the bed for the soul to return. According to the legend of martial arts, it is called "closing your eyes". Yan Yu's practice is to ask him to go to bed first, and then send him. This is called "accepting him". Hanjiang custom, set up wine and food in the room of the deceased, what the family has to do is "avoid cups".

Take the soul of the deceased home, set up food and drinks, and the rest of the family will avoid it, so the thief has an opportunity. Therefore, Six Chapters of a Floating Life also says, "Avoid it and steal it." This is a difficult problem. What should I do if I am afraid of fierceness at home and thieves when I go out? So Yangzhou people came up with a way to gather relatives and friends to sit at home before the funeral. The ninety-fifth time of Guangling Tide said, "After a day, it has stopped, and there are many guests from home and abroad. Women like Qin and He come to sit at night. " When "sitting at night", because there are many people, even if there are evil spirits coming, you can be courageous. Today, there is still the custom of "sitting at night" during the mourning period. However, unlike Guangling Tide, it is all women, but mainly men. Of course, modern people's "sitting at night" is not for evoking spirits and avoiding evil spirits, but as a companion to the deceased, which is the embodiment of family affection and friendship. Therefore, Yangzhou people now call "sitting at night" "accompanying night".

Funerals of modern Yangzhou people generally last for three days, the first day, the second day and the third day of the family funeral. Funeral is also called "mourning", "mourning" and "leaving" in Yangzhou. Usually in the early morning. In the early morning, the last family sacrifice was held at home, and then the coffin was loaded on the hearse and drove to the cemetery (now the crematorium), which is also called "initiation" in Yangzhou. In the old days, this kind of leadership paid attention to ostentation and extravagance, and Yangzhou Pinghua "Piwu Chili" described:

Wu Hanlin is from here and lives in the small street of Dongmen City. He died for many days, and today he walked out of mourning ... At this time, many people went to the funeral. The dutiful son is only a teenager and is raised by a concubine. He is dressed in linen, filial, holding a sad hand and being led by others. Mourning mother sitting in a small sedan chair crying; Blow a cough beep on the coffin and shoot; The team sent by Wuzhi yamen opened the way ahead, beating gongs and drums and blowing horns; From the small street to the street outside the east gate, there is a road sacrifice every three or five facades. ..... Wu Hanlin's coffin was paved with a red carpet, and eight earthworks carried it from the side street to the street. This small street is too narrow. If you want to walk from the side street to the main street, put the coffin straight so that you can get on the dragon pole. It takes thirty-two earth elevators to climb the dragon column, which is mighty. ……

This Wu Hanlin has status and status, and he wants 32 people to carry the coffin. In the past, people needed eight people to carry coffins at home. On the way, some people kept throwing paper money. In case of road sacrifice, you should stop the coffin for sacrifice. There is still a coffin, which was rented by the crematorium. Don't be carried by so many people, and there is no road sacrifice (or there is a road sacrifice in the countryside). They were sent directly to the crematorium by the funeral car, and those extravagant ostentation and extravagance were exempted.

bury

The last procedure of the funeral is "burial". In the old days, most people in Yangzhou were buried after death, so the burial place should be chosen in advance. It is generally believed that choosing a good cemetery can protect the peace and wealth of future generations. As a result, Mr. Feng Shui was invited to participate in the land selection, and Mr. Feng Shui made up a lot of statements and stresses about choosing a cemetery.

After the burial site is selected, dig a deep pit where the coffin can be placed in advance, commonly known as the "Nugget Well". After the funeral procession came to the cemetery, Mr. Feng Shui first pointed out the orientation of the coffin in the pit, which was called "orientation". Then put a bundle of straw in the pit and light it, which is called "warm pit". After the pit is warm, the dutiful son goes into the pit first, and others sprinkle a little broken silver or coins into the pit, which is called "dividing gold". These pieces of silver and coins later became rewards for digging holes. After the dutiful son came up, he dragged the coffin with a rope and put it in the grave smoothly, then put Mingjing on the coffin. This is the so-called "resting place". At this time, someone said a set of auspicious words, called "say yes". Then began to fill the soil, filling the soil from the dutiful son into the first shovel, and other bereaved families scattered the soil in into the pit in turn according to their generations, which was called "Pocket Treasure". Fill up the soil and then build it into a grave. This is called "fighting for gold". After sweeping the grave, someone at home will visit again three days later, which is called "Fu San". At this point, the burial is over. The burial procedures and related terms listed above are familiar to grave keepers. There are several tombs in the northwest suburb of Yangzhou, such as Pingshan Tangbei and Jingui Shannan. These cemeteries all have grave keepers, and they also occupy the earth for digging graves. They are all very familiar with this set.

Funeral custom.

Saying "good" at the grave is a bit like saying "good" in building a house and getting married, but that kind of saying "good" means saying "good" when you see it, and saying "good" at a funeral means that the funeral is a happy event. In the traditional concept of Yangzhou, people regard the death of the old man as a way to cope with the weather and can regard the funeral as a happy event, so saying "yes" to the funeral caters to this demand. There is a song "Bao Ge" collected and recorded in Yizheng, Yangzhou in the 1980s, which goes like this:

The shovel is shiny and the four corners of the golden well are square.

The dutiful son enters the big ingot, and the children and grandchildren are old.

Dou Bao, the filial daughter, smiles and will be the birthday girl in the future.

Daughter-in-law is the fat man who gets rich first.

Grandson shouted with a smile and went abroad after graduating from college.

Congratulations! Congratulations!

The auspicious words of "promise" made the last procedure of the funeral come to an end in the sound of auspicious wishes.

Fourth, seeing the dead at large,

Climb up the fairy bridge step by step,

Xianqiao has a ferry,

Get on the ferry (stand firm).

In Baoying, if grandma dies, her "birthday shoes" will be embroidered with puppies and goslings, and there is a saying that "puppies and goslings help grandma cross the river". It can be seen that the belief of "supporting the spirit into the yin" is still relatively common among the people, which is also an important feature of family funeral.