The difference between modern etiquette and social etiquette! urgent! ! !

1. The origin and development of Chinese etiquette (1. A country of etiquette?)

nChina has been known as a country of etiquette since ancient times, and its long history of etiquette development can be roughly It is divided into eight periods: the budding period of etiquette, the initial period of etiquette, the formation period of etiquette, the development and transformation period of etiquette, the strengthening period of etiquette, the decline period of etiquette, the modern etiquette period and the contemporary etiquette period. The formation and development of etiquette has gone through a gradual process from scratch, from low level to high level, from fragmented to complete.

1. The budding period of etiquette (50,000 BC - 10,000 BC)

nEtiquette originated in the primitive society period. In social history, human beings gradually became civilized. In the middle and late primitive society (about the Paleolithic period), the germination of early etiquette appeared. For example, the people of the Shanding Cave in Zhoukoudian, Beijing, who lived about 18,000 years ago, already knew how to dress themselves up. They used perforated animal teeth and stone beads as decorations and hung them around their necks. And their deceased tribesmen scattered hematite powder next to them and held primitive religious ceremonies. This is the earliest funeral ceremony discovered in China so far.

2. The nascent period of etiquette (10,000 BC - 22nd century BC)

n Around 10,000 BC, humans entered the Neolithic period and were not only able to make fine polished stone tools and began to engage in farming and animal husbandry. In the following thousands of years, primitive etiquette gradually took shape. For example, in the Banpo ruins near present-day Xi'an, the public cemetery of Banpo villagers who lived about 5,000 years ago was discovered. The pits in the cemetery are arranged in an orderly manner, and the identities of the deceased are different. There are people buried face up with burial objects, and people buried prone without burial objects. In addition, other sites and relevant data from the Yangshao Culture period show that people at that time Attention has been paid to the order of superiority and inferiority, and the distinction between men and women. The elders sit on the table, the juniors sit on the table; men sit on the left, women sit on the right, etc. The etiquette becomes increasingly clear.

3. The formation period of etiquette (21st century BC - 771 BC)

n From about the 21st century BC to 771 BC, China moved from the era of gold and stone to bronze. era. The use of metal tools has brought agriculture, animal husbandry, and handicraft production to a new level. As living standards improve, social wealth becomes surplus beyond consumption and is gradually concentrated in the hands of a few people. As a result, class antagonism emerges and primitive society disintegrates.

The Xia Dynasty from the 21st century BC to the 15th century BC began the transition from the late primitive society of China to the early slave society. During this period, god-honoring activities intensified.

nIn primitive societies, due to lack of scientific knowledge, people did not understand some natural phenomena. They guessed that the sun that shines on the earth is a god, the wind has a wind god, and the river has a river god... Therefore, they fear the "god of heaven" and offer sacrifices to the "god of heaven". In a sense, early etiquette contains several principles of human life in primitive society and is the product of religious beliefs in primitive society. The traditional Chinese character for "Li" is "Li". The left side represents God, and the right side represents the sacrifices made to the God. Therefore, Xu Shen, a scholar of the Han Dynasty, said: "Etiquette means walking, so serving gods brings blessings." ("Shuowen Jiezi")

nThe Yin people who started their activities centered on the Yin Ruins, in AD Active in China from the 14th century BC to the 11th century BC. They built China's first ancient capital, the Yin Capital, which is located in Anyang, Henan Province. However, their achievements in wedding customs were overshadowed by their enthusiasm for worshiping gods and believing in ghosts.

nThe Zhou Dynasty, which overthrew the Yin Dynasty and replaced it, made many achievements in etiquette. In particular, Duke Zhou, the brother of King Wu of Zhou and assistant to King Cheng of Zhou, played an important role in establishing the etiquette system of the Zhou Dynasty. He made ritual music and integrated people's behaviors, psychological sentiments, etc. into an orderly model of superiority and inferiority. "Zhou Rites", which comprehensively introduces the system of the Zhou Dynasty, is the first etiquette treatise handed down in China to this day. "Zhou Li" (also known as "Zhou Officials") was originally a list of official positions. It was later compiled and became a book describing the laws and regulations of the Zhou Dynasty. "Zhou Li" originally had 6 chapters, detailing the six categories of official names and their powers. There are currently 5 chapters, and the sixth chapter was supplemented by "Kaogong Ji". The six officials are respectively called Tianguan, Diguan, Chunguan, Xiaguan, Qiuguan and Dongguan. Among them, the Heavenly Official is in charge of palace affairs, property, etc.; the Earth Official is in charge of education, municipal administration, etc.; the Spring Official is in charge of five rituals, music and dance, etc.; the Summer Official is in charge of military affairs, border defense, etc.; the Autumn Official is in charge of criminal law, diplomacy, etc.; and the Winter Official is in charge of civil engineering and construction. wait.

nThe five rites in charge of the Spring Official are the auspicious rites, the unlucky rites, the guest rites, the military rites, and the good rites, which are important aspects of the etiquette system of the Zhou Dynasty. Auspicious rituals refer to sacrificial rituals; ominous rituals mainly refer to funeral rituals; guest rituals refer to rituals such as the princes' pilgrimage to the emperor and alliance meetings between princes; military rituals mainly include military parades, departures and other ceremonies; Jiali rituals include crown ceremonies, Weddings, country drinking ceremonies, etc. It can be seen that many basic etiquettes have been basically formed in the late Shang and early Zhou dynasties. In addition, the "Book of Songs", which was written during the Shang and Zhou dynasties, and the "Book of Songs" which was roughly finalized during the Zhou dynasty, also have some content involving etiquette.

nIn the Western Zhou Dynasty, bronze ritual vessels were a symbol of personal identity. How many ritual utensils are there? Umbrella ⑽ wipe? ⒛ cedar? ⒛ thatch guillotine ⑶ gizzard ⑶ son? Take pride? 瘛宝 ┏ 晌? ㄊ sword? 餍 Xin Dou Huan 4 send 猓? Hu Xi? Vertebral soil Chu pull? Miserable Ya Xi even hinder ⅰ?

4. The development and reform period of etiquette (770 BC - 221 BC, Eastern Zhou Dynasty)

nIn the Western Zhou Dynasty, the royal family declined and princes competed for hegemony. In 770 BC, King Ping of Zhou moved eastward to Luoyi, which was known as the Eastern Zhou Dynasty in history. The Eastern Zhou Dynasty, which succeeded the Western Zhou Dynasty, was no longer able to fully abide by the traditional etiquette system, resulting in the so-called "collapse of etiquette and collapse of music".

nThe Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period were the period when my country's slave society transformed into a feudal society. During this period, ideological giants such as Confucius, Mencius, and Xunzi emerged one after another, developing and innovating etiquette theory.

n Confucius (551 BC - 479 BC) was a great thinker and educator in ancient China. He pioneered the practice of private lectures and broke the aristocratic monopoly on education. He deleted "Poems" and "Books", fixed "Li" and "Music", praised "Book of Changes", revised "Spring and Autumn", and made important contributions to the organization and preservation of history and culture. The "Etiquette" compiled by him records in detail the various etiquette and rituals of aristocratic life before the Warring States Period. "Rituals", the aforementioned "Zhou Rites" and the "Book of Rites" compiled by Confucian scholars, collectively known as the "Three Rites", are the earliest and most important etiquette works in ancient China

Confucius believed that " If you don’t learn etiquette, you can’t stand up.” ("The Analects of Confucius·Ji's Chapter") "Quality is superior to literature, which leads to wildness, and literature is superior to quality, which leads to history. Literary quality is gentle, and then a gentleman." ("The Analects of Confucius·Yong Ye") He asked people to use moral norms to restrain their behavior and to achieve " "Don't look at anything that's not polite, don't hear anything that's not polite, don't say anything that's not polite, don't do anything that's not polite." ("The Analects of Confucius·Yan Yuan") He advocated "the benevolent love others", emphasizing that people should have sympathy, care for each other, and respect each other. In short, Confucius systematically expounded the nature and functions of etiquette and etiquette, raising the etiquette theory to a new level.

Mencius (approximately 372 BC - 289 BC) was the main representative of Confucianism during the Warring States Period. In terms of political thought, Mencius developed Confucius's "benevolence" thought, put forward the doctrines of "kingly way" and "benevolent government" and the theory that the people value the king lightly, and advocated "conquering people with virtue". In terms of moral cultivation, he advocated "self-sacrifice" Born with righteousness”. ("Mencius Gaozi 1"), pays attention to "cultivation" and cultivating "awesome spirit".

Xunzi (about 298 BC - 238 BC) was a great thinker in the late Warring States period. He advocated "long etiquette" and "emphasis on law", and advocated equal emphasis on etiquette and law. He said: "Etiquette means that there is a hierarchy between high and low, there is a difference between seniority and youth, and there is a distinction between the rich and the poor." ("Xunzi · Fu Guo") Xunzi pointed out: "Etiquette is to an upright country just like weighing is to the importance. , Just like Shengmo is to the straight and the straight. Therefore, if people are rude, things will not be successful, and if the country is rude, there will be no peace." Only when etiquette is respected and the legal system is complete can the country be peaceful. Xunzi attaches great importance to the impact of objective environment on human nature and advocates learning to achieve perfection.

5. The period of strengthening etiquette (221 BC - 1796 AD)

nIn 221 BC, King Yingzheng of Qin finally annexed the six countries, unified China, and established China The first centralized feudal dynasty in history, Qin Shihuang implemented "the same text in writing," "the same track in cars," and "the same line in conduct" throughout the country. The centralized system formulated by the Qin Dynasty became the basis of the feudal system that lasted for more than two thousand years.

nIn the early Western Han Dynasty, Shusun Tong assisted Han Emperor Liu Bang in formulating the court etiquette and highlighted the development of rituals and etiquette (3. "Prime Minister Liu Luoguo").

Dong Zhongshu (179 BC - 104 BC), a thinker in the Western Han Dynasty, systematized the theory of the feudal autocratic system and put forward the theory of "influence between heaven and man" that "only the emperor receives orders from heaven, and the world receives orders from the emperor." ("Book of Han·Biography of Dong Zhongshu") He summarized the specific Confucian etiquette as "three cardinal principles and five constant principles". "Three cardinal principles" means "the king guides his subjects, the father guides his son, and the husband guides his wife." The "five constants" refer to benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom, and trustworthiness. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty Liu Che adopted Dong Zhongshu's suggestion of "deposing hundreds of schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone" and made Confucian ethics custom-made.

nDuring the Han Dynasty, the "Book of Rites" compiled by Confucian scholars came out. "Book of Rites" has a total of 49 chapters, including great wealth. Among them, there is "Quli" (Part 1), which talks about ancient customs; there is "Liyun" (Part 9), which talks about the evolution of ancient food and residence; there is "Inner Rules" (Part 12), which records family etiquette; There is "Jade Bath" (Chapter 13) that records the clothing system; there is "Xue Ji" (Chapter 18) that discusses the relationship between teachers and students; there are also ways and methods to teach people moral cultivation, that is, "cultivate oneself, manage one's family, and govern the country" "The University" (Part 42) of "Peace the World", etc. In short, the "Book of Rites" can be regarded as a collection of ancient etiquette. It is a collection of etiquette inherited from the slave society and the feudal society. It is the main source of etiquette in the feudal era.

nDuring the prosperous Tang Dynasty, the "Book of Rites" was upgraded from "Ji" to "Jing" and became one of the three books in the "Book of Rites" (the other two are "Zhou Rites" and "Yili") . (Li Bai: "Li Bai will travel by boat")

nDuring the Song Dynasty, Neo-Confucianism, which was based on Confucianism and compatible with Taoism and Buddhism, emerged, with brothers Cheng Yi and Zhu Xi as its main representatives. Er Cheng believed that "Father, son, monarch and ministers are the laws of the world, and nothing can escape from heaven." (Volume 5 of "Er Cheng's Suicide Notes") "Rituals are principles." (Volume 25 of "Er Cheng's Suicide Notes") Zhu Xi He further pointed out, "There is no benevolence greater than that of father and son, and no righteousness greater than that of monarchs and ministers. This is the essence of the Three Cardinal Principles and the foundation of the Wuchang. When human relations and heavenly principles are so great, there is no escape between heaven and earth." ("Collected Works of Zhu Zi·Wei Chui Gong Zhao Li·2" ) Zhu Xi’s discussion made Er Cheng’s theory of “Heavenly Principle” more rigorous and refined.

nThe research on family etiquette has yielded fruitful results, which is another characteristic of the development of etiquette in the Song Dynasty. Among the large number of family etiquette works, Sushui Family Rituals by Sima Guang (1019-1086 AD), a historian of the Northern Song Dynasty who is famous for his Zizhi Tongjian, and the Neo-Confucian scholar of the Southern Song Dynasty, who is famous for his Annotations to the Four Books. Zhu Xi's (AD 1130-1200) "Zhu Xi Family Rites" is the most famous.

nIn the Ming Dynasty, the etiquette of making friends was more perfect, and etiquette such as loyalty, filial piety, festival, and righteousness became increasingly numerous.

6. The decline period of etiquette (1796-1911 AD)

nAfter the Manchus entered the customs, they gradually accepted the Han etiquette system and complicated it, resulting in some etiquette Seems frivolous and cumbersome. For example, in the Qing Dynasty's meeting ceremony between high-ranking officials, when a person of lower rank bowed to a person of higher rank, he would often kneel down once and kowtow three times, or even kneel down three times and kowtow nine times. ("Qing Huidian"). In the late Qing Dynasty, the Qing Dynasty's regime was corrupt and the people were in dire straits. Ancient rituals flourished but declined. With the spread of Western learning to the east, some Western etiquette was introduced into China. The army during the Beiyang New Army period adopted the Western army's hand-raising salute to replace the outdated "Qianqian salute".

7. Modern Etiquette Period (1911-1949 AD, the Republic of China period)

nAt the end of 1911, the Qing Dynasty collapsed. At that time, Mr. Sun Yat-sen (1866-1925 AD), who was far away in the United States, He quickly returned to the motherland and took office as the interim president of the Republic of China in Nanjing on January 1, 1912. Dr. Sun Yat-sen and his comrades in arms broke the old and established the new, replacing monarchy with civil rights, replacing patriarchal hierarchy with freedom and equality; popularizing education, abolishing the reading of scriptures for Confucius; changing bad customs, cutting braids, banning foot binding, etc., thus officially opening the curtain of modern etiquette. (Mao suit)

nDuring the Republic of China, the handshake ceremony introduced to China from the West began to become popular among the upper class, and then gradually became popular among the people.

nIn the 1930s and 1940s, the Soviet areas and liberated areas led by the Communist Party of China attached great importance to culture and education and changed customs, thus writing a new chapter in modern etiquette.

8. Contemporary Etiquette Period (1949-present)

On October 1, 1949, the People’s Republic of China was proclaimed, and China’s etiquette construction entered a new era. historical period.

Since the founding of New China, the development of etiquette can be roughly divided into three stages:

(1) Etiquette innovation stage (1949-1966)

From 1949 to 1966, it was An innovative stage in the development history of contemporary Chinese etiquette. Here, the feudal ethics such as "divine power and destiny", "foolish loyalty, foolish filial piety" and the "three obediences and four virtues" that severely restricted women were abandoned in the past, and a new social relationship of comradely cooperation and mutual assistance and equality between men and women was established, while respecting the elderly The essence of traditional Chinese etiquette, such as caring for children, paying attention to trustworthiness, treating others with sincerity, putting others before yourself, and reciprocity, have been inherited and carried forward.

(2) Etiquette degradation stage (1966-1976)

nFrom 1966 to 1976, China carried out the "Cultural Revolution". Ten years of turmoil caused the country to suffer serious and irreparable losses, and also brought a "catastrophe" to etiquette. Many fine traditional etiquettes have been swept into the garbage heap as "feudal repairs". Etiquette was destroyed and social trends reversed.

(3) Etiquette Revival Stage (1977-present)

nSince the Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China in 1978, the spring breeze of reform and opening up has spread across the land of the motherland. Liturgy construction has entered a new period of comprehensive revival. From promoting civilized and polite language to actively establishing new trends in the industry, from carrying out "18-year-old coming-of-age ceremony educational activities" to formulating citizen civility conventions, etiquette standards for all walks of life have been introduced one after another. Job training and etiquette education are becoming more and more popular. Being civilized and emphasizing politeness has become a common practice. . A number of newspapers and periodicals involving etiquette such as "Public and Social Relations News" and "Modern Communication" have emerged, and books on etiquette are introduced and studied such as "Encyclopedia of Chinese Applied Etiquette", "Dictionary of Titles", "Foreign Customs and Etiquette" , dictionaries, and textbooks are constantly coming out. The craze for etiquette culture has once again emerged in the vast land of China, and the Chinese nation with its fine cultural traditions has set off a new upsurge in the construction of spiritual civilization... (New Year greetings by phone; blessings by text message)

2. The West Summary of Etiquette Research Results

nThe Aegean region and Greece are the birthplaces of Western classical civilization in Eurasia. Starting around 6,000 BC, residents of the Aegean Islands began to engage in agricultural production. After that, Cretan culture and Mycenaean culture emerged one after another. In the 11th century BC, ancient Greece entered the "Homeric Age" named after "Homer's Epic".

n"Homer's Epic" consists of two parts: "The Iliad" and "The Odyssey". This famous narrative poem mainly describes the story of the Battle of Troy and the Greek hero Odyssey, and also contains discussions on etiquette. People who are polite and trustworthy are respected.

nAncient Greek philosophers have many wonderful discussions on etiquette. For example, Pythagoras (580 BC - 500 BC) first proposed the view that "virtue is a kind of harmony and order"; Socrates (469 BC - 399 BC) believed that the task of philosophy is not Chatting is about understanding people's inner world and cultivating people's moral concepts. He not only taught people to treat others with courtesy, but also practiced it in life and set an example for others; Plato (427 BC - 347 BC) emphasized the importance of education. Pointing out the four ideal moral goals: wisdom, courage, temperance, and justice; Aristotle (384 BC-322 BC) pointed out that virtue is justice. He said: "Human beings achieve great things because of their good intentions and become the best animals. If they do not respect etiquette and violate justice, they will degenerate into the worst animals." (Aristotle: "Politics") < /p>

n From the end of the 1st century AD to the 5th century AD, the Roman Empire ruled Western Europe. During this time, the educational theorist Quintilian wrote the book "Principles of Oratory." The book discusses the education situation in the Roman Empire and believes that a person's moral and etiquette education should start from early childhood. The poet Ovid warned young friends not to be greedy for drinks and not to gorge themselves on meals through his poem "The Art of Love".

nIn 476 AD, the Western Roman Empire fell, and Europe began the process of feudalization. From the 12th to the 17th century, it was the heyday of European feudal society. The feudal hierarchy formed in medieval Europe used land relations as a link to link feudal lords and vassals. Strict and cumbersome aristocratic etiquette, court etiquette, etc. were formulated here.

For example, the Icelandic poetry collection "Edda", written in the 12th century, describes in detail the rules of dining at that time. Distinguished guests were seated at the table, and toasts were made in a particular way...

n14 to 16 century, Europe entered the Renaissance era. Famous books on etiquette published during this period include: "The Courtier" compiled by the Italian writer Castilian, "The Courtier" discusses the success of politics and etiquette norms and their importance; the Dutch humanist Erasmus ( 1466 AD - 1536 AD), "Courtesy" focuses on personal etiquette and dining etiquette, reminding people to pay attention to morality, cleanliness and appearance. The English philosopher Francis Bacon (1561-1626 AD) pointed out: "If a man has good appearance, it is of great benefit to his reputation, and, as Queen Isabella said, " 'It's like a permanent recommendation. '" ("Bacon's Essays·On Etiquette and Appearance")

nThe 17th and 18th centuries were the era of the rise of bourgeois revolutions in Europe. The Dutch Revolution, the British Revolution and the French Revolution broke out one after another. With the With the establishment and development of the capitalist system in Europe, the etiquette of capitalist society gradually replaced the etiquette of feudal society. Capitalist society adheres to the principle of "all people are born free and equal", but due to the economic, political and legal problems of all social strata. However, the capitalist era also compiled a large number of etiquette works. For example, the Czech bourgeois educator Comenius (1592-1670 AD) compiled "Youth Behavior." "Handbook" and so on; the British bourgeois educational thinker John Locke wrote "Education" in 1693, which systematically and in-depth discussed the status and role of etiquette as well as the significance and methods of etiquette education. Nunges's treatise on etiquette, "On the Etiquette of Receiving Dignitaries and Ladies, and How Ladies Maintain a Graceful Attitude towards Men," was published in Hamburg in 1716. The British statesman Lord Chesterfield (1694-1773) published it in his famous book. "The Book of Teaching Children" points out: "The humblest and poorest people in the world expect to see good education from a gentleman. They have this right because they are equal to you in nature, not because of education or wealth. inferior to you for the sake of. Be very humble and gentle when speaking to them, otherwise they will think you are proud and hate you. ”

n Modern Western scholars have compiled and published many etiquette books, among which the more famous ones include: "Western Etiquette and Customs" by French scholar Jean Serre, and "Western Etiquette and Customs" by British scholar Elsie Birch. ·"Modern Western Etiquette" edited by Donald, "Please Mind Your Grace" by German writer Karl Smokal, "Collection of Western Etiquette" edited by American etiquette expert Elizabeth Post, and "Success" compiled by American educator Carnegie "Road Series" etc.

(2) Differences between Chinese and Western etiquette

nDue to the differences in geographical environment, historical background and cultural traditions between the East and the West, there are some differences between Chinese and Western etiquette. There are obvious differences. Here we will give a brief introduction n1. Very different greetings n2. Different reputations for "old" n3. Different banquet terms (fengfeng; catering) n4. Distinct gift-giving etiquette n5. Conversation topics. (Conversation on the train and protecting privacy) n6. Language expression (a Western father thanks his daughter and a Chinese father criticizes his son for being polite); please add!

3. The concept, characteristics and principles of etiquette:

n1. The concept of etiquetten Etiquette is a product of human civilization and is the behavioral norms and standards for people to conduct social interactions. It is embodied in politeness, etiquette, appearance, ceremony, etc. nPolity refers to people’s expressions in the process of communication. Respectful and friendly behavioral norms, such as respecting the elderly, caring for the young, and being hospitable. n Etiquette refers to the way people treat others in social activities, such as visiting, returning visits, waving, etc. n Appearance refers to a person's appearance, such as appearance. , clothing, expressions, postures, etc. n Ceremony refers to activities with special procedures held on certain occasions, such as opening ceremonies, welcome and farewell ceremonies, etc.

n2. Etiquette has three characteristics: (1) *** Homosexuality; (2) Inheritance; (3) Development. n3. The four principles of etiquette: (1) Principle of respect; (2) Principle of observance; (3) Principle of moderation; (4) Principle of self-discipline.