Can Asperger's Syndrome Become a Genius?

Asperger syndrome (AS) is a developmental disorder of nervous system characterized by social difficulties, restricted and abnormal interest and behavior patterns, and belongs to the same kind of generalized developmental disorder as autism in classification. The etiology of the disease is unknown, and the incidence rate may be much higher than that of childhood autism, which is extremely harmful to children's mental health.

The reason for editing this paragraph

At present, children with unknown etiology of the disease

However, studies have shown that heredity, biochemistry, virus infection and some problems during pregnancy and delivery may be the causes of Asperger's syndrome. The probability of suffering from Asperger's syndrome is 0.07%, that is, on average, 7 babies will become patients per 1 10,000 newborns.

Edit the symptoms in this paragraph.

symptom

The clinical features of this syndrome are usually described as: patients

(a) Not understanding other people's emotions; (b) Inappropriate unilateral social communication and lack of ability to establish friendship lead to social isolation; Dull and monotonous language; Lack of nonverbal communication; (e) They show strong receptivity in some limited aspects, such as weather, TV programs, train schedules and maps, but they only memorize them mechanically, but they can't understand them, leaving a strange impression; (f) Clumsy and uncoordinated movements (especially big movements) and strange postures; Abnormal pronunciation. Although all cases were boys when Asperger first reported the disease, girls are also found now. However, boys are obviously more susceptible to this disease. Although most children have normal IQ, a few of them have mild developmental delay. The onset or at least discovery of the disease is often later than autism; Therefore, language and cognitive ability are preserved, which is usually stable. This higher IQ indicates a better long-term prognosis than autism.

clinical picture

1. Children in social interaction

Qualitative damage to the face: AS patients are usually isolated and isolated, and often contact others with some unusual or strange actions. Although patients know the existence of others, they are usually self-centered. For example, they will give endless "speeches" to the audience (usually adults), which are generally about his hobbies or more common unusual and narrow topics. Most patients consider themselves "loners", and they often express interest in making friends and getting to know others. However, due to their clumsy communication skills and inability to understand other people's feelings and wishes (for example, they are tired of longing for leaving, needs and privacy), these wishes often fail to make friends again and again, which gradually makes these children feel depressed, and some even have symptoms of depression and need medication. In the emotional aspect of social communication, patients often show inappropriate reactions and incorrect explanations in the process of emotional communication, and are slow to respond to other people's emotional expressions, rigid in understanding and even indifferent. Nevertheless, they still have the ability to correctly describe others' emotions in a cognitive and inflexible way. The patient's behavioral response strongly depends on formulaic and rigid social behavioral norms and social rules, but it can't understand others' intentions in an intuitive and spontaneous way, so it often shows a disjointed response. This kind of performance leads to a strong impression that AS patients have naive and ridiculous social behavior and stereotyped behavior. These behaviors of AS patients exist at least partially in autistic patients. The difference is that people with autism shrink back. They don't seem interested in the people around them, or they don't realize the existence of others. However, because patients are often eager to even try their best to establish contact with others, they lack the skills to do so. 2. Qualitative defects in language communication: Although there is no obvious functional obstacle in the definition of AS, there are at least three points worthy of attention in the language communication skills of AS. ① Although the patient's word state changes and intonation are not as monotonous and rigid as autism, the rhythm of speech is poor, and factual statements and humorous comments often lack cadence. (2) Words are often off topic and accidental, giving people a feeling of looseness and lack of internal connection and coherence. Although in some cases, this symptom may indicate some kind of thinking disorder, in more cases, the lack of coherence and interaction in this kind of speech is the result of self-centered conversation mode (such as long monologues about names and numbers without emotion), and it can't provide background information for comments, clearly define changes in topics, and stop expressing inner thoughts. ③ The most typical feature of patients' communication style is verbose expression, which some authors think is the most obvious feature to distinguish this disease from other diseases. Patients will keep talking about topics they are interested in, regardless of whether the audience is interested or not, and whether they want to interrupt or change the topic. Although a lot has been said, there is usually no argument. The other side of the conversation may try to discuss the content or logic of the event, or establish contact with related topics, but it is usually unsuccessful. Although all these manifestations can be explained by major defects in actual language skills or (and) lack of insight or awareness of others' expectations, we still need to understand this phenomenon from the perspective of development in order to promote the training of patients' social adaptation skills. 3. Limited, repetitive, fixed-pattern behaviors, interests and activities: What is most often observed in AS is complete devotion to limited interests. They have accumulated a lot of factual knowledge about the topics they are interested in, and often show these facts in their first social interaction with others. Although the actual topic may change (for example, every year or two), it may dominate the content of patients' social interaction and daily activities, and often immerse the whole family in something for a long time. Although this symptom is not easy to find in childhood (because many children will have a strong interest in dinosaurs, popular cartoon characters and so on. ), it will make the symptoms stand out when the topic gradually becomes unusual and narrow. This behavior is very special because patients usually learn a lot of factual information about some limited topics (such as snakes, planet name maps, TV programs or railway timetables). 4. Clumsy exercise: In addition to the above diagnosis basis, there is also a symptom as a related manifestation of AS patients rather than a diagnosis basis, that is, motor retardation and clumsiness. AS patients may have a personal history of backward motor skills development, such as learning to ride a bike, catch a ball and open cans later than their peers. Usually, they are inflexible, stiff in gait, eccentric in posture, poor in operation skills and obviously deficient in visual-motor coordination. Although this manifestation is contrary to the development pattern of autism (usually motor skills are a relatively strong item in autism), it is similar to what is observed in adult autistic patients in some aspects. This commonality may be caused by different reasons, for example, patients may be caused by psychomotor disorders, while in autism, it may be caused by bad self-image and feeling. This requires us to describe this symptom in the context of development.

Edit the diagnosis of this paragraph.

Expression in patients with Asperger's syndrome

The definition of Asperger's disease in DSM-IV (APA 1994): 1. : 1. There are obstacles in social communication, and only the following two situations can be shown for qualitative judgment. ① There are obvious defects in the ability to use some nonverbal behaviors for social communication, such as eye contact, facial expression, body posture and gestures; (2) unable to establish an appropriate partnership commensurate with their age; (3) Lack of spontaneous desire to find others to share happiness, preference or success; ④ Lack of communication and emotional interaction; 2. Persisting in repetitive and unchangeable patterns in behavior preferences and activities shows at least one of the following situations: ① Always in one or more unchangeable and limited interest patterns, and the intensity and concentration of interest are abnormal; (2) Obvious and stubborn adherence to certain special meaningless procedures and ceremonies; (3) Keep some special habits formed by yourself repeatedly; (4) Pay attention to a certain part of the object for a long time; 3. The above obstacles have seriously damaged children's function in social interaction, occupation or other important fields. 4. There is no obvious overall delay in language development with clinical significance (for example, you can speak a word before two years old and know how to use conversation phrases before three years old). 5. There is no obvious clinical delay in the development of children's cognitive ability, self-care ability, adaptive behavior (except social aspects) and curiosity about the external environment. 6. Do not meet other clear diagnostic criteria for generalized developmental delay and schizophrenia.

Edit this symptom check

For patients with Asperger's syndrome, it is impossible to diagnose the disease through examination. It is mainly necessary to observe and accumulate mental behavior in daily life, pay attention to whether there are special manifestations, and diagnose according to the six requirements in symptom diagnosis.

Edit this disease treatment

Brief introduction of treatment

The treatment of Asperger's syndrome is mainly understanding support, sympathy and tolerance. Special education services are necessary, and the acquisition of basic social skills and other adaptability should be encouraged. It is usually difficult for Asperger's patients to participate in in in-depth insight and cooperative psychotherapy, but supportive psychotherapy focusing on sympathetic nerve problems, social difficulties and depression syndrome is also very useful. Accompanied symptoms such as depression can be treated with drugs. Before starting each treatment and intervention plan, a comprehensive and thorough evaluation is needed to understand the child's shortcomings and existing abilities. A comprehensive and comprehensive evaluation includes the evaluation of past and present behaviors (or spirits), the situation of neurobiological functions, communication styles (especially the ability to achieve certain social goals with language or pragmatics) and adaptive behaviors (the ability to tap one's own potential to solve problems encountered in daily life). The final report should describe the children's shortcomings and abilities in these different aspects in detail. Making a correct diagnosis is the last step of evaluation. Every child is different. If you observe a group of children with Asperger's disease, you are likely to be more impressed by their differences than by their similarities. Therefore, it is essential that the intervention plan based on comprehensive and extensive evaluation must meet the unique needs and abilities of the given children. After in-depth discussion of children, personalized education and treatment plans should be made. This detailed guide should be used as a set of reference suggestions when making education, treatment and vocational training plans for individual cases. In short, don't take the correct diagnosis for granted, ask some detailed and personalized things about children, and don't accept some comments about children, which don't include the ability to apply in intervention; And don't accept the intervention plan based on diagnosis only-ask about the appropriate progress of the plan according to the child's current situation, study plan and living conditions, as well as realistic short-term and long-term goals.

medicine

Although there is little information about drug treatment for patients with Asperger's syndrome, conservative treatment based on autism is likely to be adopted. Generally speaking, children should be prevented from receiving drug intervention treatment as much as possible. When patients have depressive symptoms, serious delusions, compulsion or confusion, special drug treatment can be given. Parents should clearly know that drug treatment is only aimed at special accompanying symptoms, not at the disease itself.

psychotherapy

Although the existing psychotherapy has not shown much effect on as, a certain degree of centralized and structured counseling service is of great help to AS patients, especially those who are sad, resistant, anxious, have abnormal family function or have suffered setbacks in finding a job and adapting to society.

motortherapy

Is to stimulate the cerebellum through exercise. That is to say, this scheme directly aims at the problem root of learning difficulties-cerebellar retardation, and uses the automatic mechanism of sports to stimulate the cerebellum to improve the efficiency of brain management in specific areas such as reading, writing, attention and motor coordination, and once it is improved, it will not regress. This possibility of changing the physiological characteristics of the brain is called "neuroplasticity".

Edit this paragraph to understand the concurrent diseases.

Due to the lack of social skills, patients with Asperger's syndrome may suffer from depression after many setbacks and need medical treatment.

Edit this paragraph on disease prevention.

self-sufficiency

Although people with Asperger's syndrome have a strong desire to make friends and hope to have a more active social life, they usually describe themselves as unsociable people. We can promote their social contact by participating in various positive group activities (such as church communities, recreation departments and self-help organizations). Recent empirical research shows that patients with Asperger's syndrome are willing to communicate with other patients with the same problems, and can establish relationships through an activity or sharing hobbies.

adaptive capacity

In any intervention plan, making patients have enough ability in all aspects should be a priority. Because patients' rigid characteristics can be used to cultivate their good habits and improve the quality of life of their individuals and family members. The training methods for patients should strictly follow the above guidelines and be carried out routinely in different natural environments to maximize the promotion of skills.

Inadaptive behavior

Usually, patients are trained by oral instructions and taught special problem-solving methods to solve common and troublesome problems (such as novelty, strong social requirements or setbacks in this regard). This kind of training is very necessary for patients to understand the occurrence of problems and choose the best solution.

Social and communication skills

This skill may be best trained by sociologists who are interested in pragmatics, but if social training institutions can provide patients with enough opportunities to contact trainers and practice special skills, they can also receive training in them. Training courses should include the following aspects: 1) Appropriate nonverbal behaviors (such as staring and changing the tone of learning and imitation when communicating with people). These trainings include imitation training in front of the mirror and so on; 2) Explain other people's nonverbal behaviors with language; 3) Processing visual and auditory information at the same time (cultivating the ability to integrate various stimuli and reducing the difficulty of establishing appropriate social relations); 4) At the same time, cultivate and train patients' social cognition and speaking skills to correct their vague expressions (such as nonverbal expressions).

School curriculum

The course content should be compiled according to the long-term goal, so as to evaluate the effectiveness of each project according to the long-term impact on patients' social skills, career potential and quality of life. Emphasis should be placed on those skills that are relatively close to patients and those that are considered to be closely related to people's professional life (such as writing skills, computing skills, science). If the patient has a special interest in one aspect, it should be restricted and regarded as unusual. It is better to use this interest and talent to find a career in the future. This interest and talent should be cultivated systematically to help patients learn how to study in a planned way (for example, how to use the library, computer internet, etc.). ), and special subjects should be set up to enable patients to get more credits. Special educational methods can be established through communication between community members and patients. It is usually useful to emphasize the use of computer resources, which can be regarded as (1) compensation for the difficulty of typical descriptive motor skills. (2) Stimulating patients' interest in self-learning skills includes using online resources. (3) establish contact with other people with common interests by email. A non-threatening social relationship is more conducive to the development of contacts, including personal contacts.

Vocational training

Generally speaking, adults with Asperger's syndrome can't meet the job requirements when looking for a job, or they can't carry out a job for a long time because of poor interview skills, poor social skills, eccentric behavior and anxiety and aggression. Because they are not qualified for technical jobs, these patients may find manual jobs with the help of kind friends and relatives. However, due to their poor visual motor ability, most of them will fail again, leading to destructive emotional cues. It is very important to provide vocational training for patients with Asperger's syndrome so that they can work in an environment that can be supported and protected to a certain extent (this work must not be limited by their neuropsychological damage). At the same time, these jobs cannot require high social skills.

Edit the identification of this disease

brief introduction

Asperger's syndrome is easily confused with the following diseases.

Schizophrenic personality disorder in children

Some similar diagnostic concepts from adult psychiatry, neuropsychology, neurology and other interdisciplinary subjects are the same AS AS to some extent. For example, Wolff and his colleagues describe a group of people with abnormal behavior patterns, which are characterized by social isolation, rigid thinking habits and abnormal communication methods. This disease is called child-like schizophrenic personality disorder. Unfortunately, there is no further progress in the study of this subject, so it is difficult to determine how many of the cases described here show symptoms similar to autism in their early years. More generally speaking, it is impossible to fully understand the new direction of research progress of this disorder by understanding AS as a fixed personality characteristic, but these research progress plays an important role in differential diagnosis.

Nonverbal learning disabilities

In neuropsychology, many studies focus on the nonverbal learning instructor (NLD) proposed by Locke (1989). The main contribution of this study is to describe the significance of children's social emotional development from the perspective of neuropsychology by studying the soundness and defects of neuropsychology that have a negative impact on people's socialization ability and communication style. The neuropsychological characteristics of NLD patients include: tactile sensation, neuromuscular coordination, visual spatial structure defect, non-verbal problem-solving ability defect, and obstacles in distinguishing and understanding disharmony and humor. NLD patients also show good mechanical language ability and verbal memory. It is difficult to adapt to the new complex environment; Excessive dependence on mechanical behavior to cope with the new environment; Compared with skilled word reading ability, mechanical computing ability is relatively poor; The use and rhythm of language expression are poor; There are obvious defects in social cognition, social judgment and social skills. There are obvious defects in understanding some subtle and obvious nonverbal communication, and they are often discriminated and rejected by others. The results show that NLD patients have obvious social withdrawal tendency, and the risk of developing into serious emotional disorder is high.

Right brain syndrome

Many common clinical features of NLD are described by neurological works as developmental learning difficulties in the right hemisphere of the brain (Denckla,1983; Voller, 1986). Children with these conditions are also used as examples to illustrate that "they are greatly disturbed in expression and communication and some basic interpersonal skills". It is not clear that these two concepts describe two completely different diseases, or more likely provide different kinds of observation and analysis methods. However, these two diseases overlap, and some people have at least some common symptoms.

autism

AS has many similarities with autism, especially high-functioning autism. Some researchers cannot explain the results of other researchers; Clinicians make the diagnosis of AS at will according to their own understanding or misunderstanding of AS; Parents and schools are at a loss about the diagnostic name of this detour; What is even more worrying is that no one knows how to treat it, and there is almost no publicly released information about education and treatment of parents and clinicians. It was not until as was formally defined in DSM-IV(APA, 1994) that this chaotic situation was improved to some extent. This definition is based on a large-scale international experiment involving 1000 children and adolescents with autism or related disorders (Volkmar et al.). This experiment reveals some evidence that AS is a diagnostic category independent of autism, and it belongs to pervasive developmental disorder like autism. More importantly, it establishes a unified definition of AS, which should be used as a reference for diagnosis. However, the problem is far from being solved. Except for some new research progress, our understanding of AS is still very limited. For example, we don't have exact figures to show how common it is and the prevalence rate of men and women; In addition, the disease is related to heredity, which increases the possibility of similar situations among family members, and so on.

Edit this special case

It has been reported in the media that a super-intelligent 18-year-old New Zealand teenager used viruses to invade10.3 million computers in the United States, the Netherlands and New Zealand, stealing credit card numbers, manipulating stock trading, and even destroying the company's computer system, resulting in a loss of at least $25 million. He fought bravely with the FBI and the New Zealand police, but was finally captured by the police. According to the analysis of scientists, this "genius" teenager suffers from Asperger's syndrome and has an extraordinary IQ. In Sanshui, Foshan, a 7-year-old boy suffers from similar Asperger's syndrome. His IQ is very high: when he can open his mouth, he already knows a lot of Chinese characters; After taking a look at the puzzles, he can completely remember the original position of each puzzle and put it back completely and correctly; Although he is only seven years old at present, he has learned many college English words. Even standing a few meters away, he can remember other people's gestures to change the computer password and crack it, just like a special agent. Interview "child prodigy" in rehabilitation center. The reporter never stopped. He met Xiao Hao, a 7-year-old prodigy, at Foshan New Hope Rehabilitation Center. Xiao Hao's mother came from Sanshui to take care of him because of the need of treatment. When the reporter saw them, Xiao Hao was receiving acupuncture treatment of traditional Chinese medicine. Although his head was covered with needles, he was still full of energy and kept running around the clinic and corridor. Xiao Hao is no different from other children of the same age in appearance. His mother told reporters that loving sports is a major feature of Xiaohao at present and also their biggest concern. "His behavior control is very poor, running around. In the street, we really dare not let go, for fear that he will be hit by a car. " Xiao Hao talked to himself during the treatment, chanting English words for a while, imitating the characters in different cartoons such as Joy, Big Wolf and Altman, and combining these characters in one scene. "He has been full of energy since he was a child, living in his own world and not wanting to be idle for a moment!" Mom said. Surprise: Xiao Hao's mother, who was found to have extraordinary intelligence when she was two and a half years old, said that he and her husband were both from Meizhou and had lived in Sanshui, Foshan for 10 years. On April 25th, 2002, Xiao Hao was born, which brought infinite joy to his family. "Everything is normal from pregnancy to birth. It was not until Xiaohao was two and a half years old that he found himself different from other children! " Soon after Xiao Hao could speak, he knew many words in books and on TV. As parents, they are very happy to see their children's extraordinary intelligence. Neighbors who live nearby also know that there is a "child prodigy" in his family. After discovering Xiao Hao's amazing memory, his parents bought him many English CDs. "When the TV is on, he will read along. Soon he will remember English words, and once he remembers them, he will never forget them again! " However, Xiao Hao is not interested in mathematics at all, and even doesn't know how to calculate simple addition and subtraction within 10. Confusion: Three kindergartens were returned by teachers. The reporter learned that with the growth of Xiaohao's age, his parents sent him to kindergarten, but they were all sent back by the teacher, and the longest stay in kindergarten was only one day. One morning in September 2004, my parents sent Xiaohao to kindergarten. "It was delivered at 9 o'clock in the morning, and at noon 1 1, the kindergarten teacher called and said,' I can't stand it', let's take it back!" In September of the following year, Xiaohao entered the kindergarten again and was returned. After another half year, the couple sent Xiaohao to kindergarten for the third time. After a day, Xiao Hao was sent back again. At this point, they realized that Xiao Hao might have some defects. Especially with the approaching school age, Xiaohao's education has become the most puzzling thing for his parents. "Send him to school, afraid of affecting other children in class. But he has the right to receive education. What should he do? " How amazing a prodigy is: he never forgets to restore the puzzle. Xiaohao has a super memory. When he was 4 years old, his father bought him a jigsaw puzzle consisting of 100 pieces. Xiao Hao looked at the original picture and fiddled with it. After messing up the puzzle again, he was able to put it back in its original position accurately without any logical order. At the New Hope Rehabilitation Center, the reporter witnessed Xiaohao's memory ability. When speaking English, he picked up a small puzzle at random and gently put it on the puzzle. In a few minutes, he put 65,438+000 pieces of puzzle back completely, without any change. At present, his parents have bought him ten puzzles, and Xiaohao can put them back completely without rules. To the surprise of Xiaohao's father, Mr. Gan, his son Xiaohao has another super memory ability. In order to prevent his son from indulging in computer games, Mr. Gan secretly changed the computer password. Unexpectedly, Xiao Hao, who stood a few meters away, remembered his gesture. After he left, he quietly ran to the computer keyboard, tried several times, and easily cracked the password, just like a special agent. Status quo: A prodigy has become an English "madman" because a relative opened a kindergarten in Shenzhen, and Mr. Gan sent Xiaohao there. In the kindergarten in Shenzhen, it is the time when Xiaohao likes English crazily. He gets up in the morning from "Good morning!" From the beginning to sleep at night, everyone speaks English, because he always speaks English, so that he plays a joke. Once, a child came home and said to his mother, "Mom, there is a foreign child in our kindergarten!" " He likes English, but in many cases, the superposition of two words can't express what he wants to express. He is right! "Teacher Gan said that Xiaohao's understanding ability and logical thinking ability are relatively backward, and what he remembers is completely" mechanical "and has no digestion." Fortunately, there is a foreign teacher in the kindergarten in Shenzhen. He is very helpful to Xiao Hao's English. He helped Xiaohao correct many wrong pronunciations and usages. "Mr. Gan said that Xiao Hao has been in kindergarten in Shenzhen for more than a year, and he can talk to foreign teachers alone every day. Because of Xiaohao's specialty in English, his brothers and sisters who are several years older than him have encountered difficulties in English and have turned to him for help. " He can recite a whole English book almost accurately, not only speaking but also writing, that is, when he learns English, he can be very devoted and calm down! "

Edit this paragraph. How to distinguish Asperger's syndrome?

1. Children with schizophrenia personality disorder. Some similar diagnostic concepts from adult psychiatry, neuropsychology, neurology and other interdisciplinary subjects are the same AS AS to some extent. For example, Wolff and his colleagues describe a group of people with abnormal behavior patterns, which are characterized by social isolation, rigid thinking habits and abnormal communication methods. This disease is called child-like schizophrenic personality disorder. Unfortunately, there is no further progress in the study of this subject, so it is difficult to determine how many of the cases described here show symptoms similar to autism in their early years. More generally speaking, it is impossible to fully understand the new direction of research progress of this disorder by understanding AS as a fixed personality characteristic, but these research progress plays an important role in differential diagnosis. 2. Non-language learning disabilities. In neuropsychology, many studies focus on the non-verbal learning disorder (NLD) proposed by Locke (1989). The main contribution of this study is to describe the significance of children's social emotional development from the perspective of neuropsychology by studying the soundness and defects of neuropsychology that have a negative impact on people's socialization ability and communication style. The neuropsychological characteristics of NLD patients include: tactile sensation, neuromuscular coordination, visual spatial structure defect, non-verbal problem-solving ability defect, and obstacles to distinguish and understand disharmony and humor. NLD patients also show good mechanical language ability and verbal memory. It is difficult to adapt to the new complex environment; Excessive dependence on mechanical behavior to cope with the new environment; Compared with skilled word reading ability, mechanical computing ability is relatively poor; The use and rhythm of language expression are poor; There are obvious defects in social cognition, social judgment and social skills. There are obvious defects in understanding some subtle and obvious nonverbal communication, and they are often discriminated and rejected by others. The results show that NLD patients have obvious social withdrawal tendency, and the risk of developing into serious emotional disorder is high. 3. Right brain syndrome. Many common clinical features of NLD are described by neurological works as developmental learning difficulties in the right hemisphere of the brain (Denckla,1983; Voller, 1986). Children with these conditions are also used as examples to illustrate that "they are greatly disturbed in expression and communication and some basic interpersonal skills". It is not clear that these two concepts describe two completely different diseases, or more likely provide different kinds of observation and analysis methods. However, these two diseases overlap, and some people have at least some common symptoms. 4. autism. AS has many similarities with autism, especially high-functioning autism. Some researchers cannot explain the results of other researchers; Clinicians make the diagnosis of AS at will according to their own understanding or misunderstanding of AS; Parents and schools are at a loss about the diagnostic name of this detour; What is even more worrying is that no one knows how to treat it, and there is almost no publicly released information about education and treatment of parents and clinicians. It was not until as was formally defined in DSM-IV(APA, 1994) that this chaotic situation was improved to some extent. This definition is based on a large-scale international experiment involving 1000 children and adolescents with autism or related disorders (Volkmar et al.). This experiment reveals some evidence that AS is a diagnostic category independent of autism, and it belongs to pervasive developmental disorder like autism. More importantly, it establishes a unified definition of AS, which should be used as a reference for diagnosis. However, the problem is far from being solved. Except for some new research progress, our understanding of AS is still very limited. For example, we don't have exact figures to show how common it is and the prevalence rate of men and women; In addition, the disease is related to heredity, which increases the possibility of similar situations among family members, and so on.