Alternative names for letters

The abbreviation of letters as "letters" is something that only happened in modern times. In the long historical process, due to the evolution of writing materials and other reasons, letters have many aliases and good names. Here are a few of them.

Handwritten letters, family letters, messenger letters, simple slips

Letters can also be divided into many types, such as official letters, private letters, casual letters, handwritten letters, family letters, love letters, etc. Now we will briefly introduce the other names of handwriting, family letters, text messages, and

notes. A handwritten letter is a letter written by one's own hand. It definitely contains the meaning of importance, authenticity and not counterfeiting, so it is often different from other nicknames for ordinary letters.

For example, "Book of Han·Xue Xuan": "Feng Yi respects the order, and also recites the ten gold Dharma weights, and cannot bear to violate the seal. Therefore, the secret is written in handwriting, and I hope you will make your own progress and retreat."

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"Violence" means exposure.

"Handwriting is also called "handwritten letter", "handwritten note", "handwritten letter", "handwritten letter", "handwritten letter", "handwritten letter", "handwritten note", "handwritten note", "footprint" "And so on.

Examples are as follows:

Notes: Bai Juyi's poem "Su Xiangshan Temple Reward Guangling Niu Xianggong Sees Me": "An eight-line poem about hand gifts, no reason to meet each other" But still. ”

Han Yu: Han Yu’s "Book with Liu Zhongcheng of Ezhou": "This is the same as before. I often talk about my sincerity, and I return the favor to Han Yu, which makes me even more happy."

Han Yu : "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" thirty-sixth: "(Cheng Yu) treated Xu's mother like his own mother, always giving gifts, and must have a hand to open them. Xu's mother also started to answer. ”

Handbook: Shen Defu of the Ming Dynasty’s "Ye Huo Bian·Taiwan Province·Fang Xinyu Shiyu": "The crowd in Fang Nian couldn't stop shouting, and his power was solitary, so he sent out two people to support him beforehand and later." Please submit your invitations for viewing. "

Chi Mo: "Hanyuan New Book·Dai Xianglu (Shangganzhou Zhoufu Banqi)": "Compiled Mo Chi Mo, covered with Li Cun Dan. "

Handwriting: Things written or drawn by hand are called handwriting. Therefore, handwritten letters are also called handwriting. Liu Yuxi's "Shang Du Situ Qi": "Xu Shijun, who is near this state, arrived and sent a handwritten letter. ”

Handwritten notes and handwritten notes: Articles and letters written by oneself are called “handwritten notes”; notes, diaries and letters written by oneself are called “handwritten notes”. For example, Zhang Juzheng in the Ming Dynasty’s "Book to the Governor of Jizhen": " Yesterday, I happened to see Zhao Shuai send me a note from Li Zixin. "Lu Xun's novel "Sorrow" is subtitled "Juansheng's Notes". It refers to letters from home or letters sent to home after going out. Family letters are also called "family letters", "family reports", "family questions", "family reports", "Hometown Letter", "Hometown Letter", "Bamboo Newspaper for Peace", "Jin Zi", "Jin Book", "Jin Wen", "Jin Zhong Shu", "Jin Zi Shu", "Huang Dog Yin", " "Big book" and so on.

"Family vote" has been mentioned in Guo Moruo's letter in the previous article. The other examples are as follows:

Family letter: "Wen" written by Zhao Bian (bian pronunciation changed) in Song Dynasty The poem "The Bandit Outside the Mountains": "A letter from home is as rare as ten thousand times as much gold, and I don't know the way back from a distant dream." "

Family questions: "Book of Zhou·Jin Dang Gong Protector's Biography": "Unexpectedly today, I have to ask all the family questions, crouching on the paper and sobbing without expressing my feelings. "

Family newspaper: Li Yu's "Phantom Tower·Biography": "There is also a family newspaper from the slave family. You can send a good servant to Dongting Longguan. "

Hometown letter: Sun Daoqian's "Inscription on the Reminiscences of the Sickbed in Xiaoluo An: Crying for My Sister": "As soon as I started reading the hometown letter, I burst into tears because I felt so unfavorable. "

Hometown letters: refers to letters from people in hometown or family members, but mostly refers to the latter. Liu Changqing's poem "Going to the Tower with the Dukes" of the Tang Dynasty: "Looking north, there are no letters from home, and tourists traveling by car are stranded. "

Bamboo News of Peace: Duan Chengshi of the Tang Dynasty's "Sequel to the Youyang Miscellaneous Group·Zhi Zhixia" said: "Duke Wei (i.e. Li Deyu, the prime minister of the Tang Dynasty) said that only Tongzi Temple in the northern capital (i.e. Taiyuan) has A bamboo nest is only a few feet long. According to legend, the temple gangwei (the monk in charge of the affairs of the temple) uses bamboo to report peace every day. Later, the letter to the Ping An family was replaced by "Bamboo Newspaper for Peace", also referred to as "Bamboo Newspaper". For example, Han Yuanji, a Song Dynasty poet, wrote a poem in "Shui Diao Ge Tou· Xiang Shan Yun Wang Dehe": "No guest asks about life and death, but there is bamboo." Peace. "

The word Jin: a word made of brocade, originating from a sad story. "Book of Jin·The Biography of Dou Tao's Wife Su" contains: "Dou Tao's wife Su was a native of Shiping. Also, his name is Hui, his courtesy name is Ruolan, and he is good at literature.

Tao, Fu Jian was the governor of Qinzhou at the time, and was moved (exiled) to Liusha (desert). Su thought about it, and woven a brocade into a palindrome poem as a gift, and read it in a loop. The words are very sad, and there are three hundred poems. Forty words, too many articles to record. Later, the letters sent by the wife to her husband were called "jinzi". For example, Fan Chengda's poem "Tao Zhong" said: "There is no brocade in the guest's sorrow, but there are lanterns in the hometown letter." "Jin Zi Shu" is also called "Jin Zi Shu", "Jin Wen", "Jin Shu" and "Jin Zhong Shu".

Jin Zi Shu: Li Bai's poem "Long Farewell": "Farewell to Spring" When I finally returned home, I saw cherry blossoms again through the jade window. There is a brocade calligraphy book, which is opened and sealed for people to review.

Brocade text: Feng Menglong's "Guazhi'er·Patience": "The brocade text is woven, and Bo Xing returns to the face." Bo Xing is like an enemy. It is a nickname used by women in the old days for the person they love.

Book of Brocade: Tang Dynasty Liu Jian's poem "Conquest of Women's Resentments": "I once sent a book of brocade with infinite meaning, why did Sai Hong not come back?"

Book of Brocade: Tang Gengmao (wei soundwei) ) "Ancient Meaning" poem: "The silver candles under the leaves are cold outside the window, and the cry comes from the Book of Caojin."

Huang Quanyin: The allusion comes from "Book of Jin Lu Ji Zhuan". Lu Ji, a writer of the Western Jin Dynasty, was a native of Wu County, Wu County (now Songjiang, Shanghai). He had a very good dog named Huang Er. He was detained in Luoyang, the capital at that time. He had not received a letter from his family for a long time, and he missed it very much. One day he smiled and said to the dog: "My family has absolutely no letters. Can you deliver them?" ?" Huang Er wagged his tail, indicating that it was okay. So Lu Ji wrote the letter in bamboo slips and tied it around the dog's neck. The dog went south to find his way home, got the reply and sent it back to Luoyang. Later, "Huang Er" or "Huang Dog" was used to refer to the messenger, and "Huang Dog Yin" was used to refer to family letters. The second fold of the fifth volume of Wang Shifu's "The Romance of the West Chamber": "It is difficult to convey red leaf poetry without the yellow dog's tone." The yellow dog's tone is also called the "dog book". For example, Li He's "Remembering Changgu Mountain Residence in Beginning to Pay Rites" states: "The dog book once went to Luo, and the crane disease regretted traveling to Qin." "Crane disease" means that his wife is sick. Cun Jian is a short letter, also known as "Cun Jian", "Cun Paper", "Cun Chu", "Cun Letter", "Cun Letter" and "Cun Letter". Sometimes these epithets are also used to refer to letters sent by oneself. Here are a few examples:

Inch slips: Xia Zengyou's poem "Farewell to Wang Yibai": "Through the ages, the heart's expectations depend on the inch slips, and Jiuzhou is easy to fall into oblivion." "Heart expectations" refers to expectations and wishes. "曛" (xun sound) means dark.

Inch note: Lu Xun's "Collection of Letters to Gao Liangfuzi": "I specially write this inch note to express my gratitude." "kun" means sincerity.

An inch of paper: The words of Qiu Jin's "Niannujiao·Send to My Girlfriend": "Thousands of farewell threads, countless separation and hatred, it should be difficult to cut through an inch of paper."

Cunchu: Taiping Heavenly Kingdom "Letter to the Envoy of Ying" written by Luo Diyun: "I am borrowing Yu's stool today to repair the Cun Cuzha." Letters to each other.

Cun Letter: Lu Xun's "Collected Letters to Li Liewen": "I sent a Cun letter in the evening and wrote another one at night.

Letter is an important tool for disseminating information. It was even more important before there were modern communication tools such as telegraph and telephone.

“The beacon fire lasts for three months, and a letter from home is worth ten thousand gold” (Du Fu’s poem "Spring Outlook"),

"Suddenly I read a book from a distance a hundred times, and my eyes got dizzy and I picked up the broken lamp. "(Poem "He Zhongdi Erjue" by Liu Kezhuang, a poet of the Song Dynasty). These verses illustrate the importance people attach to letters. Therefore, under the sway of the literati's pen, many nicknames for letters came into being. Letter: In modern times, it is generally called a letter or a letter, but in ancient times it was more commonly called a "book". In ancient times, "letter" refers to the messenger, that is, the person who delivers the letter, and the book is the letter. Therefore, letters composed of the word "书" have many more nicknames than the word "信".

Shuwen: The word "ask" has the meaning of news, greetings, and notifications. So "book questions" are letters. For example, Lu Xun wrote in his letter "To Xu Shoushang": "Although I have many old acquaintances with my father-in-law in Beijing, I have not learned about books for a long time, so I have nothing to rely on." It says: "There are few documents and letters on the pile, and few tattoos on the door."

Submission: Chapter 2 of "Shui You Zhuan": "I wrote a letter to submit, but Gao Qiu sent it."

Secretary: In modern times, secretary mostly refers to the heads of organizations at all levels in political parties or groups, but in ancient times, it mostly refers to people who are engaged in official documents and correspondence work, or letters, writing, etc. Zeng Gong from the Song Dynasty wrote in his "Report to Zeng Shizhong in Fuzhou": "Although there is sincerity and diligence, there is no courtesy of a secretary to greet you.

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Eight lines, eight lines of script: In ancient times, each page of letter paper usually had eight lines, so letters were called "eight lines" or "eight lines of script". Li Yu's "Yi Zhong Yuan·Wu Zhi": "Eight lines" Tell me what's on your mind. "Xing Tai, a native of the Northern Qi Dynasty, wrote in the poem "Qi Wei Daoxun's Late Spring Banquet": "Who can do everything inside and outside, and only send eight lines of calligraphy. ”

Book tube: The book tube originally refers to the postbox where letters are stored, and is used to refer to letters. For example, Zhao Fan of the Song Dynasty wrote in the poem "Cheng Jicheng": "But I'm afraid there are no wild geese in Hengyang. The book tube It doesn’t take much thought. "

Book title: "Ti" is also used as a writing slip. "Shi Ming·Shi Shu Qi" says: "The writing slip is called a title." "So the title of the book is the letter. For example, "Southern History·Illustrated Biography of Zhoushan": "The title of the book (Illustrated Biography of Zhoushan) is very clumsy. It is straightforward and few words, and it does not mean that the person lacks talents."

Shuzi : This is the verbal title of the letter. For example, Chapter 120 of "A Dream of Red Mansions": "That day, Jia Zheng's family returned home and presented the letter."

青鸟书: Qingwu is the legendary character. Divine Birds. According to the "Book of Mountains and Seas·Xishan Jing", there are three bluebirds living on the Sanwei Mountain, and their main tasks are to fetch food and deliver messages to the Queen Mother of the West. Said: "On July 7, I went up (referring to Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty) in the Chenghua Hall. In the middle, suddenly a blue bird came from the west and gathered in front of the hall. I asked Dongfang Shuo, who said: 'This is where the Queen Mother of the West wants to come.' After a while, When the Queen Mother arrived, there were two bluebirds like crows, and the knights were waiting beside the Queen Mother. Later generations called the messenger "Blue Bird" or "Blue Bird Envoy", and the letter was called "Blue Bird Letter". For example, Wang Shifu's "Four Pieces of Jade" suite: "Also. No blue bird comes, but the yellow dog sounds good. Every day, he is sick and lazy and goes to the dressing table. "Li Shangyin has a famous saying: "The blue bird is diligent to visit." Letter: The letter originally refers to the envelope, and a letter is called a letter. . —A set of letters is also called a letter. Later, letters were used to refer to letters. For example, in "Fu Yu" written by Fu Xuan in the Jin Dynasty: "(Cao Cao) appointed Ye (Liu Ye) as his confidant. Whenever there was any doubt, he would send a letter. Ask Ye, dozens of ears a night."

Letter: also refers to letters. For example, Sun Yat-sen's "Letter to Prince Kuang": "You must read the letter to Brother Heng to learn everything."

Letter, letter, letter: the nicknames of these three letters are self-explanatory and needless to say. Jian: originally refers to the writing material from the Warring States Period to the Wei and Jin Dynasties. It is a long and narrow bamboo piece or wooden board. The bamboo piece is called a Jian. They are called Zha or Diao, and are collectively called bamboo slips. These are all used as titles for letters. Although the writing materials changed later, these titles were still used. For example, Liu Zongyuan's "Reply to Gongshi Yuan Gongjin's Lunshi Jinshu": "Hui Zhi Lai Jian". , receive immeasurable gifts." In addition, there are "letter slips", "shu slips", "shu slips", "slip slips", "slip notes", "shou slips", "hand slips", "shu". "牍", "糍獍", "汉牍", "Letter", "Hanzha", "Shuzha", "Cambodian post", "Letter", etc. are also names for letters.

Letter: Ke Yan's "Strange Letter": "So I developed this hobby: reading letters. Read all the letters that I and society allow me to read."

Slips, Letters: The two generally refer to documents and letters. For example, Xiao Qian's "The Woman Without a Map": "There are articles sent from Yan'an or from behind enemy lines, and there are also slips from writers reporting their whereabouts.

Slips: For example, Lu Xun's letter "To Li Bingzhong": "The letter asked me to write a letter and remind you and introduce it. I will write it now and attach it. But even if I meet him, I am afraid that I will not get the point, and it will still be the same as if I have not met before. Besides, I am not good at conciseness. You can't write a slip that can be heard in a round and round way!"

Brief post: Su Shi's "Book of Letters to Zhang Yuanming": "I got Wang Lang's brief post in the courtyard like this. I'm sending it now, so I'm going to stop and get busy. "

Muff and hand: Lu You's "Notes on Laoxue'an" said: "When Chunxi returned to the court at the end of the year, the scholars used small paper four or five inches high and a wide ruler to communicate with each other. It's called handwriting. "Shou Jian is also called Shou Bi, as "Erya Shiqi" says: "Jian is called Bi. "Tongya" written by Fang Yizhi of the Ming Dynasty said: "Zijing of the Song Dynasty completed the work with hand slips. Later, the letter was generally called a hand slip or a hand letter. For example, Lu Xun's "To Xu Shouchang" wrote: "It must be written on March 2nd and sent to Xin Wei for reading." "Xin" means the same as "xin", and "wei" is the ancient word for "comfort".

Book slips: For example, "Liang Shu·Fan Yun Biography": "When you live in the country, you will be elected as an official, and your appointment will be solemn. The case is full, the door is full of guests, and the responses are flowing, without any stagnation. ”

Gan Slip: The pole refers to the bamboo slips.

"Pingzhou Ke Tan" by Zhu Yu of the Song Dynasty: "Yangzhai Tianwang, diligent in writing, and never tired of sending dozens of letters every day." (Yangzhai, place name. Tianwang, person's name)

Letter: For example, Lu Xun's letter "To Li Bingzhong" said: "As for the money, if it is lent to someone else, the letter will be reversed, and the letter will be reversed again and again, and in the end the key will not be obtained, which will be the same as selling a manuscript."

Letters: For example, "Three Kingdoms, Shu Chronicles, Qiaozhou Biography": "Study the Six Classics carefully, and you are especially good at writing letters."

Letters: Mao Dun's "Three People Walking" said: "He walked to the desk and opened it. A small wooden box, filled with letters in the middle."

Letter: For example, Zhu Ziqing wrote in "Bai Cai": "But Ping Boy often exchanged letters with him because of the letter. "Cambodian": "Cambodian" refers to "Jian", which is the collective name for letters and famous posts. Such as letters, invitations, etc. For example, in the Yuan Dynasty drama "Hundred Flowers Collection": "Yesterday, the king's servant sent a Cambodian letter to Wang Lang."

Cambodian post: generally refers to letters, posts, etc. For example, Volume 11 of "Surprise at the Second Moment": "A young man came up to me like someone from afar, kowtowed to Mrs. Lu, and said, 'Guan Zheng has a letter to pay homage to my lady,' and handed over a card. ."

Letter: that is, letters. For example, Sun Yat-sen said in his "Notice of Appreciation to Various Groups in Wuhan": "There are still letters and invitations, but due to time constraints, I have not been able to receive instructions one by one. I have failed to meet everyone's expectations. I am really sorry, and I still hope for understanding." John: It originally refers to pheasant or bird feathers. Because the ancients used feathers as pens, it was called writing brush. It was further extended to the written words written with the pen, and it also mostly referred to letters.

For example, in the poem "Gift to Xu Lingyuan" by Ye Shi of the Song Dynasty: "Seeing Han today is like meeting the ancients in person." Other names for letters composed of Chinese characters are:

Shuhan: Shuhan generally refers to letters written in calligraphy and ink. Later it was often used to refer to letters.

Zha Han: "The Biography of Xiahou Daoqian in the Book of Wei": "Although Dao Qian was not very knowledgeable, he read the history of calligraphy and leisurely studied rulers and tablets, and it makes sense for Zha Han to go back and forth." Yuan Yuan Consult with Guangbo.

Tong Han: "Zheng Qinyue's Theory of Ancient Inscriptions of Datong" compiled by Li Jifu of the Tang Dynasty: "When the envoy arrived, he suddenly insulted Jian Han, using Huan Jianhuai." Humiliation, a word of modesty, is used in this sentence as a gift. Talk to. Huan means cleansing and widening.

Hanzha: Song Dynasty Wenying's "Yu Hu Qing Hua": "(Li Jianzhong) is good at Hanzha, and his writing is particularly skillful."

Su: Similar to Jian, both are written Material. Su is white raw silk. Ancient people used it to write things, so it became synonymous with books and letters.

Other names for letters composed of plain characters are:

Plain calligraphy: Du Fu's poem "Late Autumn Sends Xing Xing to Su Huan to Serve the Emperor": "Long-term guests often waste letters from friends and friends, and plain letters are like a bunch of Yue Fan."