The unique Bazhong culture of Bazhong cliff statues

Bazhong City is located at the southern foot of Micang Mountain in northeastern Sichuan. It borders Dazhou, Sichuan to the east, Guangyuan, Sichuan to the west, Nanchong, Sichuan to the south, and Hanzhong, southern Shaanxi to the north. It is high in the north and low in the south, with concentrated poverty. Large mountainous area. With a total area of ??12,325 square kilometers, it governs one district (Bazhou District), three counties (Nanjiang, Tongjiang, and Pingchang), 172 towns, 2,355 administrative villages, and a population of 3.7 million.

Bazhong has a long history. As early as around 17,000 BC, humans were thriving here. In ancient times, it belonged to the territory of Yugong Liangzhou. In the Spring and Autumn Period, it was under the jurisdiction of Bazi Kingdom. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, it was under the jurisdiction of Danqu County of Bajun (now Chongqing City). In the first year of Emperor He of the Eastern Han Dynasty (AD 89), the north of Danqu (today's Bazhong City, Wanyuan, and Da County in Sichuan, and the northwest area of ????Xuanhan) was established in Hanchang County (today's Bazhou Town, Bazhou District). In the sixth year of Jian'an (AD 201) of Emperor Xian of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Brazil County (today's Baoning Town, Langzhong, Sichuan) was established and then under the jurisdiction of Brazil County. In the third year of Yanchang of Xuanwu in the Northern Wei Dynasty (AD 514), Bazhou was first established. Year) was renamed Bazhong. On December 18, 1932, the Fourth Front Army of the Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army arrived at Lianghekou of Tongjiang County via Yuebashan in southern Shaanxi, and liberated Tongjiang County on the 25th, Bazhou on January 23, 1933, and Nanjiang on February 1, 1933. Immediately, the Sichuan-Shaanxi Provincial Committee of the Communist Party of China and the Sichuan-Shaanxi Provincial Soviet Government were established, and the party, government, and military headquarters were established in Tongjiang. In June 1933, the headquarters organization moved from Tongjiang to Bazhou. Bazhong Prefecture was established in October 1993, and Bazhong City was established in 2000. The municipal government is located in Bazhou Town, Bazhou District, with a population of 250,000. It is the political, economic, cultural and transportation center of Bazhong.

During the Qin and Han Dynasties, Bazhong had Bashui (now Tongjiang River) and Yushui (now Nanjiang River and Bahe) running through the entire territory. Historically, this place was called "Bayu". Because the Xi people (a branch of the Ba people) who lived in the two river basins called this place "Basi", the "Bayu Dance" named by Emperor Gaozu of the Han Dynasty came from this place. In addition, because the Zhi people liked to sing and dance, were brave and good at fighting, and Gaozu made great contributions to conquering the Zhi people and pacifying the Three Qin Dynasties, Gaozu designated it "Hanchang" when the county was first established. At the end of the Ming Dynasty and the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, wars were common, plagues were widespread, and a large number of people died. Ninety percent of the current residents are descendants of the Ba people who immigrated during the "Huguang filling in Sichuan" in the early Qing Dynasty - the Han people who were Han Chinese after the Tujia people. There are a small number of Hui people living in the Han areas.

Bazhong is located to the south of Micang Mountain in the Qinba Mountains. Within the territory, Bayu and Chongqing are connected to Chongqing under water. The Bazhong people built the Micang Ancient Road (Baling Road, Daxing Road) is an important passage connecting Chang'an in the Guanzhong Plain at the top and Chengdu in the Shu region at the bottom. Therefore, it is also the intersection of the northern culture of the Yellow River Basin and the southern culture of the Yangtze River Basin. Bazhong has a long history and rich cultural heritage. There are over 100 cliff statues in the city, most of which were built in the Tang Dynasty. Among them, the South Niche, West Niche, North Niche and Shuining Temple statues are national key cultural relics protection units, and the Thousand Buddha Rock statues are provincial cultural relics protection units. In Bazhou District, there are more than 2,100 statues in 156 niches in the south; more than 300 statues in 27 niches in Shuining Temple; more than 1,900 statues in 59 niches in Xikongshan; and more than 300 statues in 24 niches in the north niche. There are more than 3,000 statues in 51 niches at Thousand Buddha Cliff across the river, and 184 statues in 20 niches at Luban Temple in Bairuxi. The above six statues are large in scale, have far-reaching influence and are of extraordinary value. In addition, there is also a Taoist story statue, including 12 statues in 6 niches in Woniu Mountain, Zengkou Town, Bazhou.

The Bazhong cliff statues have many characteristics, including exquisite shapes and meticulous craftsmanship. They gather statues from various Buddhist sects. Taking the cliff statues in the south niche as an example, they not only have various forms of lintels and edge carvings, but are also decorated with colorful clusters of beads and curtain tassels, which also show a religious and mysterious color. There are a lot of flying angel music, not only there are many brands of musical instruments, but also flying angels have different postures, which is a concentrated reflection of the religious culture of the Tang Dynasty in Bazhong. The craftsmanship is mainly based on realistic techniques, with lifelike images and graceful postures, which are comparable to Dunhuang murals. The art of sculpture is relatively national and secular, with plumpness and robustness as the beauty. The costumes have developed from the Buddhist "right shoulder style" and "shoulder-wide style" to the Chinese "injustice style". The statues in Shuining Temple all adopt high relief and round carving techniques, which show the beauty of the lines of the human body and make the statues more exquisite. In 1992, Mr. Duan Wenjie, a professor at the China Dunhuang Art Academy, inspected the Bazhou stone statues and wrote an inscription to praise: "Water Ning Sheng Tang’s colorful carvings rank first in the country” and “Bazhong Grottoes are a national treasure”. Bazhong's ethnic and folk culture has a long history, is diverse, rich in content, distinctive and of high value. For example, "Bashan Folk Songs", there are more than 3,000 published folk songs alone.

There are labor songs that focus on productive labor, there are also children's songs that educate children, there are minor story songs that are sung for leisure in the courtyard, and there are also solemn and solemn ritual songs. In short, there are field songs when going to the fields, gongs and drums when plowing the grass, and Yangge when plowing the rice fields. There are various ceremonial songs recited by masons, earthworkers and carpenters during the process of building houses, there are wailing wedding and singing hall songs specially used for wedding customs, and drinking ceremony ceremonial songs and reports recited by Mr. Zhike Si Yali. There are various ceremonial songs in Cambodian, including memorial songs and filial piety songs used in funeral customs, ceremonial songs used in the pig butcher's hyena ceremony, there are songs to announce the way, and there are two songs to carry the husband. There are also ritual songs for inviting rain, spring songs told by spring officials, songs for tricking pigs and cows to stop bleeding, Buddhist songs for burning incense and worshiping Buddha, magic songs for wizards, folk songs for children such as marrying caterpillars, burning soil silkworms, and sending lice... In short, There are songs to sing in each of the seventy-two lines in Bazhong. Among them, Maoshan songs that sing about love life account for more than 80%.

Among the folk ritual songs, sacrificial songs and tactic songs have the longest history. Special emphasis is placed on the power of language in the rituals. Original language must be used in use, and improvisation is not allowed. Otherwise, the gods will not understand and the purpose of the rituals will not be achieved. Various etiquettes used in Bazhong funeral rituals The text, the three offerings before leaving the hall and the three offerings to the spirit are all copied from the Ming Dynasty. The various filial piety texts used to encourage filial piety, teach filial piety and other poems are exactly the same as the poems in the Book of Songs, such as "Polygonum is used to plant E, and bandit my Yi." Artemisia, I mourn my parents, who labored hard to give birth to me." It was about 3,000 years ago. The largest number of seven-character metrical poems in Bazhong folk songs can be traced back to "Bayao Song" written in the 31st year of Qin Shihuang, which has a history of more than 2,000 years.

Lyrics: Mainly regular seven-character metrical poems, but also some five-character poems, but less frequently. For example, "Xianmei is as fair and fair as tofu that has just been unwrapped; the soft tofu that has just been unwrapped will swell with a gentle squeeze of water." Its expression techniques adopt the traditional Fu, Bi and Xing, and select the most typical things in Bashan people's life, and summarize and describe them in an artistic manner. They are simple and natural, without any refinement, and easy to understand. For example, "My sister is the flower that smells thousands of miles away, and my brother is the bee that comes thousands of miles away. The bees see the flowers turning around, and the flowers see the bees blooming." The special relationship between flowers and bees is used to describe the equality of love, which is very appropriate, vivid and vivid. And very accurate. For example, when the two brothers from Bashanbei were hungry and tired at noon and could not walk up the hill, the team leader would hit the pillars and say, "Don't be too hot when you yell for foot poles. Just go up the hill to Liangfengya. The shopkeeper's wife is waiting for you. Open your door." Feed the baby with your heart, if you want to eat her hot buns, just climb up slowly!”

The lyrics of Bashan folk songs are highly creative, the imagination is unique, the metaphors are clever, the rhythms are harmonious, and the syllables are loud and natural. "Lianhua Mountain Love Song", Buyi people's "Langshao Song", and Naxi people's "Yulong Mountain Love Song" are fundamentally different. Bashan folk songs are prohibited from rhyming with function words. For example, "The man is like a bee flying into the sky, the sister is like a spider web eaves, the bee is swarming on the spider silk, the man wants to fly high and the sister wants to be entangled." Another example: "The water in the river is swollen and the sand is blowing. My sister is dancing and her eyes are spinning. Which family are you, a young lady? Do you want me to pull you up? My brother Mo Lai pulls you over. I am a flower that bees swarm over. I It has already blossomed and borne fruit, so don’t try to figure it out on me!” Bashan folk songs express emotions boldly, directly, enthusiastically and unrestrainedly, and are simple and natural, which is rare in other folk songs, such as “Playing with the man at midnight, sighing with the young man in his arms!” "There are leap months in leap years, why not leap days?" It is true that "human beings are endowed with seven emotions, and they respond to things and express their aspirations. Isn't it natural?" Li Kaixian of the Ming Dynasty wrote in "Preface to Shi Jing Yan Ci" that "true poetry is still among the people", which is confirmed by Bashan folk songs.

Lining words: The common lining words in folk songs are always function words, that is, the main "lyrics" plus "function words". The purpose is to achieve the correct tone of the words or to enhance the meaning of the chant. The lining words of Bashan folk songs are unique. Its biggest feature is that it uses real words and sentences as lining sentences to deepen the theme. Even the themes of some folk songs are expressed entirely by lining sentences. This is the case in folk songs from other places. Those that can't be found, such as "Ask When the Lover Will Come", the main lyrics are "The sun sets on the slopes and the mountains are yellow, I sing folk songs to send my lover off, the lover walks home slowly, and the girl's clothes are wet with tears." The main lyrics are organically integrated with traditional lining lines such as "Flowers shaking", "Red flowers versus peonies", "Ten red chopsticks", "Hydrangeas are red", etc., expressing the theme of love in an interesting way. At the end of the song, a refrain appears: "Grab the man's belt and ask him when he will come; I have no time today, I have to chop wood tomorrow, and I will not come to my little sister's mountain until the day after tomorrow!" These five lines are closely followed by the last line of the main lyrics "Sister. The sincere description of the breakup, "my child's tears wet my clothes," answers the question of "when will the husband come?" and is like a Sichuan Opera voice, deepening and exaggerating the theme.

Tune: The melody of Bashan folk songs consists of two phrases, the upper and lower phrases of the Gong, Shang, Jiao, Zheng and Yu pentatonic modes or the "Yu Zheng alternating mode". Zhengdiao folk songs are mainly folk songs with loud rhymes in major keys. This simple and lively major-key folk song gradually weakens from north to south. It reflects the influence of northern major-style folk songs on Bashan folk songs. Feather-mode folk songs gradually weaken from south to north. It reflects the influence of southern minor-key folk songs on Bashan folk songs. Alternating mode is the biggest feature of Bashan folk songs, especially the Yuzheng alternating mode, which is the product of the blend of southern minor-key folk songs and northern major-key folk songs. For example, Tongjiang won the gold medal at the World Youth Festival in Moscow in the 1950s. The folk song "Bean Sprouts, Green Onions and Garlic Leaves" is a typical song with the alternating pattern of feathers and signs. It has the same tune and different words as the widely circulated "Send the Sun" by Micang Shannan, and is a model of the integration of folk songs from the north and south of my country.

Bazhong national folk culture is also reflected in many ancient customs, including the creation myth "Nuwa Mending the Sky", the love stories "The Cowherd and the Weaver Girl" and "Dong Yong", and the legend of historical figures "Zhang". There are also historical legends, such as "Beheading the Ba Snake" that suppressed the Ba people's uprising during the Zhenguan period of the Tang Dynasty, etc., as well as the Spring Festival, Lantern Festival (Lantern Festival), Qingming Festival, Duanyang Festival, and the first lunar month in seasonal customs. The 16th Climbing Festival, Hungry Ghost Festival (half moon festival), Mid-Autumn Festival, Double Ninth Festival (senior festival) and folk religious temple fairs: Wenchang Hui, Guanyin Hui, Laojun Hui, Peach Hui, Buddha Hui, etc.; there are some rituals and customs in life. "Watching three dynasties", "holding full-moon wine", "opening the halo", "paying homage to godfather", head-shaving ceremony, wedding customs with six rites to welcome the bride, sitting in a sedan chair, various etiquettes such as hosting guests and paying homage to the husband, birthdays and birthdays , school wine, etc.; funeral customs still maintain the traditional two major procedures of "funeral ceremony" and "funeral". Funeral customs are basically a legacy of the Spring and Autumn Period, including mourning clothes, mourning clothes, memorial methods, corpse disposal, coffin procedures, burial items, The coffin layout and other traditional customs have been retained. The burial methods include "rock cave burial" in "Segan Stone Rock", "hanging coffin burial" (hanging coffin burial) and "cave burial". Earth burials include placing the body in a coffin and burying it in the earth (grave burial), and hanging coffin burial in the tomb (first repair the tomb with stones, and then hang the body with iron chains on the wall of the tomb after placing it in the coffin, arching it with stones and then burying it in the earth). The secondary burial with urns in the cemetery is a burial after cremation; when building a house, there are still "looking at the foundation of the house", "building walls with boards", "raising beams and columns", "opening the door and sweeping the dam", "sacrifice to the new house", etc. A set of ancient customs and rituals related to nature worship, plant worship, etc. Its housing layout includes four-sided courtyards in the north, three-sided courtyards in the south, and a large number of stilt-style buildings with stilts and houses with thatched earth walls. In some places, there are also half-cave and semi-stilt-style houses. There are still many courtyard houses in the city that are composed of traditional cabinets, doors, patios, halls, corridors, verandahs and green tiles and pink walls. Among the folk food customs, there are roasted Dingtan wine and glutinous rice. wine; brewing eagle tea, fermented tea, roasted tea, sugar tea, etc.; there is also the popular folk custom of "Ten Big Bowls" for banquets; the folk custom of smoked bacon is still retained in food storage; indigenous papermaking is a handicraft. It is generally popular among the people. In some places, there are also bumper oil pressing and winch oil pressing (commonly known as "small oil pressing" and the price is relatively expensive). There are also traditional printed cloth printing and dyeing techniques, traditional bamboo weaving techniques and stone carving techniques. The clay sculptures of Enyang River, the paper-cutting of Tongjiang, and the root carvings of Tongjiang, Nanjiang, and Bazhou are also famous. Folk firing techniques are generally preserved in Bazhong City. The earthen paint processing technology of Nanjiang and the earthen ink processing technology of Bazhou Town still exist; the "Cuan Tan Opera" and "Ancient Color Act" performances in folk opera are performed in Nanjiang and Tongjiang. , Bazhou folklore; the best and most active shadow puppet troupes and shadow puppet production in Sichuan are in Bazhou (Li Yuxiang Shadow Puppet Troupe, Zhang Xuelin Shadow Puppet Troupe); Bazhou Zaolin's folk art Shuo Chun is the only remaining seed of this genre in my country , the people who talk about spring - "Chunguan" are still active in Bazhong and southern Shaanxi.

The rich national and folk culture is the genetic culture of Bazhong culture. Daba Mountain, which stretches thousands of miles, was once a hot land full of turmoil and a holy land made of flesh and blood. In 1932, the Fourth Front Army of the Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army carried out a strategic shift from Hubei, Henan and Anhui to the west. It arrived in Tongjiang County, Sichuan Province in mid-December. In the next 27 months, it established an army centered on Tong, Nan, Ba and Ping. The second largest Soviet area in the country - the Sichuan-Shaanxi Revolutionary Base Area. Bazhong has a glorious revolutionary history, rich and precious revolutionary cultural relics, and the revolutionary spirit has been passed down from generation to generation. At that time, 120,000 Bazhong sons and daughters joined the Red Army, and more than 40,000 people died heroically, making outstanding contributions to the victory of the Chinese revolution.

This red land produced 27 communist and national generals, 128 provincial and ministerial level cadres, the older generation of proletarian revolutionaries Xu Xiangqian, Chen Changhao, Li Xiannian, Zhang Qinqiu, Liao Chengzhi, Liu Ruilong, Wu Ruilin, Fu Chongbi I have fought bloody battles here. The city currently has 10,619 revolutionary cultural relics in its collection, including 13 first-class cultural relics, 132 second-class cultural relics, 2,926 third-class cultural relics, and 7,648 general cultural relics. There are currently 130 immovable revolutionary cultural relics protection units in the city, including 1 national key cultural relics protection unit with 3 points, 6 provincial-level cultural relics protection units, 9 municipal-level cultural relics protection units, and 112 county-level cultural relics protection units. According to a 2004 survey, there are 802 cultural relics such as Red Army stone carvings and wall-written slogans, documents, couplets, and notices in the city.

The city currently has the Sichuan-Shaanxi Revolutionary Base Area Museum, the Liu Bojian Martyr Memorial Hall, the Fourth Red Army General Headquarters Former Site Memorial Hall, the Sichuan-Shaanxi Soviet Area Generals Stele Forest, the Bashan Guerrilla Memorial Hall, the Sichuan-Shaanxi Revolutionary Base Area Red Army Martyrs Cemetery, the Sichuan-Shaanxi Province There are a number of Red Army cultural relics display sites such as the exhibition hall at the site of the Fourth Party Congress. There are now 9 exhibition halls, including 3 "National Patriotic Education Demonstration Bases" and 2 "Sichuan Province Patriotic Education Bases". In 2004, the country launched the "Red Tourism" project, and Bazhong was included in the country's 12 key red tourist areas and one of 30 red tourist routes (named "Sichuan-Shaanxi Soviet Area-Red Rock Spirit"). The Fourth Red Army The former site of the General Headquarters, the Red Army Martyrs Cemetery in the Sichuan-Shaanxi Revolutionary Base, the Liu Bojian Martyr Memorial Hall, and the former site of the Bashan Guerrilla Headquarters have been included in the country's 100 classic red scenic spots. The Red Army culture has not only become an important culture that has been integrated into the souls of the Bazhong people, but has also become the main culture of Bazhong's social development and economic construction, and is being passed down from generation to generation with shining cultural and spiritual qualities.

The rich historical culture, rich and colorful national folk culture and the glorious Red Army culture constitute the unique Bazhong culture.