How to refine temperament?

Temperament editor's temperament, in Ci Hai, is explained as: people's relatively stable personality characteristics and style tolerance.

However, there are many others, such as ~

There are also many opinions about people's inner feelings and temperament.

Don't worry about trifles/trifles.

Walk with your head held high.

Speak in an orderly way

Mainly have faith.

You should be energetic in everything you do.

I think this is the temperament of men in real life.

Temperament is one of the psychological characteristics of human personality, which refers to the stable dynamic characteristics such as strength, speed of change and balance when psychological activities such as cognition, emotion, speech and action occur. It is mainly manifested in the speed and intensity of emotional experience, the implication of performance and the sensitivity or dullness of action, so it has a strong color for all psychological activities of people. It is similar to what people call "temper", "character" and "temperament" in daily life.

There is another explanation for temperament, that is, the chemical reaction between human internal physiology and emotion ~ ~

Temperament is the personality characteristic reflected by people's physiological quality or physical characteristics, and it is one of the original materials for personality formation. Performance in the neonatal period: If the baby is quiet and crying, it will inevitably affect the interaction between parents or caregivers and the baby, thus affecting the formation of personality. It is manifested in the dynamic characteristics of psychological activities, such as the speed, intensity, stability, directionality and flexibility of psychological processes. It is embodied in the strength of emotional experience, the size of willpower, the length of concentration time, the speed of perception or thinking, etc. Make all individual psychological activities present unique colors. The difference between temperament and personality is that the formation of personality is based on innate endowments such as temperament and physique, and the influence of social environment plays a decisive role; Temperament is an innate tendency in personality. Modern psychology has a great influence on the study of temperament: A.H. Bass and Plomin put forward the EAs model of temperament and identified three temperament tendencies: emotionality refers to the intensity of individual emotional response; Activity refers to the overall level of individual energy release; Communicative refers to the characteristics of individual interpersonal communication. A Thomas and Chase put forward nine dimensions of children's temperament, namely, activity level, rhythm, initiative or withdrawal, adaptability, reaction threshold, reaction intensity, emotional quality, distraction, attention span and persistence, and divided them into three temperament types: easy to educate, difficult to educate and slow to start. Hippocrates, an ancient Greek doctor, put forward the theory of "four body fluids", arguing that temperament depends on the mixing ratio of four fluids in human body, namely blood, mucus, yellow bile and black bile, and divided human temperament into sanguine, mucus, bile and depression, in which body fluids are dominant. This theory of body fluid has been denied, but the names of four temperament types are still in use. Pavlov believes that there are four typical types of higher nervous activity, namely, active type, quiet type, irrepressible type and weak type, which correspond to the four temperament types of Hippocrates, namely, four typical behaviors of higher nervous activity. In addition to these four typical types, there are many intermediate types. The viewpoint of Pavlov School was further developed by successors, such as Teploff and Niebelizen, who advocated studying the characteristics of nervous system and its judgment indexes; Melling advocated discussing the relationship between the characteristics of nervous system and temperament, and emphasized that the organization of several characteristics of nervous system is the basis of temperament. Some people attribute temperament to differences in constitution, endocrine glands or blood types, but the physiological basis of temperament is still uncertain.

Temperament is formed on the basis of people's physiological quality, through life practice and the influence of acquired conditions, and is dominated by people's world outlook and personality. Its characteristics are generally manifested through people's handling of problems and interpersonal communication, showing typical and stable individual psychological characteristics.

Temperament is an ancient psychological problem. As early as the 5th century BC, Hippocrates, a famous ancient Greek doctor, put forward the temperament theory of four kinds of body fluids. He believes that there are four kinds of body fluids in the human body: blood (from Latin -—sanguis), mucus (from Greek -—phlegma), yellow bile (from Greek -—chole) and black bile (from Greek -—melanoschole). If the four kinds of body fluids are harmonious, people will be healthy; If the four body fluids are not harmonious, people will get sick. Hippocrates once divided temperament into four basic types according to the dominant position of body fluids in the human body: sanguine, choleric, mucinous and depressive. In the mixing ratio of sanguine human body fluids, blood is dominant, yellow bile is dominant in people with bile, mucus is dominant in people with mucus, and black bile is dominant in people with depression. Centuries later, Roman doctor Galen expressed this concept in Latin "emperametnum". This is the origin of the concept of "temperament". Confucius, an ancient thinker in China, divided people into three categories from the perspective of similar temperament: "BOC", "crazy" and "stubborn". He believes that "crazy people make progress, and stubborn people make a difference." This means that people like "lunatics" have a positive attitude towards objective things. They are "ambitious and boastful", and their words and deeds are strongly expressed; People who belong to the category of "stubborn people" are cautious, so they "dare not do something"; People like "Bank of China" are in between, so-called "people who follow the golden mean". According to the theory of yin-yang and five elements, some individual psychological differences are related to physiological and anatomical characteristics in ancient medicine during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period in China. According to the strength of yin and yang, it can be divided into five types: Taiyin, Shaoyin, Sun, Shaoyang and Yin and Yang, and each type has different physical form and temperament. According to the law of five elements, people are divided into "golden shape", "wooden shape", "water shape", "fire shape" and "earth shape", each with different skin color, body shape and temperament characteristics. These two methods are interrelated. As the basis of classification, Yin and Yang are similar to the excitement and inhibition of modern physiological research.

In the past hundred years, temperament psychology has developed rapidly and become an important part of personality psychology.

According to the characteristics that temperament is the higher nervous activity type of human beings and its performance in behavior, psychology reveals three characteristics of excitement and inhibition: ① the intensity of excitement and inhibition; (2) the balance between excitation process and inhibition process; (3) Flexibility of excitation process and inhibition process. These characteristics divide higher nerve activity into four types: ① strong and unbalanced; ② Strong, balanced and flexible; ③ Strong, balanced and inert; 4 weak type. These types of higher nervous activity are the physiological basis for the formation of human temperament.

People's temperament can be divided into four types: choleric (excited), sanguine (active), mucinous (quiet) and depressed (depressed). Although the temperament theory established in ancient times has no scientific basis to explain the temperament types with body fluid, people can indeed observe the typical representatives of these four temperament types in their daily lives. Lively and active, sensitive, quick to respond, like to associate with people, easy to divert attention, easy to change interests, etc. , are the characteristics of sanguine. Frank, enthusiastic, energetic, impulsive, emotional changes, etc. , are the characteristics of bile. Quiet, steady, slow to respond, taciturn, not easy to show emotions, stable attention but not easy to transfer, good at patience, etc. , are the characteristics of mucilage. Loneliness, slow action, profound experience and being good at detecting small things that others are not easy to detect are the characteristics of depression. Therefore, the names of these four temperament types have been adopted by many scholars and have been used ever since.

People's temperament types can be determined by some methods. But few people belong to a certain type, and most people are intermediate types between various types, that is, mixed types, such as bile-sanguine, sanguine-mucinous and so on.

Modern psychology understands temperament as a typical and stable psychological characteristic of human beings, which is expressed in the motivation of psychological activities in the same way in various activities, regardless of the content, purpose and motivation of the activities.

Temperament is a typical and stable psychological characteristic of people. This typical psychological feature is revealed in children's games, homework and communication activities very early. According to N.B. strakhov's research, among the 39 primary school students as the research object, 34 students obviously showed the described temperament type. Among them, 9 cases were sanguine, 9 cases were biliary 10, 9 cases were mucinous and 6 cases were depressive.

The early revelation of temperament types shows that temperament is more restricted by individual biological tissues; Because of this, temperament has changed under the influence of environment and education, but compared with other personality and psychological characteristics, the change is much slower and has the characteristics of stability.

Temperament is mainly manifested in the dynamic characteristics of human psychological activities. The motivation of psychological activities refers to the speed and stability of psychological process (such as the speed of perception, the flexibility of thinking and the length of concentration time), the intensity of psychological process (such as the strength of emotions and the degree of will) and the directional characteristics of psychological activities (some people tend to be external and gain new impressions from the outside, while others tend to be internal, often experiencing their emotions and analyzing their thoughts and impressions), and so on. Temperament seems to describe a person's whole psychological activity with its own unique color.

Of course, the motivation of psychological activities is not entirely determined by temperament characteristics, but also related to the content, purpose and motivation of the activities. Anyone, no matter what kind of temperament, will always be refreshed, in high spirits and full of energy when encountering pleasant things; On the contrary, if you encounter unfortunate things, you will feel depressed and depressed. However, people's temperament characteristics will have a certain impact on activities with different purposes and contents. In other words, people with a certain type of temperament often show the same dynamic characteristics in activities with completely different contents. For example, students show emotional excitement every time they take an exam, fidget when waiting to meet their friends, and always get impatient before taking part in sports competitions, and so on. In other words, this student's emotional excitement will be shown on various occasions, which has a fairly fixed nature. Only in this case can we say that emotional excitability is the temperament characteristic of this student.

People's temperament has a certain influence on the practice and efficiency. Therefore, understanding people's temperament is of great significance to education, production organization, training of cadres and workers, talent selection and social division of labor.

Temperament does not affect the nature of activities, but it can affect the efficiency of activities. If we take this into account in our study, work and life, we can effectively improve the efficiency of ourselves and others.

When evaluating people's temperament, we can't think that one temperament type is good and the other is bad. Every temperament has both positive and negative aspects, which may have positive significance in one case and negative significance in another. For example, a choleric person can become a positive and enthusiastic person, or develop into a willful, rude and easily angry person; A sanguine person is rich in emotion, strong in work ability and easy to adapt to the new environment, but his attention is not concentrated enough, his interest is easily transferred and he has no perseverance. People with the same temperament can be divided into success and good and evil. Patients with depression have poor endurance at work and are prone to fatigue, but they are sensitive, observant and good at detecting small things that others are not aware of. Temperament cannot determine people's behavior, because people can consciously adjust and control it.

Temperament cannot determine the social value and achievements of a person's activities. According to research, four famous Russian writers are representatives of four kinds of temperament. Pushkin has obvious choleric characteristics, herzen has sanguine characteristics, krylov belongs to mucus, and Nikolai Gogol belongs to depression. Their types are different, but it does not affect their outstanding achievements in literature. Temperament only belongs to the motive force of people's various psychological qualities, which makes people's psychological activities have some unique colors, but it does not determine a person's personality tendency and ability development level. Therefore, people with the same temperament can become people who have made great contributions to society and have high moral character, or people who have accomplished nothing and have poor moral character; You can be an advanced figure, a backward figure or even a reactionary figure. On the contrary, people with different temperaments can also become virtuous people and become experts or experts in a certain professional field.

Although temperament does not play a decisive role in people's practical activities, it has certain influence. Temperament not only affects the nature of activities, but also may affect the efficiency of activities. For example, jobs that require quick and flexible response are more suitable for people with blood and courage, while those with mucus and depression are more difficult to adapt. On the contrary, people with mucus and depression are more suitable for long-lasting and meticulous work, while people with blood and courage are more difficult to adapt. In general study and labor activities, various characteristics of temperament can compensate each other, so the influence on activity efficiency is not significant. The research on senior textile workers proves that some female textile workers who take care of multiple machine tools have strong stickiness, stable attention and few distractions at work, which is a positive feature of finding broken ends in time. This stability of attention makes up for their difficulty in shifting their attention from one machine tool to another. Other textile women workers are more active, and their attention is more easily transferred from one machine tool to another, so the easy transfer of attention makes up for the easy distraction of attention.

But in some special occupations (such as airplane pilots, astronauts, large-scale power system dispatchers or athletes, etc. ), requires people to have extremely sensitive reactions, dare to take risks, be fearless in times of crisis, and puts forward specific requirements for people's temperament characteristics. In this case, the characteristics of temperament affect whether a person is suitable for this profession. Therefore, when training employees in this kind of occupation, we should measure people's temperament characteristics. This is one of the bases for career selection and elimination.

Because people's temperament is different, it is required to teach students in accordance with their aptitude, and education varies from person to person. For example, severe criticism may urge students with choleric or sanguine temperament to observe discipline and correct their mistakes, but it may have adverse consequences for students with depressive temperament. This requires educators to consider the temperament characteristics of students. For another example, when changing the work and rest system and rearranging classes, bloody students can easily adapt without special care, while mucinous and depressed students need more care and care to gradually adapt to the new environment.

Of course, we must never consider people's temperament characteristics in isolation. It is more important to cultivate a positive attitude towards study and work. If you have the right motivation and positive attitude, people of all temperament types may achieve excellent results in their studies and make outstanding contributions in their work.

In short, although people's behavior is not determined by temperament, but by the motivation and attitude formed under the influence of social environment and education, temperament also has certain significance in people's practical activities. Although temperament is only in a subordinate position compared with attitude, it is a foundation of people's various personality qualities, so it is an important factor that must be analyzed and considered.

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For temperament, people's inner performance is the most important ~

Temperament also gives people a lot of beauty:

How can we achieve temperament beauty?

How can we achieve "temperament beauty"

Temperament refers to a person's relatively stable personality characteristics, style and tolerance. Cheerful and chic people often show an intelligent temperament; Cheerful and gentle, showing noble temperament; People with straightforward personality and bold style are often rough in temperament; Gentle personality, beautiful and dignified manners, quiet temperament ... whether intelligent, noble, rough or quiet, can produce a certain sense of beauty. On the contrary, cunning, aloof, indifferent, or mean and lazy temperament has no aesthetic feeling except disgust.

In real life, quite a few people only pay attention to dressing up, and don't pay much attention to whether their temperament gives people beauty. It is true that beautiful looks, fashionable clothes and careful dressing can give people a sense of beauty. But the beauty of this appearance is always superficial and short-lived, like a cloud in the sky, fleeting. If you have the heart, you will find that the beauty of temperament is not limited by age, clothing and dressing.

A person's real charm mainly lies in his unique temperament, which is attractive to both the same sex and the opposite sex. This is an innate personality charm.

Temperament beauty is first manifested in the rich inner world. Ideal is an important aspect of inner richness, because ideal is the motivation and goal of life. Without ideal pursuit, inner emptiness and poverty are far from temperament beauty. Morality is another important aspect of temperament beauty. Sincerity and kindness are indispensable. Low education also affects people's temperament to some extent. Besides, we should keep an open mind and a sense of security.

Temperament beauty seems invisible, but it is tangible. It is manifested through a person's attitude towards life, personality characteristics, words and deeds, etc. Temperament externalization is between a person's gestures. The gait of walking and the way of dealing with people are all temperament. When friends meet for the first time, they take a look at each other and immediately have a good impression. This goodwill comes not only from words, but also from style and manners. Passionate but not frivolous, generous but not arrogant, showing an elegant temperament. Fanaticism, impetuousness or pretentiousness are all manifestations of poor temperament.

Temperament beauty is also manifested in character. This involves daily cultivation. Avoid anger and madness, be patient and humble, and be considerate of others. Tolerance is not silence, nor resignation and indecision. On the contrary, cheerful people often show awe-inspiring demeanor and are more likely to show their inner feelings. And emotional people, of course, add elegance to their temperament.

Elegant taste is another expression of temperament beauty. For example, I like literature with certain expressive ability, like music with a good sense of music, like art with a basic sense of color and so on.

Many people are not pretty girls and handsome guys, but they are full of attractive temperament beauty: earnest, persistent, smart and keen. This is the true beauty of temperament, the inner beauty of harmony and unity.

Pursuing beauty without misunderstanding and blasphemy requires everyone who loves and pursues beauty to understand the true meaning of beauty from life, combine beautiful appearance with beautiful temperament, beautiful virtue with beautiful language, and show a beautiful image of complete personality, temperament and appearance.

From the perspective of consumer psychology, temperament is a typical and stable dynamic feature of psychological activities, which has nothing to do with the purpose and content of the activities.

This definition includes the following:

First of all, temperament is a dynamic feature, which is manifested in the speed, intensity and flexibility of psychological activities.

Second, temperament talent.

Third, temperament has stability and variability.

Supplementary explanation:

Temperament (temperance):

1. refers to a person's temperament or temper.

2. It refers to the tendency of personal emotions to change with the change of situations, that is, the individual's reaction tendency.

3. style; Tolerance.

The most important feature of temperament is from the inside out, and the cultivation of temperament is the longest process, which requires constant self-improvement at ordinary times.