What's the difference between tens of dollars of red wine and 1000 yuan of nutrition

Judging red wine by price cannot be judged simply from the perspective of nutrition. Price is the embodiment of the comprehensive value of products, and nutrition is only a part of it! Such a simple measure is meaningless!

The article is a bit long, but I hope it will give you some correct understanding of red wine!

The difference between 50 yuan liquor and 5000 yuan liquor mainly lies in five aspects: brand, quality, supply and demand, production cost and risk factors.

Let's talk about it in detail:

One? brand

5000 yuan wine is a luxury, and the brand value of luxury goods is great. Top wines such as Domaine Romanee Conti in Burgundy, Chateau Petrus on the right bank of Bordeaux and Lafite (ch&; #226; Lafite winery. Many wine merchants are owned by luxury goods companies. For example, MH in LVMH is Mo &；; #235; Moet Hennessy produces champagne in champagne area, and Hennessy produces cognac in cognac area. Another example is Chateau Rauzan-Segla, a luxury company owned by Chanel.

The brand also lies in various grading systems. In France, for example, there are:

Name of origin control; #244; Lée (AOC for short), in the old world (mainly in continental Europe), wines were often named after place names, such as Bordeaux, Burgundy and Chablis. The finer the nominal range of origin, the higher the grade, which can be compared with Longjing tea, namely, Shifeng Longjing > West Lake Longjing > Hangzhou Longjing > Zhejiang Longjing, pauillac > Upper Medoc > Greater Medoc > Bordeaux.

The official classification of Bordeaux wines 1855 is in Bordeaux, mainly in Medoc, including Hou Bo, the king of Graf. 1855, Liezhuang is divided into five grades (among which Su Dai Jindi Winery is the super grade), and the first-class Liezhuang includes Lafite, Latour, Margaux and Mouton (.

1955 San Emilio classification system

Graves grand crewe classification system 1953

Medoc's bourgeois system.

Premium and premium wines from Burgundy.

Two? quality

The quality of 5000 yuan wine should be first-class, but first-class wine does not necessarily cost 5000 yuan. A reference frame of quality is various scoring systems, such as RP (robert parker), JR (Janice Robinson), WS (wine spectator), WE (wine lover), Decanter (wine drinker) and so on.

The scoring system evaluates wine in terms of color, aroma, taste and aftertaste, and gives scores and comments. Different scoring systems use 100 scale, 20 scale and 5-star scale. Generally speaking, the higher the score, the purer and richer the aroma, the more complex and rich the flavor, the more balanced the acidity, tannin and alcohol, and the longer the aftertaste. For example, the following scorecard:

The color of wine changes a lot, for example, red wine has purplish red, ruby red and pomegranate red;

1. Young Cabernet Sauvignon 2. Old Cabernet Sauvignon/Merlot 3. Young Merlot 4. Young Silas 5. Young black Pi Nuo 6. Old black Pi Nuo.

White wine also comes in light yellow, straw yellow, golden yellow and light amber:

1. Green wine/gray Pi Nuo 2. Sauvignon Blanc 3. Marsanne/heather Bai/,4. Chardonnay, 5 pounds. Old white wine, 6. Sherry.

There are many kinds of wine aromas, such as the following aroma wheel:

Different wine critics have different specialties. For example, robert parker's rating of Burgundy wines is not popular with local wineries. Different wine critics have different taste preferences and different scoring systems, so different wine critics may score a wine differently.

Evaluation has a direct impact on the price of wine, which is reflected in the annual wine brewing in Bordeaux. In April of the following year, wine critics will be asked to taste the wine still in the barrel and give a score. The winery will determine the price of the wine according to the score. In the spring of 20 12, robert parker updated the score of wine in 2009, and the price of several percentage wines increased a lot.

Third? relationship between supply and demand

The output of famous villages is limited, but the demand is increasing. Supply and demand determine the price. Generally speaking, good wine has good aging ability. For example, according to Jane Robinson's wine evaluation, the drinking period of Ponte Winery in 2009 is 2020-2035, which means that the wine of this year may reach its peak in 2025. In 2009, 20 12 was bottled and delivered in spring and summer, and it will be drunk with people after more than ten years (many people have no patience to wait until it is suitable for drinking). By 2025, the stock of this wine will be very small. Just like buying Lafite now 1982, Margaux is very expensive.

In addition, abnormal supply and demand will push up prices. For example, the demand for Lafite in China pushed up the price of Lafite. The following figure shows the price trend comparison between Lafite 1982 and Grade I Liezhuang 1982:

It can be seen that after 2006, the first-class village of 1982 rose much faster.

4.？ Production costs, such as land costs and labor costs in grape producing areas. For example, Australian wine is cheaper than American wine because the land cost is cheap, and Chilean wine is cost-effective because Chile is a developing country and the labor cost is relatively cheap. ?

Some wine brewing processes will also generate more production costs. For example, champagne is more expensive than the same static wine. Champagne produced in French champagne producing areas should adopt traditional techniques, such as secondary fermentation in bottles, bottle rotation, slag removal and liquid addition. Therefore, the price of champagne is generally higher than that of liquor of the same grade.

5. Risk factors, the late harvest of wine is delayed after the grapes are ripe. Mature grapes should be hung on the branches for 2-3 months. During this period, wine farmers will face potential harvest losses. Mature grapes may fall off naturally, and most of the harvest may be lost due to pecking or fungal infection by birds or other animals. So the price of wine in the later period is more expensive.

Factors affecting the quality of wine

Some factors that affect the quality of wine also directly affect the production cost, including:

1.？ Climate, soil, slope, temperature, precipitation, drainage, lighting, etc. The type of soil, whether it is rich in mineral elements, long illumination time, etc.

First of all, the producing areas of wine grapes in the world are mainly between 30 degrees north latitude and 50 degrees south latitude:

Besides latitude, the area suitable for grape growth is also affected by ocean current, climate type and altitude. It is divided into warm producing areas and cold producing areas. The wine brewed by the same grape variety planted in different producing areas has different aroma and taste. For example, the aroma of Chardonnay grapes in warm producing areas such as Australia is mainly tropical fruits, such as citrus and pineapple, while in cold producing areas such as Chablis in Burgundy, there are flowers and green apples.

In the relatively warm Bordeaux region, Cabernet Sauvignon can mature, but in the relatively cold Loire Valley region, Cabernet Sauvignon can not mature, so in that producing area, early-maturing Cabernet Sauvignon varieties are usually planted.

Secondly, different soil types are suitable for different grape varieties, and the same grape variety will produce different styles of wine in different soil types. For example, there are different styles of wines produced in cobblestone areas such as pauillac and clay-dominated Xiaomeiduoke areas in the north. Sauvignon Blanc in Loire Valley is different from Sauvignon Blanc in New Zealand.

The soil in the grape field

Soil analysis of Pope Nurboz in Rhone Valley, France: (Image source:? Pope New Castle)

In Bordeaux, it can be roughly divided into left bank and right bank. Simply put, the left bank is dominated by gravel, which is suitable for planting Cabernet Sauvignon, and the right bank is dominated by clay, which is suitable for planting Merlot and Cabernet Franc.

The left bank mainly includes Medoc, Upper Medoc, Saint Esteuf, pauillac, Saint Julian, Margaux, Graf, Besak-Rioliang, Balsack (sweet white), Xie Su (sweet white) and other producing areas, while the right bank mainly includes Saint Emilion, Pomeihou and other producing areas.

In Burgundy, the grade of wine is divided according to the range of grapes and the grade of grape fields:

Burgundy wine can be divided into:

Burgundy has 33 special fields.

Premier Cru, Burgundy has 562 first-class fields.

AOC Communales (village level), the name of the village can be marked on the wine label, and there are 5 1 villages in Burgundy.

AOC region (regional level)

Sub-regional, the specific sub-region can be indicated on the wine label. Burgundy has five sub-regions from north to south: Chablis, Nou Valley, Bonne Valley, Charonne Valley and Macon.

AOC Burgundy (district level), only Burgundy can be marked on the wine label.

For example, there is a village called Vosne-Romanée in Burgundy, as shown in the following figure:

There are six super fields in this village, namely:

Roman-e-Kong Di

Laroma ni

Lathe. #226; Car?

Fort Richie?

Romane-San Vivante

Lagrande Street.

Among them, Romanji-Kong Di, Latach and Fort Richie are all famous.

2.？ Year, the year marked on the bottle refers to the year of grape harvest. The price of Zhuang Ming wine will fluctuate with the harvest in different years. The climate in a good year is suitable for grape ripening, and too much rain before picking also affects the quality of wine. In Bordeaux, different blending ratios will be used in different years to produce wines with slightly different styles.

3.？ The age of vines, the quality of wine produced by newly planted vines is unstable, and all good wines are produced by vines over 30 years old, so-called old vines. The advantage of old vines is that they can take root in deep soil and absorb more nutrients.

The picture below shows the older Riesling vine, and the slender vine in the middle is the young vine.

The picture below shows an old vine, which is estimated to be decades old.

4.？ Cultivation gardening. Good wine comes from good grapes, such as artificial irrigation, fertilization, ploughing, pruning and so on. For example, using livestock instead of machine farmland. Including the yield per mu of grapes, the lower the yield per mu, the stronger the alcohol content, and the yield per mu depends on the planting density, pruning methods and thinning flowers and fruits of the vines. When the vines are short of water, can they be irrigated artificially? Grapevines in new world countries allow artificial irrigation. In addition, many wineries practice organic cultivation methods, and some wineries practice biodynamic methods. Some wineries re-use animal power instead of tractors in vineyards.

5.？ Harvest method and time

The choice of harvest time is very important. Grapes should be ripe enough, including enough sugar and tannin, to avoid being too ripe and not enough acidity. It is also necessary to avoid the concentration of rotten fruits and juices being diluted before the rain comes.

Generally, the wine with a yield as high as 100% is harvested by low-cost machines. Good wines are mostly picked by hand, one by one according to the maturity of grapes.

In western Europe, where labor costs are high, it is very expensive to ask many people to help during the grape harvest season.

In order to brew grapes from noble wine, TBA(Trockenbeerenauslese) or SGN(Sélection de Grains Nobles), it is necessary to harvest grapes infected by expensive pythium one by one.

To brew ice wine, you need to pick frozen grapes below MINUS 8 degrees Celsius, usually around 5 am in winter. (Source: Wikipedia * * * Enjoy resources? File: Ice Wine grapes.jpg? Author: Dominic Rivard)

6.？ Brewing technology, including stem removal, screening, crushing, juicing, fermentation (alcohol fermentation and malic acid-lactic acid fermentation), ripening, blending, etc.

Stem-picking is the first step of wine-making after grape harvest, including mechanical stem-picking and manual stem-picking. During the harvest of Pope Claremont Castle 20 1 1, nearly 200 people separated the grapes from the stems one by one (below). The advantage is that the fruit will not be damaged and the grapes will not be broken and fermented prematurely, but the labor cost of this process is extremely high, 8 per bottle.

Fermentation, red wine is generally fermented with skin, and white wine is generally fermented with clear juice. Cold soaking can also be carried out before fermentation to extract more pigments, tannins and other flavor substances from grape skins.

Aging: wine needs to be aged for a period of time before leaving the factory after fermentation. Curing can be carried out in cement tanks, stainless steel tanks or oak barrels. Among them, whether using oak barrels or not, French oak barrels or American oak barrels, the cost of new barrels or old barrels will vary greatly. A 225-liter or 228-liter oak barrel can hold 300 standard bottles (750ml), French oak barrel is 600 dollars, American oak barrel is 2 dollars, American oak barrel is 270 dollars, and each oak barrel is less than 1 dollar.

The function of oak barrel is not only to make wine have proper oxygen permeability during ripening, but also to add aroma and tannin to wine. Aromas from oak barrels include cream, tobacco, vanilla, coffee and chocolate. In the process of hooping oak barrels, the oak barrels will be deformed by fire, and there may be different smells according to the degree of roasting. It is precisely because oak barrels have played these roles in wine that after using oak barrels for one year, these aroma substances and tannins will be reduced and their use value will be reduced. But not all wines are suitable to exert this influence, so some grape varieties, such as Sauvignon Blanc, generally do not exceed oak barrels. Some winemakers are also willing to preserve the flavor of grapes and the brewing itself, so they will use old oak barrels.

Blending, winemakers mix different varieties, different plots and different winemaking techniques. For example, Bordeaux wine is usually a mixture of several grapes, such as Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Cabernet Franc, Vito Roland, malbec and Carmenere. For example, Burgundy will blend wines from different plots, as well as wines brewed in stainless steel cans and oak barrels.

Generally speaking; Generally speaking; Basically

Dozens of yuan of wine is usually produced in Australia, Chile, South Africa, France and other less well-known producing areas, not famous grape producing areas. Grape cultivation is mainly mechanical, and the aging time is short (6 months). They are fermented in stainless steel vats and are basically not aged in oak barrels. Popular wine brand, the output is very large. In terms of quality, the fragrance is relatively simple, the richness is not enough, and there is almost no aftertaste. Few well-known wine experts score.