Differences between Southern Tang Ci and Western Shu Ci

On the Similarities and Differences between Southern Tang Ci and Western Shu Ci

One,

Ci is a poetic form with strict meter and irregular sentence structure, which is closely related to music.

From poetry to ci, the difference lies in: poetry is usually used for chanting, while ci is used for singing; The verse method is rigorous and standardized, and the words and sentences are uneven; The poetic style is dignified and elegant, and it is gentle and graceful.

However, there is no clear theory about the power of words. Since the Song Dynasty, there have been many discussions, including the following:

(1) advocates that ci originated from The Book of Songs, such as Peng's Origin of Ci and Tian Tongzhi's On xipu Ci. It is said that the Book of Songs already contains many long and short sentences.

(2) Advocating that Ci originated from ancient poetry, such as Wilson and Wang Chang's A Comprehensive Preface to Ci.

(3) Advocacy Ci evolved from Yuefu, such as Wang Zhuo's Bi Ji Man Zhi, Wang Shizhen's Yi Yuan's Last Words and Gu Ning's Record of the Day. Wang Yinglin's Moon Hee, a sleepy scholar, said: "If you are in the ancient Yuefu, poetry will follow you; The lyricist was also created at the end of the ancient Yuefu. " Both Gates and Yuefu are accompanied by music and songs, and there are many irregular sentences with similar forms.

(4) Advocating that Ci originated from miscellaneous songs of the Six Dynasties, such as Yang Shen's Poems and Xu Wei's Congtan Etymology.

(5) Advocating that Ci originates from quatrains, such as Ci in the Garden by Yu Yan and On Fishermen by Song Xiangfeng.

(6) The theory of filling substantive words with empty sound thinks that the five-seven-character metrical poems have neat syntax and lack of changes, and the words that have not been added are not enough to form the * * * nature of the sound, so they add auxiliary words, such as "He" and "He", that is, the "He" of the whole Tang poetry and the "Pan Sheng" of Zhuzi and Lei Yu.

There is also a saying outside: the prosperity of words is related to music. Because of war, trade, religion and marriage, foreign music entered. Yi music does not play musical instruments, and its style is quite different from that of China. Musicians, on the other hand, think music is beautiful, and they don't know the meaning of the lyrics, so they use the poet's works or their own new words to match the rough and changeable melody of Yi music. Accordingly, further research is needed.

It says, hold one end each. Modern academic circles generally believe that predicates originated from Sui and Tang Dynasties. At first, they were created to match the music popular in the western regions since the Sui and Tang Dynasties, which was dominated by "Le Yan", and they were one of the classical styles.

Cifu developed vigorously after the vigorous management of the vassal States of Yun and Tang Dynasties, and became more and more mature in the Five Dynasties. However, Xishu in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River and Nantang in the lower reaches of Hanshui River are both cultural centers, so the five pronouns are divided into two periods: the former is represented by Xishu Ci, and the latter is represented by Nantang Ci. Therefore, this paper can also be described as five pronouns.

Before discussing Xishu Ci, let's talk about the relationship between Xishu Ci School and Huajian Ci School.

In the third year of the post-Shu Dynasty (AD 940), Zhao Chongzuo compiled ten volumes of Hua Jijian, and collected 500 poems of 18 schools in the Tang, Five Dynasties and 18 Dynasties with 77 tones. Its style is represented by Wen and Wei Zhuang, so this group of poets is called Huajian Style, and because most of the selected authors were born in Xishu or served as officials in Sichuan, their ci is also related to Sichuan, so it can also be called Xishu Ci School. It can be seen that Xishu Ci School is Huajian Ci School.

But the time span of this creative group is as long as 100 years, and they are closely related to each other, which is different from the literary genre in the modern sense. Therefore, Xishu Ci is not the same as Xishu Ci School, but it can generally represent it.

Therefore, the Xishu Ci mentioned by Sven generally refers to the Huajian Ci represented by Wen and Wei Zhuang. The definition of Ci in Southern Tang Dynasty is clear, represented by Li Jing (middle master) and Li Yu (post-master).

Second,

After the origin of Ci, the stages of five pronouns, and the definition of Xishu Ci and Nantang Ci, this paper can begin to discuss the similarities and differences between them:

The similarities between Xishu Ci and Southern Tang Ci are self-evident. For example, Da Bian is a professional poet, with the demise of the Tang Dynasty as the boundary. All poets in the late Tang Dynasty wrote poems, all of them were "poets", and there were no professional poets. Poets at the beginning of the Five Dynasties (mainly poets from Xishu) were emperors and dignitaries who lived in the imperial city, or their guests. Except for a few poets, Yu Quan did not write poems. The same is true of the Southern Tang Dynasty. Feng Yansi and the late master wrote only a few poems, but none of them were written by the late master.

Another example is that the five pronouns are not integrated with the singing, and most of the songs or poems written by the five generations (except bamboo branches and willow branches) are recited at their desks, and there are few records of the singing of poems like that in the Tang Dynasty. Singing poems, once popular in the Tang Dynasty, basically disappeared in the Five Dynasties. And so on, I won't go into details here, and readers can think for themselves.

Therefore, this paper discusses the similarities and differences of words, focusing on differences but not similarities, in order to highlight the key points. This paper starts from the differences between the whole and the sub-narrative. Generally speaking, we should grasp the difference between the two on the whole, not the generalization of a single family; The narrator, from the microscopic point of view, represents the author's analysis, which is very different. West Shuwen and Wei Erjia (note: according to Wen Wei, they are not from West Shuren, but Huajianji has the highest number of words collected by all schools, which is greatly influenced by it, so they pretend to analyze it); The Southern Tang Dynasty was ruled by two masters (with Feng Yansi attached).

[An integral part]

The splendor of Xishu Ci.

The development of Wen and Niu Qiao's ci style is the mainstream of Xishu ci. Ouyang Jiong, a poet of the Western Shu Dynasty, wrote "Picking Inflorescences", which highlighted the characteristics of the palace-style poems of the Western Shu Ci. Its sequence cloud:

"There is a banquet childe, beautifully embroidered, handing flowers and leaves, and pumping brocade; Hold the jade finger embedded in the fiber and pat the sandalwood. Not without clear words, but with a charming gesture. Since the Palace of the Southern Dynasties, it has been lascivious to the north. "

It can be said that the Ci style in West Shu is the product of the Qi Liang Palace style and the prostitute style in West Shu, and it is also influenced by the hedonic atmosphere in West Shu court and the urban amusement life.

According to "Shu Lang Lang":

Wang Yan, the former ruler of Shu, once went boating in Langzhong, creating his own Shuidiao Yinhan Qu, Ganzhou Qu and drunken makeup Ci.

"The people in Shu are rich", "Everyone is happy in the beautiful capital", there are many geisha houses and prostitutes' houses, the prostitution industry in the north is booming, new songs and romantic love songs are prevalent, and the literati forget to go home after going whoring. Even Wang Yan, the master of Shu, "likes privacy and often stays at prostitutes' homes." Its life is decadent.

Most of Xishu's ci works are "the words of a master" written by "entertaining people with songs and rewarding guests with music", that is, the so-called "picking inflorescences", which means "making the West Garden a wise man and covering the music with feathers".

Xia, a modern poet, summed up the essence of Xishu poets as: "Gorgeous rhetoric, graceful manner, focusing on women's beauty and clothing, as well as their parting and parting."

The aesthetic purport of Xishu Ci is the beauty of resentment, vulgarity and elegance of rhyme, and its vulgarity belongs to one family.

The Political Lyric Color of Poems in Southern Tang Dynasty

Like Xishu, Ci in the early Southern Tang Dynasty reflected the luxurious enjoyment of court life. In A.D. 1950, the tombs of Dr. Li Sheng, the fierce ancestor, and Master Li Jing were dug up, and prostitutes danced, which is enough to prove it! Moreover, the middle and lower officials and ordinary literati in the Southern Tang Dynasty did not see any lyrics, and there was no record of Shicheng singing songs, only "two masters and one phase". Madam's sovereignty is the most important thing, and her works must be done with state affairs, which highlights the political color. Needless to say, it is worth discussing whether the poems of China Excavate and Feng Yansi are political.

In the world of Excavate, there is no more heroic spirit of Li Sheng, the fierce ancestor. At the end of its construction, there were the following weeks outside, and it was difficult to attack and cut. He claimed to be a minister and divided the number and moved the capital to Nanchang; As far as Yunqi is concerned, Wang is fighting indoors, but there is no unity inside, and its territory and potential are declining.

Ma Ling's Book of the Southern Tang Dynasty in the Northern Song Dynasty says, "Yuan Zong has enjoyed the drama for a long time and said,' Blow a pool of spring water'. What's wrong with you? " ? Yan Si said, "It's not as cold as your majesty's' small building blowing through jade'. Yuan Zongyue ".

Li Yian's "On Ci" commented: "When the Five Dynasties went to war, the four seas were divided into beans, and judo was completely destroyed. Li alone is gentle in Jiangnan, so he has the word' blowing a pool of spring water'. Although the language is very strange, the so-called' so-called voice of national subjugation' is also. "

Lu Fangweng's Book of Southern Tang Dynasty has eight comments: "When … according to this theory, it is very accurate.

Today, Long Muxun also has a wonderful comment. Yunwen said: "Poets and poets have written songs, reaching the peak among the sages among the flowers. The two masters in the Southern Tang Dynasty swept away their splendor and told their own life stories and feelings of compassion. The style of ci is between "Feng" and "Sao". This is because his bosom friend knows music, but he suffers from various reasons. His thoughts and actions are extremely contradictory and too exciting, and he unexpectedly bursts into sad voices. Second, the subject realm is high, and the cover is also forced by the environment, so it is impossible to read the same text and Wei. "

And his work "Four Prints Preface of Zhai Engraving" Yangchun Collection "said:" (Jens) has been talking about his life experience, and he is pregnant with many things ... Zhou Shi invaded the south, and the national situation is in jeopardy. ..................................................................................................................................................................................

Southern Tang Ci is full of political color, and its style is full of sadness.

So is the difference between the two words.

Funan Tang ci did not inherit the gorgeous style of western Shu, but did the opposite. What is the significance of writing lyric poems by Huang Fusong, Wei Zhuang and Xue in the late Tang Dynasty?

In short, the national orientation and political situation make it so. The political environment has been described before, so let's talk about the orientation of the country: Southern Tang claimed to be the continuation of the orthodoxy of the Tang Dynasty, and Dr. Li even claimed to be the heir of Tang Xianzong's Spring Calendar, fighting against the late Jin Dynasty in the Central Plains. Then Jin and the later Han Dynasty took the Qidan regime in Shuofang as their father. Koryo, the Khitan paid tribute to the currency in the Southern Tang Dynasty. Strange! Gai Yi people "have long served Tang En with great trust, respected Tang Yu Feng, and regarded Tang as still alive" (see Preface to Southern Tang Dynasty).

It can be seen that in the Southern Tang Dynasty, the monarch and ministers were proud of being kind to Tang Tongxu, so they stayed away from the monarch and ministers at the end of the Tang Dynasty and sneered at the culture and art of the small country of Xishu in the southwest of An.

Three,

[divided into four parts]

When it comes to the flower body of Xishu, we must mention the temperature and health; If you mention the Southern Tang Ci, you have to mention the two masters. Let's discuss the four schools one by one. In the big place, it has the style of western Shu and southern Tang dynasty in Ming dynasty; In a small place, judge Wen Wei, the difference between the two masters.

Wen, whose real name is Yi Yun, was born in Qixian County, Taiyuan City. He is the grandson of Premier Wen Yanbo. "Fly small" ("On Cui"), he has also quoted many times. Hua Jijian, edited by Zhao Chongzuo, used the most words, reaching 66, which was placed in front of the volume and was the "originator".

Warm words are often written in songs, imitating the gentle and charming posture and helping the charming state, so their words show rich and beautiful beauty. Hu Zaiyun: "Ting Yun's lyrics are very beautiful." . Huang: "Wen Feiqing's handwriting is very beautiful, and it should be the laurel of Huajian Collection. The impression of Wenci on the world is stained with beautiful and gorgeous words, gorgeous colors and charming scenery, depicting many things, such as palaces, fairies, ladies, clothes, living furnishings, costumes and so on. Li commented on Yucun's ci: "Wen likes to use words such as (up and down deer) (up and down), golden partridge, golden phoenix, etc. This is a habit of Quincy. "

Fei Qing depicts female images, paying attention to the exquisite carving of their appearance and makeup style, such as comparing the cheeks of beautiful women to the faces of flowers: "Flowers meet", "Little Niang blushes to meet the cold wave", "Clouds on the temples want to make cheeks snow", "Pink heart yellow milk flowers" and so on. He wrote eyebrows 13 times, and some used mountains as metaphors, such as "the eyebrows are far away and the mountains are green", and some used Vitamin as metaphors, such as "a willow leaves a new eyebrow"; Write about temples eight times, such as "temples are incomplete" and "temples are like silkworms".

Wei Zhuang, a native of Jingzhao, grew up alone, not good at machinery, but more sensitive than others, and later became an official in Shu. Zhuang spent most of his life in war and displacement, and his life experience was most similar to that of Lao Du, and he was highly respected. On Wei Zhuang, there are two contradictions: one is to drag out an ignoble existence after being displaced; First, never forget the old country and the old king. His works in Huanxisha, When to Join Hands with Chang 'an, Lotus Cup, Now Everyone is a Stranger, Qingping Music and Isolation of Books and Sounds in the Old Country, are also evidence. Chen Tingzhuo's White Jade Zhai Thorn commented that "a person's character may not be high, but his feelings can also be sad. "So, both of them are Huajian Ci writers, and Zhuang and Fei Qing's Ci are different. Their poems either express the feelings of men and women, or record their travels, send them off, chant history, or sing praises to their drinking friends and lament their lives. Liu Xizai commented on the cloud: "If you linger on, you will feel sorry for yourself".

Wei Zhuang is good at drinking and drinking, and his broad-minded and straightforward words vaguely reveal deep affection. Ye Jiaying's Selected Poems of Jialing commented: "Although the pen is straight and intense, the emotion is gloomy and tortuous." Therefore, it has formed a delicate and light style.

Zhuang also vigorously uses the method of drawing characters in a straight line and sketching the characters' scenery, presenting vivid pictures, such as "the night in the red chamber is sad, and the incense lamp is half-rolled with tassels." When the waning moon rises, the beauty says in tears "(Bodhisattva Xia). "Tears streaming down her face, her eyebrows half folded with shame" (female crown). In the plane layout, it has the characteristics of ethereal and good at turning, with clear vein, coherent structure and rich beauty of "bone show". As Wang Jing' an said when discriminating Wen Wei's ci: "Painting partridge flies in Qing language today, and its ci is similar;" The oriole language on the string "has its own language, and its words are similar."

Its language is delicate and beautiful, and it is famous for its elegance. He is used to using disyllabic, rhyming and reduplicative words, such as "flowers are gorgeous", "leaves are blooming", "rain is raining", "people are burning" and "laughing".

It can be seen that Wen Wei's ci belongs to the category of "flowers" and is a master's ci. Wenci objectively and specifically writes about women; Wei Ci is subjective and devoted to himself. Portrayed by Wen Gong and sketched by Gong Wei; A master is in a daze, and a master is sketching.

Li Jing (916-961), whose real name is Jingtong and whose real name is Apollo, is the eldest son of Dr. commanding his father. Jiing is timid by nature, ignorant and fearless, versatile and fond of reading. History of the Old Five Dynasties (volume 134) and History of the New Five Dynasties (volume 62) have been handed down to this day. There are only four words handed down from generation to generation.

After the generation of Wu, Jiing occupied twenty-eight states in the south of the Yangtze River, recuperated and became a bachelor. Han Xizai, Feng Yansi, Xu Xuan and others in the DPRK, "always write songs and poems, and go in and out coquettish". In the first issue of the two emperors, Feng Yansi did the most, and the first one was changed to the word of scholar-bureaucrat (The Thorn on Earth), which broke away from the "flower room" and became a poet's personality. Regret that I have no ability to govern the country, indulge in party struggle, and rely only on the Lord's faith. Yan used plain language to express deep sorrow, which has the general mentality of a scholar-bureaucrat: lingering, euphemistic, decisive and profound. Wang Jing 'an commented: "Although Feng Zhongzheng's ci did not lose the wind of the Five Dynasties, it was very big, which opened the atmosphere of the Northern Song Dynasty. Both main words were outside the greenhouse."

However, the two words "Guo Zhu" and "Yan Si" are limited by their own talents and cannot be put into use. When the light shines again, the realm of ci begins to be great, outstanding in the world, and the words of the scholar-officials will be settled.

Li Yu (937-978), formerly known as Jia Cong, was named Zhong Yin and Lotus Peak Lay Man. Yusheng has a strange watch, a charming spirit, and is smart and easy to read. He is better than all his brothers and has outstanding talents. The latter is like his father, weak and kind, and is not good at the main evidence. Began in the heyday of the emperor, enjoying prosperity; I ended up in jail, a 42-year dream.

The content of the suffix is nothing more than the following:

(1) describes the life scene of royalty, saying "Press the clothes song again" and "Don't put the candle red when you return, until the hooves clear jathyapple".

(2) Describe the manner and mentality of empresses, such as A Hello Pearl, Early Makeup, Chewing Red Velvet and Laughing at Tan Lang. Another example is "Bodhisattva Man", "Flowers and bright moons are dark and foggy" and "Girl Guan Yutai in Penglai Courtyard".

(3) Express your worries and escape from the world. In early works, there are many sad words and few happy words. For example, "Xie Xinen" and "Qin Lou doesn't look at girls, but enjoys the scenery in the garden in his spare time". Another example is "Qing Ping Le", "Plums fall like snow, but they are still full when brushed" and "hate is like spring grass, and there is still vitality no matter how far away".

The late master was not in a daze, but when the country was in danger, he was not excited and recited Buddha endlessly. His weakness was obvious. His words are "a pot of wine, a body" and "freedom in the waves". What's more, I forget my sadness by drunkenness, such as "in a dream of spring", "in a dream of drunken screen" and "in a dream of singing".

(4), prisoner life, hate of national subjugation. This kind of thing is the most expensive for the latter. They can think, observe keenly and have rich feelings to judge Yun Ni's life experience. What's more, they all denied the old things, and they couldn't do it unless they experienced great sorrow and joy. It is really valuable. For example, the midnight song "Although the past is empty, it's like a dream", "I don't know if I'm a guest in my dream, but I want to have fun in the morning", and "Yu Meiren", "How much can I ask you, just like a river flowing eastward".

The words of the latter master reveal the true feelings, pure and willful, lyrical, without exaggeration or concealment. The late master was also good at sketching, describing scenery, people, scenery and mentality, all of which were wonderful, and his writing style was higher than that of Wei Zhuang and Naifu.

In the later period, the master's ci was clear and graceful in the early stage and strange in the later stage, which set a precedent for the ci style in the Northern Song Dynasty. Shen commented on Miscellaneous Words: "I once said that I was not good at governing the country, but I can still be called the South King in my words." Wang's "Half Soup Old Man's Legacy" says: "It is said that the Chinese emperor matches the bell color." It can be said that the evaluation is high.

Four,

From the above discussion of the four schools of ci, we can see that the styles of Xishu ci and Nantang ci are different, and there are also differences within each school, which shows the magnificence and colorful literary gardens of Huaxia and Xia.

When Fu Yu finished writing Sven, there was a question lingering in his mind: What is the relationship between the rise and fall of national strength and the prosperity of literature and art?

Today's servants feel that the country is rich and strong, and literature and art are prosperous; When the country declines, literature and art are lost. Political factors have a great relationship with the development of literature and art. During the Cultural Revolution, literature and art declined, class struggle was carried out against literature and art, ideas were imprisoned, creation was restricted, the essence of old China was destroyed, and foreign advanced culture was excluded. Ten years, lost opportunity, very painful!