Who can elaborate on the history of the Spanish Empire?

The history of Spain is almost a history of foreign aggression.

From the 1 1 century BC to the 5th century BC, it was invaded by Iberians, Tartiscians, Phoenicians, Greeks and Celts. Later, Celts mixed with Iberians and became the unique Bero people in Keltie on the peninsula. Then the Carthaginians and Romans invaded one after another, and Spain became the sphere of influence of the western Roman Empire. There are still Roman relics on the Iberian Peninsula.

In the 6th and 7th centuries BC, visigoths invaded and established a kingdom with Zaredo as its capital. Today, visigoth cultural relics can be seen everywhere in Toledo.

In the eighth century, Spain was ruled by Arab Moors who crossed the sea from North Africa. From then on to the end of the fifteenth century, Muslim culture swept across Spain. Under the rule of Muslims, although Spain is located in Europe, it is not like European countries.

In the 20th century BC/KLOC-0, Muslims established more than 300 mosques in Gedohua. At that time, there were 200,000 households in Gedohua, which was prosperous and said to be the largest city in the world.

Soon after, Spanish Christians under Muslim rule launched a movement to recover their land. Since then, Spain has been influenced by the Zionist movement.

1479, after King Ferdinand of Aragaw married Queen Isabella of Castilla, he finally realized his long-cherished wish of Spanish reunification. At this time, due to internal disputes and the influence of the Zionist movement in Spain, the power of Muslims gradually weakened, and finally the base area had to be moved to Granada, and the Alhambra Palace was built on the Lim Mountain.

After the reunification of the country, Ferdinand led 90,000 troops to advance, and finally defeated the Muslims and won the final victory. 1492, Granada was returned to Christians.

When Carlos I, the grandson of two kings, and Philip II, his son, Spain entered a more glorious hegemonic era. In particular, Carlos I (that is, Charles V) was promoted to the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, and his civil and military skills were at their peak, which was the peak in Spanish history.

Charles V ruled nearly half of Europe and most of America, and later conquered the Mayan Empire in Mexico and the Inca Empire in Peru. With the process of establishing colonies in Central and South America, 15 and16th century Spain became a veritable "golden century".

In May, the Spanish Armada from Lisbon was defeated by 80 highly mobile British fleets in the Dover Strait. Since then, Spain has been devastated and its maritime hegemony has been replaced by Britain.

/kloc-in 0/700, there was no heir to the Spanish throne, which led to the succession war between Britain, France and Austria. As a result, the French Bourbons inherited the Spanish throne. Today, the current King Fan. Carlos I maintained a good traditional friendship with France.

1808, after Napoleon obtained Spain by deception, he ordered his brother josef i to be the king of Spain, which immediately aroused the resistance of Spanish nationals, revolted in succession and overthrew the government. Goya's famous paintings "May 2nd" and "May 3rd" describe the revolutionary situation at that time.

On the other hand, Spanish colonies in Central and South America became independent by imitating the American Revolution. However, the corruption of court politics and the depression of private economy in Spain have shaken Spain's national foundation.

/kloc-In the second half of the 0/9th century, Spain was in turmoil and anti-government movements were in full swing. 1873 from February to the end of the following year, Spain briefly implemented * * * and. However, the unrest continues. After World War I, the working class rose politically. 193 1, the government had to declare a * * * peace system. At that time, King Alfonso XIII fled France.

Since then, the political situation has continued to deteriorate, and the activities of dissatisfied elements have become more intense. From 1936 to 1939, it was the most intense period of the Spanish civil war. Franco's dictatorship was established after the civil war.

Spain did not take part in World War II. Politically, Franco's regime was isolated by all countries in the world, and it was not until 1955 joined the United Nations that it returned to the international stage.

1964, General Franco appointed Juan Carlos, the grandson of Alfonso XIII, as his successor. After Franco's death 1975, Juan Carlos I ascended the throne, promulgated a new constitution, and Spain became a constitutional monarchy.

First, the origin and early history of the nation

The Iberian Peninsula has been inhabited since 800,000 years ago. It is speculated that Africans may have crossed the Strait of Gibraltar or hunters from other parts of Europe crossed the Pyrenees to settle here. The earliest indigenous people in Iberian Peninsula are Iberians. The world-famous rock paintings left by Arda Milla Cave in northern Spain vividly record the life of primitive people. Bison, deer and wild horses are colorful and lifelike. From about 3000 BC, foreign nationalities began to immigrate to Iberian Peninsula on a large scale. In the 6th century BC, Celts came to Iberian Peninsula, and Iberians and Celts married and merged with each other, resulting in the later Celtic beria. Around 1 1 century BC, Phoenicians established trade relations with Spain. The Phoenicians established the city of Cadiz; In order to further develop the resources of the peninsula, the Phoenicians established a permanent residence along the Mediterranean coast. Phoenicians love peace and engage in business activities in Iberian Peninsula. They teach local residents to use money, mine and smelt metals, and weave cloth. In the 7th century BC, Greek merchants began to settle in the Mediterranean coast of Spain and introduced grapes and olives to Iberian Peninsula. In the 6th century BC, the Phoenicians joined forces with cartago to fight against Celt beria, and later cartago became the owner of the peninsula.

In 2 18 BC, the Romans invaded Spain on a large scale. In 206 BC, the Romans expelled cartago from the Iberian Peninsula. The Romans encountered heroic resistance in the process of conquering Serti beria, and it was not until 19 BC that the Romans completely conquered the whole peninsula. Since then, Spain has been a province of the Roman Empire for 500 years. Roman rule had a profound influence on the history, economy, culture and society of Spain. The Romans intermarried with the local Celti beria, thus giving birth to the Roman Spanish. The Romans brought languages, laws, customs, etc. Spain is completely "Latinized". The Romans established many new towns (such as Seville, Cordoba, Salamanca, Toledo and Zaragoza). ), and built a large number of roads, sewers, public bathrooms, city halls, Colosseum, amphitheater, bridges, aqueducts, etc. Under the rule of the Romans, the living standards of the local people improved obviously, and the Iberian Peninsula became an important trade area, with precious minerals, cheap wine and high-quality olive oil sold all over the world. Generally speaking, Roman rule brought four social foundations to Spain: Latin language system, Roman law, urban system and Christian belief.

The Roman Empire began to collapse in the 5th century. In 409 AD, the Visigoths invaded Spain and began their 300-year rule. Under the rule of visigoths, Roman Spaniards and visigoths intermarried. The visigoths started the feudal system in Spain. However, the visigoths did not inject too much fresh blood into Spanish civilization. On the contrary, Visigoths also adopted Latin characters and even became Christians, following the cultural customs of the Romans and later being assimilated by the local people. Due to the battle for the throne, in 7 10 A.D., a visigoth contender for the throne sought the help of the Moors, thus starting the invasion of the Moors.

The Spanish nation is relatively single, and it is a country composed of a main nation and several ethnic minorities. The main ethnic group is Castilians, who speak Spanish, accounting for about 73% of the population. The ethnic minorities are mainly Catalans, accounting for about 15% of the population, mainly living in Barcelona and its surrounding areas; Galicians account for nearly 7% of the population, mainly living on the western Atlantic coast; Basques account for about 5% and live in the northern border area near France.

In addition, there are peoples called Valencia and Andalusians, who have long been assimilated with other peoples and are no longer considered as independent peoples. Even Catalans, Basques and Galicians, who are called ethnic minorities, have not much difference in their way of thinking and living habits from Castilians, but they have retained their own language and culture.

In Spain, there are still about 10000 gypsies living. The Spanish government didn't want to recognize them as legal minorities in China. In the past decade, the government, like neighboring countries, has allocated huge sums of money to build houses for them to live and work in peace and contentment.

Catalonia has a population of 60,000 and a history of 1000 years. There are four provinces: Barcelona, Leda, Groner and Catalonia. Autonomous government. A completely independent language: Catalan. Catalonia is one of the richest provinces in Spain, with a strong sense of belonging and pride in independence and autonomy.

The area is triangular and located in the northeast of Iberian Peninsula. Catalonia has very rich and diverse resources. From the Mediterranean coast to the inland mountains and the Pyrenees, landscapes and plants show endless variability. In addition, from the Montserra Plateau to the Garocha volcanic area, the diversity of geography and landforms is amazing.

Sports enthusiasts found their gospel there: excellent sports venues, sailing, skiing, golf, adventure sports and hiking all have high-quality facilities.

Art lovers will not be hurt by this. Catalonia has extremely changeable architectural styles and a large number of artistic movements to choose from: Romanesque architecture, Gothic and Baroque, Romanticism and the fire of modernism closer to us. It produced famous (or less famous) artists popular with the general public: Guti, Dali, Miro and Bao casals. . . . . .

Catalonia is also a land with a surprisingly rich history. Since the Neolithic Age, people have lived here: first the Financians and Greeks, then the Visigoths (484 BC), and then the Muslims all occupied this land. The failure of the Moors in Potier in 800 marked the beginning of the Franks' expedition to Catalonia again. At the end of the tenth century, King Blair II, Duke of Barcelona, gained independence from the Principality of Catalonia. From 1200 to 1550, there has been a great expansion in politics, commerce and economy here. King Jammu occupied Ma Erkai in 1229 and Valencia in 1245.

The marriage between Christian kings marked the birth of Spain as a unified country, although the two kingdoms maintained their own cultural and linguistic uniqueness. But the first dispute between Catalonia and the Kingdom of Spain soon appeared. 1640, the people rose up against the central government, that is, the "Reaper War". During the Spanish war of succession to the throne, Catalonia supported the Austrian Archduke Charles, who was defeated. King Philip V of Spain issued a decree to abolish independent government agencies, ban Catalan as the official language and close universities. Since 17 16, Spanish kings have been trying to absorb Catalan from other parts of Spain.

It was not until 1932 that the autonomous government was restored and Catalonia regained its political independence. During the civil war (1936-39), Franco's victory made Catalonia lose its autonomy and Catalan was banned. With Franco's death, 1975 restored democracy, and 1977 the autonomous government regained its autonomy (economic, educational and cultural management rights).

Today's Catalans are particularly active because they are open to new things and modernity and loyal to their traditions and folk songs. It must fight for the recognition of its independent identity, and it is very proud of it. The conclusion is very convincing: 1990, Catalan was recognized as a European language, and in 1992, it became one of the official languages used in the Barcelona Olympic Games.