How did kidney calculi get it?

Why do so many people have to go to kidney calculi? In fact, this has a lot to do with our current living habits and eating habits. Most stones are caused by diet. At present, apart from giving birth to a child, the highest pain index is the pain caused by kidney calculi, which patients describe as "sharpening the knife".

How did kidney calculi get it?

(1) Too much fat intake, and all kinds of animals eat too much meat. Fat will reduce the calcium bound in the intestine and easily form stones.

(2) Eating too much sugar can easily lead to stones. Sugar is an important nutrient for human body, so it should be supplemented regularly and appropriately, but if it is supplemented too much, especially lactose, it will also form stones.

(3) Eating too much food with more purine components, such as animal viscera, peanuts, beans, seafood, etc. Uric acid will be produced after purine metabolism, which will easily lead to oxalate precipitation. If you eat too much, you will form stones.

What impact will kidney calculi bring to life?

(1) kidney calculi is most likely to appear at the junction of ureteropelvic junction. If it stays at the entrance of ureter and iliac vessels and at ureter and bladder, it will cause urinary tract obstruction and dysuria. At a certain stage, there will be serious situations such as heart failure, mental abnormality and coma, and even life-threatening.

(2) After urinary tract obstruction, the ureter and renal pelvis above the obstruction will expand hydronephrosis. Hydronephrosis can be divided into mild, moderate and severe hydronephrosis. If not solved for a long time, the whole renal function will be lost, and finally the kidney can only be removed.

(3) Most patients in kidney calculi will have symptoms of urinary tract infection, such as fear of cold, chills, and a large amount of pus in urine. Severe urinary tract infection may also cause septicemia and threaten people's lives. In addition, long-term stone stimulation of mucosa will cause chronic inflammatory infection, and even cancer will occur in severe cases.

Does kidney calculi need surgery?

According to the size, shape, smoothness, location of kidney calculi and the patient's physical condition, we should comprehensively judge whether kidney calculi needs to be removed by surgery.

When the smooth pebble is less than 0.6 cm, it can be excreted with urine by medicine or drinking cogongrass rhizome gold tea without surgery. If the stone is less than 1 cm, the irregular stone can be crushed into small stones by extracorporeal shock wave, which is convenient for discharge and does not require surgical treatment.

How to relieve pain quickly when kidney calculi has an attack?

(1) hot compress

Hot compress is helpful to relieve the spasmodic contraction of renal pelvis and ureter and relieve the pain of patients. When applying hot compress, you can choose hot wet towel or hot water bag to apply hot compress on the waist of colic side, and pay attention to prevent scalding the skin.

(2) Drink hot water

If you drink some hot water, you can expand the urinary tract system and reduce the friction between stones and the wall of the official cavity, thus reducing the probability of inflammation and pain. When the water in the urinary system reaches a certain level, you can immediately feel the pain relieved, which is within the acceptable range.

(3) Massage

Pressing the tender point of the patient's back with his right thumb has therapeutic effect on urinary calculi through meridian conduction. Acupoint massage therapy has a certain effect on renal colic and can also promote the discharge of stones.

Traditional Chinese Medicine Treatment in kidney calculi —— Rhizoma Imperatae Golden Tea

Formula: 5g of green tea, 5g of endothelium corneum Gigeriae Galli, 5g of fresh lalang grass rhizome, 3g of houttuynia cordata, 3g of lophatherum gracile, 3g of hawthorn, 3g of licorice and 3g of Siraitia grosvenorii.

Practice: Wash all the materials, soak them in warm water for 30 minutes, then pour them into a casserole and cook for about 30 minutes. If you feel troublesome, you can also make teabags and eat them twice a day.

Inner golden tea of imperata rhizome is a common prescription for treating mild kidney calculi in traditional Chinese medicine. The required materials are all foods with the same origin of medicine and food. Through the diuretic effect of green tea, houttuynia cordata, Lophatherum gracile, hawthorn, licorice and Siraitia grosvenorii, it can not only reduce the formation of stones, but also help to keep fit and reduce the side effects of treating kidney calculi.

Kidney calculi is a kind of urinary calculi.

The incidence of male friends is about three times that of female friends, but it is more common in Jiangnan area, and urinary calculi are relatively rare in the north.

Most urinary calculi are not well prevented.

1. kidney calculi is caused by many reasons, not by a single factor, as follows:

① Excessive intake of refined sugar and animal protein and too little intake of crude fiber food can contribute to stones;

② Decreased activities or relatively high working environment;

③ Hyperparathyroidism can lead to stones in long-term bedridden patients;

④ Changes of urine pH: Calcium phosphate stones and magnesium ammonium phosphate stones are usually formed in alkaline urine; Uric acid stones and bladder acid stones are usually formed in acidic urine;

(5) Urine concentration or urine volume reduction can also contribute to the formation of stones;

⑥ The substances such as citric acid, magnesium, acidic mucopolysaccharide and trace elements that inhibit the formation of stones in urine are reduced;

⑦ Urinary tract obstruction contributes to the formation of stones;

Urinary tract infection leads to stone formation.

Second, how to treat kidney calculi?

1. For urinary calculi, patients with smooth stones less than 0.6 cm and no urinary tract infection or obstruction can consider conservative treatment. 90% of smooth stones with a diameter less than 0.4 cm can be excreted through urine. Every time you urinate, you can see if there are stones discharged.

2, non-surgical treatment includes:

(1) keep more than 2000ML of drinking water every day.

② Try to avoid three high foods: high sugar, high animal fat and high animal protein diet. Patients with uric acid stones should not eat high purine foods such as animal viscera. Strong tea, tomatoes, aloe and spinach are high in oxalic acid, and milk chocolate nuts are rich in calcium. Try to eat as little as possible.

(3) Stones complicated with urinary tract infection should be controlled.

④ Urine should be properly alkalized or acidified according to the types of stones in patients. For example, uric acid stones can be alkalized by oral sodium bicarbonate, and stones caused by infection can acidify urine.

⑤ Chinese medicine and acupuncture to remove stones. The more common Chinese herbal medicines are Lysimachia christinae, Plantago asiatica, Endothelium Corneum Gigeriae Galli, Akebia Akebia and so on.

3. Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy: Patients are generally in good condition, and patients without urinary tract obstruction, pregnancy, serious cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and upper urinary tract stones with stones less than 2.5 cm can consider extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy.

4. If the above methods are not solved, you can consider surgical treatment. Most surgical treatments are closed operations, namely ureterorenoscopy or lithotripsy or percutaneous nephrolithotomy or lithotripsy.

He has stones because of irregular diet!

Nowadays, with the improvement of living standards, I am becoming more and more picky in my daily diet. I used to know a friend named "local tyrant"! Home is a relocated household, eating and drinking every day, young, probably in his early 20 s! Because he often drinks and stays up late for a long time, his beer belly has also risen, slowly reaching three highs. However, stones also appeared. It can be said that leaving so many diseases at a young age makes him very painful.

It seems that the disease enters from the mouth, which is also the reason why many stone patients should avoid eating!

So, what is the main reason for kidney calculi?

Above, I talked about the problem of diet, because many young people eat irregularly now! In the initial urology, although kidney calculi was a common disease, his average age was between 30 and 60. Nowadays, with the development of society, more and more young people have stones, especially many office workers. kidney calculi likes them best.

Because many office workers are very busy during the day, they will take time to go to karaoke, drink and eat at night. After a long time, natural stones will find you.

Secondly, there are the following kinds of food, so we should eat less!

A. foods with high oxalic acid content

The most common stone we come into contact with is calcium oxalate stone. The main reason is that we often eat too much food containing oxalic acid in our diet, but we don't drink much water at ordinary times. Once there is a problem with metabolic function, it is easy to have stones.

B. Congenital stone constitution, genetic factors

Can stones be inherited? In fact, some people are born with stones, and some people are very prone to stone problems, so it is normal to have genetic factors.

C.you must eat less fat.

Too much fat intake will only increase our body fat, and the disadvantage of fat is that it is easy to reduce the calcium absorbed by the intestine, which will lead to an increase in the absorption of oxalate. If we drink less water and urinate less, kidney calculi will naturally appear.

D. eat less foods with high sugar content.

Everyone knows that sugar is an essential ingredient in our body. Even so, take a small amount, don't overdo it, otherwise it will create the best conditions for stones.

Of course, there are many foods that should be eaten less, so I won't elaborate here. In short, pay more attention.

How to treat the problem of stones better?

This problem has been discussed several times before! The current medical level is ok, but although it is ok, stones are also a headache in urology, because the recurrence rate is too strong, especially in summer, which is the peak of recurrence, so many stone patients have a special headache.

I used to have multiple stones in both kidneys. The left kidney is about 1cm, and the right kidney is also 0.7cm. In order to cure the stone, I also crushed the stone twice, but they all recurred! I didn't want to make the same mistake again, so I chose conservative treatment, so I started looking for all kinds of information on the Internet. I am very lucky. I once came across Li Fujun's calculus method when I was looking up information, and then I used his method to solve the problem in two months. Although it has been a long time, it is hard for me to forget the years when I was tortured by stones.

Therefore, to maintain a good attitude, don't be too hasty, and don't be blind.

The formation of stones is caused by many factors. For example, age, gender, environmental factors, eating habits and occupation have great influence on the formation of stones. Generally speaking, stone formation mainly goes through three stages: primary nucleation, nucleation and stone formation.

Kidney calculi's performance and treatment.

Generally speaking, kidney calculi belongs to upper urinary calculi. The main manifestations are pain, discomfort and hematuria (urine contains blood and is red). Generally speaking, kidney calculi's pain is mainly the pain in the kidney area and the knocking pain at the costal ridge angle (the costal ridge angle is the last rib on the back of the human body, and the area near the midline is probably the kidney area). However, some stones located in the renal pelvis may have no pain and discomfort, and the movement of stones after general activities may cause waist discomfort. Generally speaking, ureteral calculi will have waist colic, and the pain is more severe. The diagnosis of stones can be made by B-ultrasound, X-ray film, urography and CT. At present, individualized treatment is carried out according to the size, location and shape of kidney calculi. The diameter of 0.6cm can be temporarily treated conservatively. Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy can be used with a diameter of 2cm. 2cm may require surgical intervention (percutaneous nephrolithotomy, ureteroscopy, nephrolithotomy, etc.). ). The specific treatment needs the professional guidance of urologists in 3A hospitals.

Matters needing attention in life and diet of patients with kidney calculi.

There are many factors that affect stones. About13 patients may have stones again after stone treatment. Therefore, it is of great significance to take certain preventive measures. Mainly includes the following three aspects: 1. Drink more water. Generally speaking, patients with good renal function will eventually maintain a daily urine output of about 2000ml. 2. Adjust your diet. If you know the main components of your stones after treatment, you can adjust your diet. Generally, try to eat less spinach and reeds, and limit oxalate stones to drink strong tea. Patients with uric acid stones must limit their diet to a high purine diet, such as eating less animal viscera. 3. Take certain intervention measures: if it is oxalic acid stone, you can take vitamin B 6； orally; Uric acid stones can be taken orally with allopurinol (allopurinol tablets). If the patient has hyperparathyroidism, adenoma or abnormal hyperplastic tissue must be removed.

Kidney calculi is a kind of upper urinary tract stones, that is to say, stones are formed in the kidney, while stones in the ureter are mostly formed when stones in the kidney descend into three physiological strictures of the ureter, and stones formed in the ureter are relatively rare.

The reasons for the formation of kidney calculi are very complicated. The following are the most common reasons. Xiaoke explains the following for you:

1. Hyperparathyroidism: Parathyroid adenoma and hyperplasia can increase parathyroid hormone secretion, increase blood calcium, increase urinary calcium and urinary phosphorus excretion, and easily form stones. More than half of these patients have upper urinary tract stones in kidney calculi.

2. Metabolic diseases: metabolic abnormalities such as uric acid, cystine and xanthine increase the content of these substances in urine and form corresponding stones. Some diseases that can cause hypercalcemia and hypercalcemia are also prone to stones, such as vitamin D poisoning, bone marrow metastasis, congenital vitamin D metabolic disorder in children and multiple myeloma. Patients who stay in bed for a long time are easy to decalcify and produce stones.

3. Urinary tract obstruction: Urinary tract obstruction caused by ureteropelvic junction stenosis, prostatic hypertrophy, urethral stricture, etc., leading to urinary retention, concentration, crystal precipitation and stones.

4. Urinary tract infection: Urine can be alkalized by urinary tract infection, which is beneficial to phosphate precipitation and destroys the relative balance of crystals and colloids in urine. In addition, bacteria, pus and exfoliated epithelium increase the core of urine, which is also one of the reasons for the easy formation of stones.

5. Climatic and geographical conditions: In tropical, dry areas or areas with high calcium content in water, calcium content increases due to urine concentration, which is easy to form stones.

6. Dietary nutrition: If vitamin A is insufficient, the urothelium is easy to deform and fall off, which increases the core part of stone formation; The lack of magnesium ions and citric acid in urine is easy to precipitate calcium and form stones.

Kidney calculi's symptoms are mainly pain and hematuria related to activities. The degree of pain and hematuria is related to the location, size, activity and complications of stones. Pain can be manifested as dull pain in the upper abdomen or waist, and sometimes renal colic can occur. The pain is severe and unbearable, paroxysmal or persistent, and the patient has symptoms such as tossing and turning, sweating, nausea and vomiting. Bilateral upper urinary tract stones can cause complete obstruction of bilateral urinary tract or complete obstruction of single kidney upper urinary tract stones, which can lead to anuria.

After kidney calculi was diagnosed, antispasmodic drugs such as anisodamine or pethidine were used to relieve symptoms. In addition, indomethacin and progesterone can also be used to relieve renal colic. After the pain was relieved, the following non-surgical methods were used for treatment. This method is mainly suitable for small stones with stones less than 0.8cm, no urinary tract obstruction and infection, normal renal function and multiple or recurrent stones. This is both a therapeutic measure and a preventive measure.

1 drink plenty of water: keep the urine output above 2000m every day. Reduce the concentration of stone-forming substances in urine and reduce crystal deposition. It is the most effective method to prevent the formation and growth of stones, and it is also beneficial to the discharge of stones.

2. Diet regulation: Calcium-containing stones should limit foods rich in calcium and oxalic acid, and avoid diets high in animal protein, sugar and animal fat. Uric acid stones should not be eaten with high purine foods such as animal viscera, so pay attention to alkalizing urine.

3. Control infection: When accompanied by infection, select appropriate antibacterial drugs according to bacterial culture and drug sensitivity test.

4. Simple urate stones can be treated by alkalizing urine, adjusting diet and taking allopurinol orally, and the effect is good.

6. Treatment of infected stones: control infection, acidifying urine and urease inhibitors such as acetohydroxamic acid can dissolve stones.

7. Treatment of cystine stones: alkalized urine and oral mercaptopropyl glycine can dissolve cystine stones.

8. Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy: mainly used for ureteral calculi with unobstructed ureter, good renal function and no acute infection.

8. Non-open surgery in surgical treatment includes ureterolithotomy, ureterorenoscopy or lithotripsy and percutaneous nephrolithotomy; Open surgery is suitable for kidney calculi's patients with repeated renal colic, which can not be dissolved or discharged after drug treatment, and patients with severe obstruction, infection, acute obstructive anuria, oliguria or non-functional kidney calculi complicated with pyonephrosis.

Prevention in kidney calculi:

1. The general prevention method is the same as the non-surgical treatment method for upper urinary calculi. Drinking more water and adjusting diet according to the composition of stones are effective preventive methods.

2. Prevention methods of special stones: Patients with oxalate stones can take vitamin B or magnesium oxide orally to reduce the content of oxalic acid in urine or increase the solubility of oxalic acid in urine; The prevention methods of infected stones, uric acid or cystine stones are the same as non-surgical treatment. Allopurinol can also inhibit calcium-containing stones; In case of hyperparathyroidism, parathyroid adenoma or hyperplastic tissue should be removed to prevent kidney calculi.

Thanks for reading!

What are the common reasons for kidney calculi?

It's hot and sweaty, and it's the high season in kidney calculi. Today we will talk about the topic of kidney calculi.

Kidney calculi refers to urinary system diseases caused by abnormal accumulation of some crystalline substances (such as calcium, oxalic acid, uric acid, cystine, etc.). ) in the kidney, is a common and frequently-occurring disease in the urinary system.

Kidney calculi can be divided into calcium oxalate stones, urate stones and calcium phosphate stones according to the composition of stones, among which calcium oxalate stones are the most common, accounting for 765%, 438+0% and 84% respectively. Calcium oxalate stones are characterized by being hard, unbreakable, rough and irregular, easily damaging urethra and causing hematuria.

Stones can occur anywhere in the urinary system, but almost all stones are first formed in the kidney (renal pelvis and calyx) and then discharged into the ureter and bladder. If the stone is small, it will be discharged with urine during exercise, or it may have no symptoms; If the stone is large, the activity in the renal pelvis is small, generally asymptomatic, or only manifested as waist pain and discomfort, and there may be dull pain or dull pain when physical activity increases; Small stones are discharged to the ureter, but they can't pass through the narrow part of the ureter, where they are stuck to stimulate ureteral spasm and cause renal colic, which is manifested as severe pain in the waist and abdomen like a knife cut and is paroxysmal.

Kidney calculi mostly occurs in young adults, with more males than females, and the incidence ratio of male to female is about 2~3: 1. The incidence rate is high in southern and coastal cities of China, high in high-protein diet for residents in economically developed areas, and high in kidney calculi for obese patients and high-temperature workers.

Oxalate in urine combines with calcium in urine to form calcium oxalate stones. Hyperoxalemia plays an important role in the formation of kidney calculi's disease. With the increase of oxalic acid concentration in blood, the concentration of oxalic acid in urine also increases. Similarly, hyperuricemia plays a central role in the formation of uric acid kidney calculi. Taking common calcium oxalate stones and urate stones as examples, this paper expounds the common reasons for the formation of kidney calculi.

1, too much oxalic acid intake: a large number of foods rich in oxalic acid (such as chocolate, nuts, spinach, amaranth, spinach, leeks, bamboo shoots, etc. ), animal protein, salt, etc. , can lead to the increase of blood oxalic acid and urine oxalic acid content;

2, blindly supplementing vitamin C: Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) can be converted into oxalic acid, leading to an increase in urinary oxalic acid levels;

3. Chronic intestinal infection: chronic intestinal infection such as chronic enteritis leads to increased absorption of oxalic acid and increased levels of blood oxalic acid and urine oxalic acid;

4. Long-term abuse of antibiotics: From the age of 3, an anaerobic bacterium named Oxalophilic Bacillus will appear in the intestine, which can decompose oxalic acid in the intestine and reduce its absorption. However, if antibiotics are abused for a long time, bacteria will be lost in the intestine, and the absorption of oxalic acid in the intestine will increase;

5, long-term low-calcium diet: high-calcium food and high-oxalic acid food are eaten together, calcium and oxalic acid combine in the intestine to form calcium oxalate that is not easily absorbed, and the absorption of calcium and oxalic acid will be reduced, but the concentration of oxalic acid in the blood will be reduced. If the calcium content in food is insufficient, it will increase the absorption of oxalic acid;

6. Recurrent urinary tract infection: the infected inflammatory complex is easy to combine with calcium and other substances to form stones;

7. Urinary tract obstruction: After urinary tract obstruction, first, the concentration of oxalic acid and calcium in urine at the obstruction is high, which is easy to combine to form stones; Second, urinary tract obstruction is prone to urinary tract infection and stones;

8. High purine diet: long-term intake of animal viscera, alcohol, fructose drinks, etc. It leads to the increase of blood uric acid and uric acid concentration;

9. Drug action: Some drugs, such as benbromarone, a uric acid reducing drug, promote uric acid excretion, significantly increase uric acid concentration, and easily form uric acid stones. Therefore, kidney calculi patients are forbidden to use benzbromarone;

10, drink less water at ordinary times; It is hot and sweaty, or drinking less water at ordinary times leads to a decrease in urine volume, and the concentration of various components in urine increases to form stones. Drinking less water and urinating less are the reasons why ordinary people are prone to get stones and are easily overlooked.

Living habits are an important factor that causes diseases. Unbalanced nutrient intake, low renal function and urinary tract infection will all cause long-term hydrops in bladder. Sometimes gallbladder problems can also lead to poor urination, electrolyte disorder and acid-base imbalance, thus forming stones.

Regarding kidney calculi, let's look at a case first:

When I changed my major in surgery, I met a patient from kidney calculi who worked as a car mechanic. He is a rural person, diligent and enterprising. He often refuses to drink water and does various part-time jobs after work. Of course, his diet is very irregular.

This time I was admitted to the hospital because of acute abdominal pain, and I rolled in bed with pain. CT showed that left kidney calculi had left upper ureteral calculi with a diameter of about 2.0CM, and left hydronephrosis.

I didn't know until I asked my medical history that this young man had an operation because of kidney calculi a year ago.

According to the size of the stone, it is obvious that the operation indication has been reached, and this time it is impossible to escape the second operation.

It says that after his first operation, the doctor told him to drink more water and pay attention to his diet. He didn't care, thinking that one operation would not lead to stones again.

So what are the typical clinical manifestations of kidney calculi?

Kidney calculi's symptoms are renal pain and percussion pain, hematuria, nausea, vomiting, frequent urination, urgency and dysuria.

Kidney calculi is mainly due to the formation of crystals of calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, urate, carbonate and other components in the kidney, most of which are hard, and are clinically called stones.

For many diseases, the etiology is various factors that increase the probability of disease, and not all people with this factor will get this disease.

Who gets kidney calculi easily?

Factors leading to the increase in the incidence of kidney calculi include:

1. First of all, diet is an important factor causing stones. For example, excessive intake of animal protein and sugar will increase the risk of kidney calculi;

2. Too little liquid intake will increase the incidence of kidney calculi, which means that people who drink too little water are prone to get stones. Drinking beverages also increases the risk of kidney calculi and urinary calculi.

3. Individual differences of each person, for example, the incidence of stones with family history is higher than that without family history, and the incidence of stones with family history is higher than that of normal people;

4. Malnourished patients are more likely to suffer from stones.

5. Patients with diabetes, obesity, gout and hypertension are more prone to stones;

6. Urinary tract infection will also increase the risk of stones.

Some congenital diseases will also increase the incidence of stones, such as cystinuria, polycystic kidney disease and congenital urinary tract obstruction. Other metabolic diseases, such as hyperuricemia and hyperoxaluria, will also greatly increase the incidence of kidney calculi.

How to prevent kidney calculi?

Some patients with small stones can drink a small amount of drug water to promote the direct excretion of stones through urine. If stones are caused by other diseases, the primary disease should be treated first. For some large stones that are difficult to discharge, extracorporeal lithotripsy and surgery can be used to treat stones.

I admire Sun for being a tough guy. He is not only a good actor, but also a handsome man. Positive energy disseminator in everyone's heart.

Kidney calculi's growth is related to personal diet, age, sex, race, heredity, environmental factors and occupation. To prevent stones, you should drink plenty of water at ordinary times, especially vegetarians who are sedentary, living in a dry environment and like heavy tastes, and pay more attention to drinking plenty of water.

Renal colic caused by kidney calculi is a common acute abdomen and one of the three major diseases in urology.

The formation of kidney calculi is the result of many important factors.

First, external factors.

(1) Diet: insufficient drinking water, excessive intake of protein, excessive intake of calcium, excessive intake of salt, insufficient intake of magnesium and insufficient intake of vitamin A and vitamin B6.

(2) Climate: Generally, summer is the peak of this disease, with high temperature, high humidity, excessive water loss and concentrated urine; Long sunshine time promotes the absorption of calcium in intestine.

(3) Drugs: glucocorticoid, excessive vitamin C and D, cod liver oil, sulfonamides, etc.

(4) Melamine: The stones formed are mainly composed of uric acid and ammonium urate.

Second, some diseases will accelerate the formation of kidney calculi.

(1) Urinary tract infection: Proteus infection is more common.

(2) Urinary tract obstruction: such as prostatic hyperplasia, ureteropelvic junction stenosis, congenital factors such as sponge kidney and polycystic kidney; A patient who has been bedridden for a long time

(3) Urinary tract foreign body: urinary catheter, or other foreign body.

(4) Patients with gout have high uric acid and are prone to urinary calculi.

(5) Hyperfunction of parathyroid gland leads to decalcification of bone and increase of urinary calcium.

Therefore, we should pay more attention to the etiological treatment of kidney calculi, not just taking stones.

(1) Drinking plenty of water is the simplest and most effective way to prevent and treat all kinds of stones. Drink 2500~4000ml of water every day to ensure that the daily urine output is kept above 2000ml.

(2) Improving diet is an important measure to prevent stones. ① The calcium intake is moderate, 800mg per day, and blindly emphasizing the calcium-limited diet will lead to osteoporosis, which is not worth the candle. Eat less foods rich in oxalic acid, such as spinach, beets, tea, chocolate, strawberries, wheat bran and nuts. ③ The appropriate intake of protein should not exceed 1g per person per kilogram per day. ④ Low-salt diet, the daily consumption should not exceed 6g. ⑤ Low purine diet, limited to eating animal viscera, all kinds of meat, fish and shrimp, etc. 6. Proper amount of citrus fruits every day helps to dissolve stones.

Improving diet and lifestyle is the most critical measure to prevent kidney calculi.