Composition topic related to the near miss: I am under the guidance of Du Fu, 600 words

Du Fu has made groundbreaking achievements in art. In order to better explain the artistic achievements of Du Fu's poems, we divide Du Fu's poems into two categories: narrative poems and lyric poems.

1. Du Fu's narrative poems

Du Fu's poems are called "the history of poetry" by later generations. Meng Qi of the late Tang Dynasty said in his "Poetry of Skills·Gaoyi No. 3

" Due to the difficulties in the mountains, he fled to Longshu, finished his poems, and inferred that he had gone into seclusion, with almost no remains

. Therefore, it was called "History of Poetry" at that time. "New Tang Book·Literary Biography·Praise to Du Fu" Said: "He was also good at describing current affairs, and his rhymes were profound, and he was known as the 'History of Poetry' in a thousand words." His poems are called "History of Poetry" because he used poems to describe many important events that happened during the Anshi Rebellion. It reflects the various sufferings endured by the people in the war, and can show a broad picture of the entire social life with a vivid and full image. As Yang Yi said: "One of the great skills of Du Shi

, It is to invest your keen and profound poetic intuition into historical events and social situations, turn the events and situations into aesthetic images, and experience the living conditions of the nation and the laws of heaven's operation." (Part 2 of "Li Du Poetics") .

Du Fu's poems describe specific situations, including the atmosphere and people's emotions at the time, which are more moving than simply providing historical materials of historical events. As mentioned earlier, "

Aijiangtou", "Northern Expedition", "Three Officials", "Three Farewells", "Washing Soldiers and Horses", etc. These poems can not only prove history, but also make up for the shortcomings of history, and are more important than historical events. Concrete, vivid and touching. Because Du Fu's poems have the characteristics of "poetic history", their achievements in the creation of narrative poems are the most noteworthy. In order to adapt to the requirements of content, Du Fu's narrative poems mostly use the more flexible five-seven-character ancient style.

1． He is good at laying out and summarizing at a high level.

When Yuan Zhen talked about the art of Du Fu's poems, he said that Du Fu was good at "laying out the whole story and comparing the sounds and rhymes, which can be as big as a thousand words and as small as hundreds" ("Du Fu, a foreign minister of the Tang Dynasty") "Inscription on the Tomb of the King"), there are many uses of Fu in Du Fu's poems, but Du Fu's "layout" pays great attention to the artistic summary of real life, and is good at condensing rich and complex social phenomena and feelings of concern for the country and the people into In some scenes or in the images of individual characters, such as "The wine and meat of the wealthy family are stinky, and there are bones frozen to death on the road" ("Five Hundred Words from Beijing to Fengxian County"), these ten words reveal a shocking society of class antagonism. Reality. In "The Washing of Soldiers and Horses": "In the past three years, the moon has passed through the mountains, and the grass and trees have been winding in front of the soldiers of all nations." This summarizes the trauma caused by the war. In "Three Poems of Qiang Village": "My wife and children blamed me for being here, and I was shocked." I will definitely wipe my tears... Neighbors are all over the wall, sighing and lamenting. Even more candles are held at night, and the relationship is like a dream." It describes the scene of family reunions in the chaos of war. Although it only writes about the experiences of Du Fu's family, it reflects the tragic fate of the vast number of people. "Military Chariots" is about the dialogue between "passers-by" and pedestrians, but the misfortunes of many pedestrians are also fully revealed. "Farewell to Weddings" is about the pain of a conscripted wife, but it focuses on countless people during the Anshi Rebellion. The experience of separation and death of a young couple.

2. Carefully depict the details and see the truth in the subtleties.

"Northern Expedition" is Du Fu's masterpiece. In the poem, he recalled his journey from Fengxiang to Fengxiang. What I saw and felt along the way to Yanzhou Province's home, the scene of home is written in the poem:

After many years of arriving at the thatched hut, my wife's clothes are knotted in knots. She cries and the sound of the pines echoes, and the sorrowful spring swallows her throat. She is loved by her all her life. Son,

The color is whiter than snow. I see the bird crying behind me, and my feet are greasy and have no socks. There are two little girls in front of the bed, their hair is patched up to their knees.

The sea map is full of waves, and the old embroidery is twisting and turning. .Tianwu and Zifeng, reversed in short brown.

This description is quite delicate, through the wife's "clothes with hundreds of knots", the children's "grubby feet without socks" and "the patches are only above the knees" Details such as the inverted and confusing patterns on the patches vividly reflect the poverty and poverty of the people during the war.

"Danqing Yin" writes about Cao Ba's talent and luck. In order to express Cao Ba's talent and luck, With his superb painting skills, Du Fu chose the details of Cao Ba's portrait of the hero: "The good prime minister has a virtuous crown on his head, and he fiercely carries a big feather arrow around his waist. Bao Gong E's hair is moving, and he comes to fight with heroic appearance." The precise description of details, the downplaying of It is a story, which strengthens the authenticity.

3. The lyrical color is rich.

Many of Du Fu's narrative poems were written as lyric poems. Du Fu was a very emotional person. A person who cannot help but pour his love, hate, sympathy and pity into the things he describes.

For example, in "Danqing Yin": "Nowadays, I am wandering in the war, and I often look like an ordinary traveler. I am poor but I am looked down upon by the common people. There is no such thing as a poor man in the world." I was inspired by Cao Ba's miraculous talent. Not being used by the world, he expressed his deep sympathy. In "Three Poems of Qiang Village", he wrote that after he returned home, his elders came to express condolences and talked about the hardships of the world and the hardships of life. No one is plowing the millet fields. The war has not ended yet, and the children are marching eastward. Please sing the old song for your father, and I am deeply moved by the hardships. After singing, I looked up to the sky and sighed, and the four of us burst into tears." The heartfelt words, every sentence are touching, and they are all written in the turbulent era. The poet is considerate and helpless towards ordinary farmers.

"No Home Farewell" is an excellent narrative poem and a gripping lyric poem. The poem is narrated in the voice of a farmer serving as a soldier. : "My mother is always in pain and has been sick for five years. She has not been able to support me since I was born, and I will be sore for the rest of my life. How can I live without a home?" When he returned to the home he had missed for a long time, he realized that his mother had already passed away. He died of illness, and when he was drafted into the army again, he had no one to say goodbye to! So he said sadly and angrily, what is the meaning of such a life? Who can not be moved after reading such a poem!

2. Du Fu’s Lyric Poems

Du Fu’s lyric poems are more numerous than narrative poems. In form, there are five or seven characters in ancient style, but more are in modern style. The artistic characteristics of Du Fu’s lyric poems , mainly include:

1. The blending of scenes.

"Deng Gao", which has been praised as "the best among Du Ji's seven-character rhymes", is a masterpiece of the blending of scenes:

The wind is strong, the sky is high, the ape is screaming in mourning, Zhu. The white birds fly back from the clear sand.

The endless fallen trees rustle under the trees, and the endless Yangtze River rolls in.

The sad autumn of thousands of miles is a frequent guest, and a hundred years of illness only appears on the stage.

Hard and bitter, I hate the frost on my temples, and my wine glass is sluggish.

This is a work written by Du Fu after he lived in Kuizhou. Kuizhou is on the bank of the Yangtze River, and the poems describe the strong winds, howling apes, and birds. Flying trees, falling trees, and flowing rivers are all scenes before our eyes, but in these scenes

the author's sigh of the current situation and feelings of life experience are deeply integrated into them. For example, "The boundless falling trees rustle In the two sentences "down, the endless Yangtze River is rolling", we add "boundless" in front of "falling wood", add "endless" in front of "Yangtze River", and use the two onomatopoeias "xiaoxiao" and "gungun" to describe the sound of falling leaves respectively. , the sound of running water, which makes the autumn scenery seen from the height very brief and full of sounds and colors. In the scenery, it is obvious that the author's worries about the current situation, his disappointment in his life's achievements, and his feelings about wandering around and living in the world are obviously embedded. He is old and frail and in a helpless situation. Therefore, the poem's neck couplet uses fourteen words to highly summarize the "eight sorrows" he felt at this time: "Thousands of miles, the land is also far away

; Sad autumn means that the time is bleak; being a guest means traveling for a long time; being a frequent guest means traveling for a long time; a hundred years means twilight; being sick means aging; the stage is high and far away; being alone on stage means having no relatives or friends." (" "Helin Jade Dew"), the last couplet of the four words "hardship, bitterness and hatred" is infinitely sad. The poet said that "he has a high-spirited spirit, unique in ancient and modern times, and should be the first in Du Ji's seven-character poems" ("Du Shi Jingquan"). He stayed in Kuizhou During this period, he also wrote the famous poem "Eight Poems of Autumn Joy", the following is the first poem:

The jade dew withered the maple forest, and the Wushan Gorge was desolate.

Jiang Jian Waves and sky surge, blocking the wind and clouds and grounding the clouds.

The chrysanthemums are blooming and the sun is weeping, and the solitary boat is tied to the heart of the hometown.

The cold clothes are everywhere, and the Baidi City is high. Urgent Dusk Anvil.

What the poet saw was the autumn colors of the river gorge, which aroused the thoughts of his hometown. Because of the blooming chrysanthemums in front of him, he thought of the bitterness of having to stay in Kuizhou for two years, and whispered in his ears The sound of the dusk anvil brings a stronger sense of homesickness to the wanderers in a foreign land. The emotions blend into the scenery, the scenes blend together, and the poet's beating passion is everywhere in the description of the scenery.

2. Lyrics and discussion , narrative are integrated into one.

Du Fu's narrative poems have a strong lyrical color, which has been mentioned above. In his lyric poems, love and events are often combined, such as "Going to Fengxian County to Ode to My Heart in Five Hundred Words" ", "Recounting Memories", "

Miscellaneous Poems of Qinzhou", "Eight Sorrow Poems", etc., because of the combination of narrative and lyricism, the work highlights the color of the times. In Du Fu's lyric poems, lyricism is also It is often combined with discussion, especially in modern poetry. Shen Deqian said: "Read eight poems of (Du Fu's) "Qiu Xing", five poems of "Ode to Ancient Relics", and five poems of "Zhujiang", and do not abandon discussion or abandon painting. Covering the universe, it is like a thunderous thunder; while appearing and disappearing horizontally and vertically, it also contains hints of subtle and far-reaching effects; the goal is a great achievement, not just empty words." ("Shuo Shi Yu Yu" 1) Du Fu's discussion

"Walking with emotion", such as in "Zhujiang": "Only the Supreme Being is worried about the country, how can all the kings respond to peace?" It is a satire that the generals can only sit back and enjoy peace and cannot share the worries of the country; in "Climbing the Tower": "The North Pole court will never change, and the Western Mountain bandits will not invade each other." The first sentence is full of confidence in the stability of the country, and the second sentence warns the invading Tibetan army that you will definitely be defeated. "

Prime Minister of Shu": " "He died before he left the army and made the hero burst into tears", which not only spoke highly of Zhuge Liang's achievements in his life, but also expressed his deep emotion in his writing.

3. The lyrical style is tortuous and euphemistic, with repeated ups and downs.

Du Fu's lyric poems truly reflect the author's inner contradictions and complex emotions of pain, joy and joy. For example, "Wearing that the government troops took over Henan and Hebei":

Suddenly outside the sword, it was said that Jibei was taken over. When I first heard about it, my clothes were filled with tears.

But I saw where my wife was worried, and she was filled with poetry and books.

It is necessary to indulge in alcohol when singing in the day, and it is better to return home with the company of youth.

That is to say, he crossed the Wu Gorge from Ba Gorge and then went down to Xiangyang to Luoyang.

This poem was written when Du Fu was living in Zizhou and suddenly heard the news that the rebel general Shi Chaoyi had committed suicide and that his men had surrendered to the Tang army. Crazy with surprise, I blurt out the emotion, although it is very warm, but there are ups and downs. First, I wrote that I burst into tears when I first heard about it, and then when I saw my wife in distress, my sorrow was gone, so I was even more ecstatic. He wanted to sing loudly and drink heartily, and then he immediately made plans to return to his hometown. The four place names of "Baxia", "Wuxia", "Xiangyang" and "Luoyang" were named with "Ji", "Bian", "Cong", "Puish", "down" and "xiang" are connected with several adverbs, prepositions and verbs, expressing the author's arrow-like return. This poem is full of surprises, and people call it "the fastest poem in Lao Du's life". " ("Reading Du Xinjie"), but it turns around freely, taking the momentum of the song, with twists and turns.

"Going to Fengxian County to Ode to Five Hundred Words" is a long lyric poem. In the poem In the first paragraph of the poem, the poet states that his life's ideal is to "steal the grain and make the contract", and laments the wasted years: "I have become a person, and I have a happy life and a broad contract", but even though fate is so unfair to him , or "worrying about Li Yuan in the poor years, sighing at the heat in the intestines". It's not that I haven't thought about staying away from the world and living a life of "giving the sun and the moon a carefree life"

It's just that "the sunflower leaves are leaning against the sun, and the physical properties are not the same." You can't change your original intention! Just this first paragraph, it goes back and forth with thousands of twists and turns, making people feel Du Fu's kind of benevolent feelings

.

3. Du Fu’s artistic attainments

Du Fu’s poems have high attainments in the art of language. In his narrative poems, he pays attention to the personalization of language and uses different languages ??to depict the characters according to their personalities and identities. The image of the characters. For example, the famous "Three Officials" and "Three Farewells" mostly reveal the theme of the poem and shape the image of the characters through the dialogues and monologues of the characters. Among them, the dialogue in "Tongguan Officials":

I would like to ask the officials of Tongguan: "When repairing the pass, do we need to prepare for Hu?" I was asked to dismount and point out the corner of the mountain for me: "There are clouds forming a battle pattern, and birds cannot cross it. If Hu comes and defends themselves, how can they worry about the Western Capital! My father-in-law looks at important places. A bicycle is narrow enough to accommodate a bicycle. A long halberd is fought hard, but only one man can be used for eternity." "Alas, fighting in the peach forest, millions of people turned into fish

. Please warn the generals, be careful not to imitate Ge Shu!"

In this conversation, the expressions of both parties are clear. The "I" in the poem is extremely concerned about the safety of Tongguan. "Repair the pass and prepare for the Hu"? It reveals the urgency of the mood. The Guan official's answer shows that he Full of confidence in the fortifications he had built, he enthusiastically invited "me" to look around, pointing out the dangers of the pass while watching, which reflected the high morale and belief in victory of the officers guarding the pass. These eight sentences from the official, Pu Qi Long commented that "the expression and speech are both lively" ("Reading Du Xinjie"). The instructions of "I" show the depth of the poet's thinking.

Du Fu quotes a lot of common sayings in his poems, It creates a sense of intimacy and realism, which helps to highlight the character's personality. For example, in "The Troops and Chariots": "The father-in-law and his wife are walking to see each other off", "holding their clothes and stamping their feet to block the road and crying"; in "Going Out of the Fortress": "holding hands" The bow should be drawn with a strong draw, and the arrow should be used with a long one. To shoot a man, shoot a horse first, and to capture a thief, capture the king first." In "The Wedding Farewell", "There is no need to attach silk and flax to attract vines, so they will not grow." Even chickens and dogs can be generals", which is very consistent with the identity and tone of ordinary people. Yuan Zhen's poem "Rewarding Li Fu for Seeing Gifts" says: "Du Fu's genius is quite extraordinary. Every time he searches for a poem, he feels like a loved one. Lian Qu can speak the language of the time, He highly praised Du Fu's poems for using colloquial language and common sayings to bring poetry closer to life. However, Du Fu also paid great attention to the refinement of poems. He was good at choosing expressive words and using appropriate words. place.such as

In "Summer Li Gong's Visit": the word "guo" in "the wall is over the wall" describes the relationship between Du Fu and his neighbors, and also describes the situation of low-rise shabby houses due to poverty. He is not only good at using Verbs make the poems lively, and they are also good at using adverbs to make the poem full of twists and turns, such as the use of the word "自"; "The firefly shines on itself", "The founding of a country has its own territory", etc., increase the expressiveness of the sentence. Du Fu attaches great importance to word refinement. He said: "New poems can be rewritten and recited by themselves." ("A Short Talk on the River on the River, Like the Power of the Sea"). It was this conscious pursuit that enabled him to achieve great success in the art of poetic language. That's why Pi Rixiu said that Du's poems "even if they are thirty cars, one word" It cannot be donated" ("Lu Wang yesterday saw five hundred words, and the result is a thousand words")

The artistic styles of Du Fu's poems are diverse, as Yuan Zhen, a Tang Dynasty man, said: "Shang Bo Feng Ya

, I should go down to the Song Dynasty, talk about Su and Li, take over Cao and Liu with Qi, hide Yan and Xie's aloofness, mix Xu and Yu's fluidity, take advantage of the ancient and modern styles, and combine everyone's unique expertise. "Exactly." ("Inscriptions on the Tomb of Du Jun, a member of the Ministry of Education and Engineering of the Tang Dynasty"). Also as Wang Anshi of the Song Dynasty said: "As for Zimei, he is sad and happy, but he is in peace, his hair is restrained and restrained, his speed is vertical and horizontal, and he has nothing to do with it. Shi Bu. Therefore, some of his poems are plain and simple, some are beautiful and precise, some are as serious and majestic as the commander of the three armies, some are as fast and swift as a galloping horse

, and some are indifferent, simple and quiet as a hermit in the valley. If there is a romantic relationship, it is like a noble son... This son's beauty overshadows his predecessors and has no successor." (Appendix 3 of "Du Shi Jing Quan")

Du Fu turned to benefit many teachers and gathered everyone in the place. The unique style of growing up into a family, the style is both unified

and rich in richness. The overall style of Du Fu's poems is what he himself said in "Enter

" There is a passage: "Although the minister's writings cannot advocate the Six Classics, he first recited several poems. As for the depression and frustration, he can be agile at any time, and the disciples of Yang Xiong and Meigao can reach it." Although Du Fu's "depression and frustration" refers to The word refers to his poems, but it is also very accurate to refer to his poetry and artistic style. Du Fu was worried about life and thoughts, benevolent to the people and loved things. He not only had the ambition to help the world, but also suffered from poverty, illness and homelessness. The word "depression" here "Dunfou" means that in the author's poems, sometimes he writes "calmly and cheerfully"; sometimes he writes "seriously and deeply"; sometimes he writes "accumulating strength and strength"; sometimes he writes thickly and crookedly, with deep roots; sometimes he writes with waves and waves. , ups and downs, and the syllables show the rhythm and urgency.

Du Fu lived in an era of great difficulty and devastation. His personal fate was as unfortunate as that of the country. As a kind and profound poet, his poems revealed A deep and wide sense of worry, various emotions rushed and acted on his heart, turning over and over again, wanting to rise and then suppressing. It is in this deep and low mood, and the hesitation to speak, that embodies the aesthetic characteristics of Du's poetry. < /p>

In addition to his main style of melancholy and frustration, Du Fu also has the characteristics of being desolate and natural. This style is generally expressed in landscape descriptions and lyric poems, and is a work from a period when life was relatively stable, such as "Riverside" Part 3 of "Seven Quatrains for Seeking Flowers on a Single Step":

The river is deep and the bamboos are quiet for two or three houses, and the troubled red flowers reflect the white flowers.

To repay the spring sunshine, you should have a good wine to accompany your life. < /p>

"Jiang Village":

The Qingjiang River hugs the village, and everything in the Changxia River Village is quiet.

The swallows in the hall come and go, and the gulls in the water are close to each other.

The old wife draws paper to make a chess game, and the child knocks needles to make a fishing hook.

All the sick people need are medicines, what more can they ask for in addition to a small body?

Peace of mind Quietness expresses the free and easy, leisurely and joyful taste. He is like "the flow of water is not racing, and the clouds are too late to care" ("Jiang Pavilion"), "looking up to look at birds, turning back to respond to people by mistake" ("Man Cheng Er") 》Part 2), etc., all wrote about the mood and demeanor of being relaxed and carefree.

As for the influence on later generations, I think it was mainly the influence on the Jiangxi Poetry School headed by Huang Tingjian in the Song Dynasty!

I wonder if I can help you?

Goodbye!