2017 College Entrance Examination Composition Guidance: How to Conceive a Good Composition in the Examination Room

A parent told me that his son wrote less than 300 words for his midterm exam essay. I asked him what was going on, and he said that after his son told the story, an idea flashed into his mind when he saw the topic, and he immediately started writing. As a result, he couldn't finish writing after about 200 words. I said, I understand, this is the result of hastily writing without "thinking" well. Writing requires inspiration and impulse, but impulse and inspiration alone are not enough. Completing a chapter is actually a rational task that requires conception and design.

Liang Xiaotong said in "Selected Works": "Things come from contemplation, and righteousness comes from Hanzao." First of all, you must "meditate" and concentrate on conceiving, and then use beautiful language to express the meaning of the matter.

●Knowledge is the key point

Structure here refers not only to the structure, but also to the whole. Thinking is a psychological activity dominated by abstract thinking, including image thinking, subconscious thinking, inspired thinking, etc. Conceptualization is the overall thinking process in which the author refines the central argument of the article and chooses a mode of expression based on observation and experience to guide writing practice.

In fact, all human activities need to conceive the brilliance of life. However, the names are slightly different: some are called ideas, some are called inspiration, some are called creativity, some are called creative ideas, and some are called ideas, ideas, strategies, etc.

●Methodological guidance

As far as exams are concerned, conception mainly includes three things, namely: (1) stylistic selection; (2) development of ideas (argument structure, argumentation method); (3) Structural design ("outline").

1. Should you write a narrative or an argumentative essay?

The essence of this question is: Are you preparing for narrative, argumentation or lyricism? There are only five expression tools for writing articles: narrative , lyrical, discussion, explanation, description. Articles composed mainly of different expressions have different genres, that is, the familiar narratives, argumentative essays, expository essays, narratives or essays, novels, dramas, poems, etc.

Therefore, when reviewing the topic, we have to consider what kind of expression to use. What are the factors that determine which expression to use? There are at least four. That is: the limitation of the topic itself, the limitation of writing direction, the limitation of writing content, and the limitation of writing ability.

2. How to develop the idea of ????an argumentative essay?

Narratives (prose) express emotions through pictures, so they usually adopt a folding fan structure - a clue is used to string together several pictures that unfold in sequence. Therefore, the basic skill of writing narratives (prose) is to first have the ability to use words to create pictures. Of course, describing scenes is easier, but scenes with many characters may be more difficult. The order in which the picture unfolds is nothing more than three: time, space, and psychology (stream of consciousness). Or a combination of all three. In addition, the writing of narratives (prose) also needs to shape the image (imagery), and the image (imagery) needs to be strengthened. In this way, it is necessary to deal with the similarities and differences between several pictures, or the similarities and differences.

Here we focus on the development of argumentative essay ideas. Simply put, the idea of ??an argumentative essay is actually three phrases: What? Why? How? In other words, all argumentative essays can be seen as consisting of three parts: raising questions, analyzing problems, and solving problems. First, you must determine the argument, that is, "what", and then you must answer "why" or "how". There are two kinds of arguments, one is to tell the truth, and the other is to guide practice. The former needs to explain clearly the "why", while the latter needs to explain both the "why" and the "how" clearly. When writing, you may use both, or only one of the two, depending on the writing situation and the needs of potential readers. However, no matter what, after putting forward a point of view, you must be able to face the doubts of others, demonstrate the legality and rationality of your own reasoning, and solve a "why" problem. Therefore, the first question to think about is: What is my reason?

Generally speaking, the general framework of the argumentative essay is as follows -

Argument (what is it) →Reason (why)→How to do (what to do)

Someone summarized the idea of ????an argumentative essay into 48 words, you might as well learn from it——

Put forward arguments and start an argument: Why—— How can it be; talk about the positives and negatives; make sense and introduce opinions; give examples and provide new examples; connect them with reality and be accurate; develop ideas and refute different opinions; and at the end, respond.

Specifically, there are the following eight ways to develop the ideas of an argumentative essay -

1. Summarize the approach. The question is always asked at the beginning, then analyzed in two parts, and the argument is summarized at the end. The whole text forms the relationship between the total score and the total score. The middle theory is based on the dialectical thinking of dividing one into two and uniting contradictions and opposites.

2. Open the road in depth. Based on the arguments, it is discussed layer by layer, from the outside to the inside, from the shallower to the deeper, step by step, reflecting the dialectical thinking of looking at the essence through phenomena. Generally used for articles that require in-depth analysis.

3. Horizontal opening. Think horizontally around the argument, gradually expand the breadth of the discussion, and finally narrow it down. Generally used to list facts in argumentative essays. What should be noted is: one must be developed closely with the argument, and the other cannot be stacked. Each aspect of the development must belong to different angles. The above-mentioned masterpiece "We" is based on this idea.

4. Open roads criss-crossing. Generally used for more complex discussions, mainly reflected in the frame of the full text, and rarely seen within a paragraph.

5. Contrast and open the way. One aspect is positive and one is negative. Often the negative is used to highlight the positive. The process of writing usually starts with the positive and then the negative; but if the positive is used to argue that the negative is wrong, the writing process usually starts with the negative and then the positive.

6. Open the way by analogy. By telling stories, drawing metaphors or quoting idioms and allusions, we can compare certain things with the same attributes to clarify issues and demonstrate arguments. The writing structure usually begins with an overview of the stories, fables, idioms and allusions used for analogy, and then extends to the truth to be explained and elaborates on the analogy. The most critical point is that the things used for analogy and the truth to be explained must have the same attributes, the analogy must be logical, and the dialectical relationship between the two must be accurately grasped. Material composition basically adopts this idea.

7. Reversal and open the way. First discuss the issue from one aspect, then suddenly make a reversal, deny the previous view, discuss another view, and the train of thought takes a big turn. Generally used to analyze and criticize certain misunderstandings.

8. Open the way for hair growth. In some argumentative essays, the above article directly clarifies the author's claims or opinions from a positive perspective, and the following article refutes some people's opinions that disagree with the author's claims, thus indirectly demonstrating the author's claims. We call this idea a way of development. , or called "growing hair and refuting different theories". This kind of dialectical opening not only makes the positive argument more complete and thorough, but also has the effect of writing a wonderful book.

3. How to make an outline?

Composition outlines generally include three parts:

(1) Title. Write the title in the middle of the first line.

(2) Main content and center. Briefly write the main content of this composition and the central point to be expressed.

(3) Structural design. Beginning, ending, transition, paragraph, level, etc.

There is no fixed format for the outline. According to everyone's habits, you can arrange it "left-right" or "top-bottom", as long as you clearly understand the hierarchy and framework. Especially during exams, don’t stick to the formality. Whether it is simple or complex, or even a complete manuscript, it depends on the situation at that time.

As far as argumentative essays are concerned, there are generally five steps, as follows:

First, fixed point: establish the center;

Second, divergent: think Good reasoning level - which angles, sides, levels and stages are ready to be developed (total score, layered progression, comparison, etc.);

Third, construction: "left-right" or "top- "Down" arrangement, you can express it in words or borrow mathematical symbols such as braces;

Fourth, add: enrich each level with typical examples, famous sayings, aphorisms, etc.;

Fourth, Perfection: If you have time before writing, draft the beginning of the full text and the ending of the closing point.

It may take a while to formulate a complete outline, but sharpening your skills will save you the trouble of chopping wood.

Composition case

Composition title: Based on the following materials, choose your own angle, draw up your own title, and write an article of no less than 800 words.

Not long ago, Chinese-American Yale graduate Zhang Lei donated US$8,888,888 to the Yale School of Management (SOM).

Zhang Lei was born in central China and was the top scorer in the college entrance examination. He studied international finance at Renmin University of China, studied MBA at Yale from 1998 to 2002, and received a master's degree in international relations.

When explaining his donation to Yale, Zhang Lei said that it was because Yale changed his life.

Why does gratitude need to be explained

Not long ago, the news that Chinese-American Yale graduate Zhang Lei donated a huge amount to Yale University caused quite a stir in the society. Whether praised or condemned, Zhang Lei explained his grateful behavior in the face of public opinion. I wonder what you thought when you saw this news? But my attention was attracted by the word "explanation". I think there must be too much hidden behind this "explanation" that deserves interpretation. (Interpretation of materials triggers thinking)

I believe that gratitude does not need to be explained! (Propose an argument)

Gratitude should not involve any geographical, cultural, or political limitations. (Reason 1) Zhang Lei, who was born in western China, studied at Renmin University of China, and his experience studying at Yale was an important reason for changing Zhang Lei's life. We should be grateful for this, but the fact is that it has aroused the condemnation and criticism of the Chinese people for "worshiping foreigners" and "unpatriotic". Just imagine, if "Yale University" were replaced by any university in China, the response would definitely not be denunciation, but a flood of praise. The gap between them is thousands of miles away! I think that behind the explanations generated under such heavy pressure, there is a strong burden from the Chinese people to denounce their admiration for foreign countries. This burden also reveals a serious question about region and culture. Even mixed with political topics. (Controversial discussion) This can’t help but remind people of the post-war Japanese orphans who came to China to express gratitude. When orphans with clean faces, speaking standard Mandarin but with Japanese blood flowing in their bodies express their gratitude to the Chinese families who adopted them, this sense of gratitude has no geographical limitations. Therefore, the heart of gratitude has no geographical or cultural limitations, but is like flowing water, flowing to all rivers and lakes. (Positive discussion) (When proving the first argument, the author used the argument method of positive and negative contrast. When making comparisons, the author gave examples. Are these sentences very similar? Do they all point to reason one, that is, the argument of this paragraph? )

The heart of gratitude is the purest human emotion and the most direct expression of warmth under a righteous spirit. (Reason 2) There is no reason, so how can we explain it? Gratitude is a traditional virtue and excellent quality of the Chinese nation. In ancient times, there was a saying that "when you are born, you should die, and when you die, you should be weeded", and there is also "a drop of water's kindness should be repaid by a spring of spring." When the chivalrous oath of "I am willing to be an ox or a horse in the next life" has infiltrated the Chinese people with a sense of morality. In our hearts, the quality of gratitude is unknowingly ingrained in the spiritual history of the Chinese nation. Looking back at the present day, there are entrepreneurs who have donated huge sums of money to build Hope Primary Schools in rural areas just to express their gratitude to the rural teachers for their enlightenment. There are also batches of overseas students who choose to return to China after completing their studies in order to repay the country's training. Contribute fiery youth and strength to national construction. The same is true for Zhang Lei. After accepting the material and spiritual support given by a university despite his difficulties, and after gaining precious knowledge, the act of choosing to donate money to repay the kindness is so simple and pure. Such a simple and beautiful emotion cannot be tainted by slander and doubt. The explanation that seems to be "bearing the humiliation" is so unfair to him, and it is also a stain on the quality of gratitude. (The author of the second argument uses a multi-angle induction method. What happened in ancient times is what it is today. You can see how the author enters into the argument when interpreting the examples cited.)

Why does gratitude need to be explained? When everyone talks about the slogan "One World", they should be of the same mind. Look at it simply! The sincerity, integrity, warmth and touch hidden behind gratitude are all the fragrance that the flower of gratitude emits!