Disaster prevention, disaster reduction, improving self-protection and survival capabilities

Avoid disasters, save yourself and cherish life

Knowledge on disaster prevention and reduction

Human society is facing the threat of various natural disasters. According to statistics, various natural disasters such as typhoons, floods, earthquakes, and mudslides cause heavy losses to human life and property every year. A large number of facts show that the lack of awareness of disaster prevention and reduction and the lack of self-rescue and mutual rescue knowledge are the main reasons for casualties caused by disasters.

Respecting and valuing life is the eternal pursuit of human society. We must be responsible for every life and use various methods to enhance the public's awareness of public safety, social responsibility and disaster avoidance and self-rescue, so that the public can master the basic common sense, professional knowledge and skills of disaster avoidance and self-rescue, and improve the public's awareness of public safety, social responsibility and disaster avoidance and self-rescue. Comprehensive quality in responding to public emergencies and disaster avoidance and self-rescue capabilities to minimize casualties caused by disasters.

Disaster avoidance and self-rescue - earthquake

1. How to hide indoors when an earthquake occurs?

1. Immediately hide in the wall, corner or indoor doorway away from the window; 2. The body should be close to the wall or corner, and the head should be as close to the wall as possible; 3. Take some bedding and pillows at hand, Cover your head.

2. How to escape when a gas leak occurs?

1. Cut off the main power supply and leave the scene quickly; 2. Never use an open flame; 3. Cover your mouth and nose with a wet towel; 4. If you are crushed by a collapsed object, try to cover your face Head toward the vents and wait for rescue.

3. What should I do if my body is pressed by a falling heavy object?

1. Find out what the object is pressing on you, and do not move the object or body easily; 2. Check whether you are injured. If not, you should slowly pull your body outward according to the situation; 3. If you have suffered serious trauma, you should try your best to bandage the wound with clothes and other materials; 4. If a fracture occurs, do not move easily and wait for rescue.

4. How to maintain life buried in ruins?

1. Establish a firm belief in survival; 2. Don’t cry and yell, conserve your strength; 3. Rest as much as possible, close your eyes and rest your mind; 4. Look for food and water to maintain life. If water cannot be found , you can use your own urine for emergencies; 5. If you are injured, try to bandage it and get more rest.

5. How to avoid shocks in the wild?

1. Avoid the foot of mountains and steep cliffs to prevent landslides, rolling rocks, mudslides, etc. during earthquakes; 2. Avoid steep hillsides and cliffs to avoid landslides, ground fissures, etc.; 3. When encountering In the event of a landslide or landslide, you should run perpendicular to the direction of the rolling rocks, or hide under solid obstacles, trenches, or sills, and protect your head.

6. How to protect yourself when crowds in public places are chaotic?

1. Follow the instructions of the staff and act in an orderly manner; 2. If you are crowded into a crowd, you should cross your hands on your chest to protect yourself; 3. Use your shoulders and back to bear the pressure; 4. Squeeze When you are unable to escape from a crowd, do not run in the opposite direction. Move forward with the crowd and be careful to prevent falling.

7. What should you do if an earthquake occurs while the bus is driving?

1. The driver of the car should stop immediately and turn off the engine; 2. Passengers should hold on to the handrails tightly, lower their center of gravity, hide near the seat, and protect their heads with clothing; 3. After the earthquake, the driver Under the command of the passenger, passengers got off the car door in an orderly manner. Otherwise, you may be injured or hit by a passing vehicle.

8. How to prevent the buried person from suffocating?

1. During rescue, the closed space where the buried person is located should be opened as soon as possible to allow air circulation; 2. The head of the buried person should be exposed first, and the dust in the mouth and nose should be cleared to allow the air to circulate. Their breathing is smooth; 3. When the dust is too large, water should be sprayed to reduce the dust to avoid suffocation of the buried people.

Note: ★When a gas leak occurs after an earthquake, do not use an open flame; ★When encountering an earthquake in the wild, you should avoid dangerous areas on the mountainside, such as cliffs, steep hillsides, foothills, etc.; ★Do not Run down the mountain in the direction of the rolling rocks.

Disaster avoidance and self-rescue - fire

1. How should residents who are trapped on the second or third floor escape when a fire breaks out?

1. Choose a long pole or long wooden board, tie a heavy object to one end, then put one end of the bundle downwards, hold the other end and jump downstairs. This will make the long pole or wooden board more secure. The stability of the long wooden board increases after landing, thereby reducing the degree of injury; 2. If there are no ropes or poles, throw quilts, sofas, etc. from the window downstairs first, and pave the landing point. After that, the elderly or children should be wrapped in a quilt first, then tied with a rope, and slowly lowered from the window or balcony, and let the rescuers downstairs cooperate to pick them up, and then the young and middle-aged people can jump off the building to escape. When jumping, you should hold onto the window sill or the outer edge of the balcony with your hands and jump vertically downward to avoid injury.

2. How to escape from a building fire?

1. When a fire breaks out in a building, in order to leave the scene quickly, you can take the sightseeing elevator to escape; 2. Correctly identify the fire-fighting elevator and use it to escape.

3. How to use stairs to escape?

1. Stay calm and do not push or push the elderly or children in front of you to prevent them from falling. Haste makes waste; 2. When walking down, the other half of the stairs should be left open for firefighters or those who move quickly. Use; 3. People can escape along the indicator lights.

4. What to do if all safe channels are cut off?

1. Close the doors and windows tightly after entering the bathroom; 2. Unscrew the faucet and let out water, and fill the bathtub full, so that you can use water to extinguish the fire and take refuge in the water; 3. At this time, you should keep opening the door to the bathroom. Splash water on the door to cool it down.

5. How to use ropes to escape from high floors?

1. You should grab it with your hands at the same time, hug it with your arms, and clamp it with your legs and feet before sliding down; 2. If possible, try to grab the rope with both hands alternately and slide down, avoid using both hands at the same time. Use your strength, and the support time is limited; 3. As long as your feet can get stuck, you should find a way to take a breath before sliding down (such as getting stuck on a knot).

6. How to escape from a fire in an elevator?

1. When a fire is discovered and the elevator has not stopped, the elevator should be stopped immediately on the floor farthest from the fire and run out quickly; 2. When the elevator stops in the middle of two floors, the elevator should be stopped in the middle of the two floors. Use the phone to contact the outside as soon as possible, open the elevator door with your hands or other tools, and escape to the nearest floor, or open the safety exit of the elevator patio and escape to the upper floor.

7. What to do if the hotel catches fire?

1. If you hear the alarm bell, you should quickly escape from the safety exit; 2. When you find a fire, you should immediately press the alarm bell or call the switchboard to call the police; 3. Use the fire-extinguishing equipment around you to put out the fire; 4. When the fire is large and cannot be controlled, you should quickly close the door, open the window, and stand on the windowsill to take shelter for a while.

8. How to avoid danger when a fire breaks out in a shopping mall?

1. When a fire occurs, you should immediately choose the nearest escape exit, follow instructions, and do not blindly follow the crowds; 2. When escaping, you should avoid flammable and explosive areas such as electrical appliances; 3. If you encounter dense When smoking, you should bend down in a low posture or crawl towards the direction of the wind; 4. When shopping in a shopping mall, if you hear the fire alarm bell ringing, you should abandon the items immediately. Don't care whether the salesperson has change or not, and take measures to escape immediately.

9. How many methods are there to call the police when a fire breaks out?

1. Shout loudly to summon personnel to come and put out the fire; 2. If there is a manual alarm facility, smash the glass immediately and press the button to alarm; 3. Use the phone to call the police quickly; 4. If If you are not far from the fire brigade, you should send someone to call the police immediately; 5. In rural areas, you can use rural-specific alarm signals to call the police, such as ringing bells.

10. How many basic methods are there for extinguishing fire?

1. The basic method of fire extinguishing can be determined according to the fire environment and the degree of disaster; 2. The suppression method is to use fire extinguishing agents to participate in the flame combustion so that the free radicals in the combustion are eliminated; 3. The suffocation method is to dilute the oxygen in the combustion zone so that the combustion stops due to lack of oxygen; 4. The isolation method is to isolate the unburned materials from the combustible materials so that the combustion is stopped due to the lack of combustible materials; 5. The cooling method is to reduce the temperature of the burning materials , making it lower than the ignition point and ending combustion.

11. How to use indoor fire hydrants?

1. When there is a fire, open the fire hydrant immediately, take out the water gun and hose, connect one end of the hose to the water gun and the other end to the fire hydrant; 2. Turn on the fire hydrant handwheel, and immediately Water will spray out; 3. If the water gun and hose are connected, quickly turn on the fire hydrant handwheel to spray water to put out the fire.

Disaster avoidance and self-rescue - flood

1. What are the daily preventive measures for residents who are vulnerable to floods?

1. Learn more knowledge about disaster prevention and reduction, develop scientific living habits of paying attention to weather forecasts, keep abreast of weather changes, and be prepared for home protection; 2. Pay close attention to flood information during the flood season, and obey 3. Residents in low-lying areas should prepare sandbags, water baffles and other items, or build waterproof thresholds and set up water retaining dams to prevent floods from entering the house; 4. Keep boats and water at home. Rafts, life jackets and other items that can be used for safe escape should be checked before the flood season to see if they can be used at any time.

2. What material preparations should be made when the flood is coming?

1. A radio to listen to and understand various relevant information at any time; 2. Drinking water, canned juice and food with a long shelf life should be bundled and sealed to prevent mold and deterioration; 3. For keeping warm Clothes and medicines to treat colds, dysentery, and skin infections; 4. Communication items, such as flashlights, candles, lighters, etc. Brightly colored clothing, flags, whistles, etc. can be used as signals in case of accidents; 5. Fill the car with gas to ensure that it can start at any time.

3. When floods come, which places are dangerous areas?

Cities: 1. In and around dangerous houses; 2. Dangerous walls and beside high walls; 3. Flooded sewers; 4. Sewers and pits on both sides of the road; 5. Telegraph poles and high-voltage lines Around the tower; 6. Chemical plants and warehouses storing dangerous goods.

Rural areas: 1. River beds, reservoirs, channels, and culverts; 2. Flood control areas and reclamation areas; 3. In, on, and under dangerous walls; 4. Under telegraph poles and high-voltage towers.

4. How to prevent floods from flooding indoors?

1. The threshold, doors and windows of the house are the places where water enters. Use sandbags and earth bags to build defense lines at thresholds and windows; 2. Use tape to seal all gaps in doors and windows. You can seal multiple layers; 3. All places where water may enter, such as rat holes and drainage holes, must be blocked.

Note:

★Don’t go into the water unless absolutely necessary; ★Don’t take shelter in mountains and valleys; ★Don’t forget any places where water may enter; ★Do not drink directly. Untreated surface water.

5. Why not walk on both sides of the road during heavy rain?

1. Due to the low-lying terrain, both sides of the road are the places where water is most likely to accumulate, and it is difficult to identify the situation in the accumulated water; 2. There are sewer lines and other pipes buried on both sides, which serve as covers for cellars. When lost, if you step into it rashly, you will hurt yourself; 3. There may be other dangers in the water in the middle of the road. If you encounter a whirlpool, you should go around it, otherwise you will fall into the pit.

6. What should you do if you encounter a flood while driving?

1. Drive very carefully in the water and observe the road conditions; 2. If the car stalls in floods, abandon the car immediately. It is very dangerous to try to drive a broken down car in rising floods; 3. Do not attempt to cross a flooded road, as this will often result in being trapped by the rising floods.

7. What should I do if there is no time to move when a flood strikes?

1. Move to higher places.

For example, set up a temporary tent on the roof of a house with a solid foundation; 2. When you are in a dangerous house, evacuate quickly, find a safe and solid place, and avoid falling into the water; 3. Unless you are forced to evacuate when the water may collapse the building or the water surface does not cover the roof, Otherwise, stay still and wait for the water to stop rising before escaping; 4. Make rafts and other escape supplies. Use communication facilities to contact rescue. You can use the reflection of spectacle lenses and mirrors under sunlight to send out a distress signal; 5. Use flashlights and firelight to send out a distress signal at night; 6. When rescuers are found, you should wave bright clothes, red scarves and other items in time to send out a rescue signal.

8. What should I do if I am trapped in a building by floods?

1. When trapped, pay attention to whether the house may collapse due to flooding. If there is a possibility of collapse, move to a safe place immediately; 2. When hungry or thirsty, choose young adults with good water quality and good health to return to the residence to retrieve food and clean drinking water; 3. Keep communication tools and contact the rescue department in time Contact for help; 4. Use methods such as lighting fires, setting off smoke, shouting, and waving bright clothes to help search and rescue personnel find and receive assistance.

Note: ★If the heavy rain continues, you should prepare for flood prevention in advance; ★Establish a concept of survival, and you will be rescued if you persist; ★Staying still and waiting for the water to recede is the most effective safety measure .

Disaster avoidance and self-rescue—wind disaster

1. Where is the best place to avoid a tornado?

1. Basements, air raid shelters, culverts, and the lowest floors of high-rise buildings are the best places to avoid tornadoes; 2. When encountering tornadoes in open fields, you can choose to lie down in low-lying places such as ditches and river beds.

2. How to escape from a crowded and chaotic crowd during a storm?

1. Take a deep breath and use your arms, shoulders and back to resist the pressure; 2. Put your arms on your chest, even if you have children; 3. No matter which direction you are facing, keep moving move.

3. How to avoid tornadoes at home?

1. Quickly retreat to the basement or cellar, or to the house closest to the ground, and squat down facing the wall with your head in your hands; 2. Quickly retreat to the northeast room, away from doors, windows, and peripheral walls of the house. Objects that may collapse; 3. Wrap yourself in a thick coat or blanket as much as possible to avoid flying debris; 4. A room with a small span is safer than a large room; 5. Valuable items should be moved downstairs , can also be placed in washing machines, dishwashers and other appliances.

4. How to ensure safety when driving in the wind?

1. When a car is on the highway, pay special attention to the wind blowing from the side of the vehicle. If the speed is too fast, it is easy to roll over; 2. When crossing a road with deep water, do not slam the accelerator; 3. Try not to drive out. If you have to drive outside, you should slow down and keep a distance from the vehicle in front. 4. If you encounter strong winds while driving, you should stop at the roadside and do not drive forcefully. 5. Park your vehicle in a high-lying, open place. Don’t linger under billboards, temporary structures and dead trees.

5. What should you do if you encounter lightning in a storm?

1. Avoid standing near the tallest object or making yourself the tallest object; 2. If you are outdoors, move to a house or car as soon as possible and close the windows; 3. Do not ride a bicycle or Motorcycles, do not stand under tall and lonely trees; 4. When taking refuge with other people, keep a certain distance between each other; 5. Do not lie down in an open place, but squat on the spot, put your feet together and hold your arms Keep your knees, chest close to your knees, and lower your head as low as possible.

Note: ★Do not take shelter in open, unsafe places such as temporary buildings; ★Do not take shelter in low-lying areas; ★Do not use mobile phones and telephones; ★Do not come into contact with conductors such as wires, metal, and water.

Disaster avoidance and self-rescue - landslides

1. What human activities may cause landslide disasters?

1. A large amount of slag, earth and rocks produced by loading, building residential buildings, and heavy factories on slopes make the slope unbalanced; 2. Drinking and drainage projects overflow and leak, resulting in large amounts of industrial wastewater and agricultural water. Penetrating into the slope, thereby increasing the pore pressure and softening the soil and rocks; 3. Excavation of the foot of the slope to build railways and highways, causing the lower part of the slope to lose support; 4. Indiscriminate logging on slopes and blasting for mountain-splitting mining, etc. It will cause soil erosion on the hillside, shake and break the mountain, and induce landslides.

2. There are many precursors before a landslide. How to correctly identify them?

1. When the slope partially subsides, and the subsidence has nothing to do with underground caverns and thick artificial fill on the ground, landslides may occur; 2. The buildings on the hillside are deformed and deformed. There are certain rules; 3. The water quality of springs and wells is turbid, and water suddenly seeps out of originally dry places or a large amount of water leaks from spring water reservoirs; 4. Abnormal noises occur underground, and at the same time as this noise occurs, poultry and livestock Have an abnormal reaction.

3. How to choose a temporary disaster refuge site?

1. Several safe evacuation sites should be selected in advance near landslide hazard areas; 2. Disaster evacuation sites should be selected outside the outer periphery on both sides of landslide-prone areas. While ensuring safety, the closer it is to your original residence, the better, and the more convenient transportation, water, and electricity are, the better.

4. How to avoid landslides when traveling?

1. When traveling, be sure to stay away from landslide-prone areas; 2. Pass through areas prone to landslides during the seasons when landslides are least likely to occur.

5. What should you do if the landslide occurs on the mountain?

1. Escape in the direction perpendicular to the landslide and find a safe area around you as soon as possible; 2. When you cannot continue to escape, you should quickly hug the trees and other fixed objects around you.

6. What are the emergency measures for landslide disasters? 1. Clear and dredge in time to keep rivers and ditches open; 2. Do a good job in drainage in landslide areas, and cut down dangerous trees on the upper surface of the airport according to specific conditions. and tall trees; 3. The steep slopes of the highway should be cut to prevent landslides along the highway; 4. Carry out strict inspections of areas with hidden dangers such as towns, villages and groups, especially cracks, springs, collapsed landslides, Check changes in water volume, etc.

Note: ★Do not build residential buildings or schools in landslide-prone areas; ★Do not stay or walk for a long time in wild ravines; ★When encountering a landslide, face the direction perpendicular to the direction of rolling rocks. run.

Disaster avoidance and self-rescue - debris flow

1. What are the main factors that induce debris flow?

1. Strong and frequent earthquakes cause rock masses to break and mountains to lose stability; 2. The climate characteristics of heavy rain zones provide water sources for debris flows; 3. The accumulation and melting of mountain glaciers give strong ice Avalanches and avalanches provide water sources and power; 4. People lack the knowledge to protect nature and prevent mudslides, and deforestation causes soil erosion.

2. How to escape from a mudslide?

1. Immediately run to higher places on both sides of the river bed; 2. Climb to higher places on the slopes on both sides that are perpendicular to the mudslide; 3. If you have no time to run, hug the trees on the river bank on the spot.

3. Where can I avoid mudslides?

1. Safe high ground far away from where the debris flow occurs; 2. High hillsides on both sides of the river valley.

4. How to avoid encountering mudslides when camping in the wild?

1. When camping, avoid hillsides with rolling rocks and large amounts of debris; 2. Flat highlands are a good place to camp at night.