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Information about "Chang 'e I"
On October 24th, 20071Beijing time 10, the probe was successfully launched from xichang satellite launch center.
165438+1On October 26th, China National Space Administration officially released the first moon image sent back by Chang 'e-1 satellite.
general situation
Chang 'e-1 is a cube with two solar panels on each side, with a maximum span of 18.438+0m, a weight of 2350kg and a working life of one year. It will run in a circular polar orbit 200 kilometers from the surface of the moon.
The satellite platform consists of nine subsystems: structural subsystem, thermal control subsystem, guidance, navigation and control subsystem, propulsion subsystem, data management subsystem, measurement and control data transmission subsystem, directional antenna subsystem and payload. These subsystems perform their respective duties and work together to ensure the smooth completion of the lunar exploration mission. The payload on the satellite is used to complete the scientific exploration and test of the moon, and other subsystems provide support, control, instruction and management services for the normal work of the payload.
According to the four scientific objectives of China's lunar exploration satellite project, Chang 'e-1 carried eight kinds of 24 scientific detection instruments weighing 130 kg, namely microwave detector system, gamma spectrometer, X-ray spectrometer, laser altimeter, solar high-energy particle detector, solar wind ion detector, CCD stereo camera and interference imaging spectrometer.
According to aerospace experts, the test of electric satellites is mainly used for the comprehensive test of some equipment with electronic performance, and the test of structural satellites is mainly to assess the rationality of structural design and the rationality of temperature control design of the whole satellite. At present, the structural manufacturing of these two prototypes has been completed, and the whole satellite test will be started before the end of the year. On this basis, the prototype satellite of Chang 'e-1 will be developed. According to reports, the whole initial sample testing stage will last until June 2007, and then it will enter the development stage of satellite-like stars.
In order to ensure the completion of the lunar exploration project, researchers designed 4 1 item reliability for the Changsanjia rocket undertaking the satellite launch mission to improve its carrying reliability.
Chang 'e-1 is China's first artificial satellite orbiting the moon. Named after China's ancient mythical figure Chang 'e, it was launched in xichang satellite launch center at about 18: 05 (UTC+8: 00) on October 24, 2007, and the whole process of "flying to the moon" took about 8-9 days. It is estimated that the total weight of the satellite is about 2350kg and its service life is more than 1 year. The main detection objectives of the satellite are: to obtain three-dimensional images of the lunar surface; Analyze the content of useful elements on the surface of the moon and the distribution characteristics of material types; Detect the thickness of lunar soil and the space environment from the earth to the moon.
Technical difficulties
1, Orbit Design and Flight Program Control
2. Three-vector control problem of satellite attitude control.
3. Adaptive design of satellite environment
4, remote measurement and control and communication problems
Chang 'e-1 satellite was developed by China Academy of Space Technology. It is mainly used to obtain three-dimensional images of the lunar surface, analyze the distribution characteristics of related material elements on the lunar surface, detect the thickness of lunar soil and detect the space environment of the earth and the moon. Chang 'e-1 lunar exploration satellite consists of a satellite platform and a payload. The satellite platform was developed with the technology of Dongfanghong-3 satellite platform, and the researchers made adaptive modifications to eight subsystems, including structure, propulsion, power supply, measurement and control, and data transmission. Payload includes CCD stereo camera, imaging spectrometer, solar cosmic rays monitor, low-energy particle detector and other scientific detection instruments.
Chang 'e-1 lunar exploration satellite was launched by the Long March 3A carrier rocket in xichang satellite launch center in June 2007. After the satellite is launched, it takes 8 to 9 days to complete the phase modulation orbit, the earth-moon transfer orbit and the orbit around the moon, and carry out scientific exploration tasks. It will complete four scientific tasks, the primary purpose of which is to "portrait" the moon, that is, to obtain images and three-dimensional images of the moon surface through various means. In addition, it is necessary to analyze the distribution characteristics of useful elements and material types on the surface of the moon, and detect the thickness of lunar soil and the space environment of the earth and the moon.
According to experts, Chang 'e-1 satellite is two meters square. When the solar wing is deployed, it can reach18m at the longest, and its takeoff weight is 2350kg. It takes 10- 12 days for a satellite to fly near the moon. The design life of Chang 'e-1 is one year, and it will not return to Earth after completing its mission.
Plan preparation
The lunar exploration program has been brewing for 10 years.
As early as 1994,
1996, research on technical scheme of lunar exploration satellite.
1998 to complete the research on key satellite technologies, and carry out further demonstration in the later stage.
test
The payload prototype system of Chang 'e-1, the first satellite of China's lunar exploration program, is undergoing the final joint test to ensure the normal work of scientific exploration equipment in space in the future.
The development and testing of the payload of Chang 'e-1 satellite is the responsibility of the Space Science and Applied Research Center of Chinese Academy of Sciences. In an interview with 16 on June 6, Wu Ji, chief commander of the payload and director of the space science and application research center, said: "In the final stage of the joint test of the payload prototype system, all developers should continue to maintain a rigorous and meticulous working attitude and complete the joint test of the prototype according to the quality requirements to ensure the smooth delivery of the payload equipment and the successful completion of the engineering task."
The satellite payload varies with different space missions. At present, it is mainly instruments for scientific exploration and equipment for scientific experiments. The payload of Chang 'e-1 satellite will include microwave detector subsystem, space environment detection subsystem and payload data management subsystem.
It is understood that the microwave detector subsystem will mainly estimate and evaluate the thickness of lunar soil, which is the first time in the world to detect the lunar surface by passive microwave remote sensing. The space environment detection subsystem consists of three devices, such as solar high-energy particle detector, which will detect the space environment parameters of the earth, the moon and the near moon.
Chang 'e-1 was launched in 2007, followed by a year of lunar exploration.
After long-term preparation and demonstration in 10, the lunar exploration project in China was formally established in 1 month in 2004, and it was called "Chang 'e Project". At present, the project mainly carries out lunar exploration, three-dimensional image analysis of the moon, global content and distribution survey of useful elements and material types of the moon, lunar soil thickness detection and space environment detection of the earth and the moon.
satellite launching
Chang 'e-1 satellite will be put into geosynchronous elliptical orbit after launch, with the shortest distance of 200 kilometers from the ground and the longest distance of 5 1000 kilometers. The lunar exploration satellite will orbit this orbit for 1.6 hours, and then enter a larger elliptical orbit by accelerating, with the shortest distance from the ground of 500 kilometers and the longest distance of 1.28 million kilometers. Since then, the exploration satellite has been accelerating and began to "rush" to the moon. After about 1 14 hours of flight, when it is about to reach the moon, it will slow down by controlling the rocket's reverse booster. After being "captured" by the gravity of the moon, it became a satellite orbiting the moon, and finally flew around the moon in the polar lunar orbit at a height of 200 kilometers from the surface of the moon, and carried out work such as shooting three-dimensional images.
The total time for the satellite to fly to the moon is 1 14 hours, which is close to 384,400 kilometers from the earth. In the past, the satellites launched by China were generally about 35,800 kilometers above the ground, which was almost 10 times.
Countdown to Chang 'e-1 launch
36 hours: Some systems carry out the final "physical examination".
12 hours: enter the pre-launch function check state.
8 hours: Enter emission process, and all systems make auxiliary preparations.
7 hours: Fill with liquid oxygen.
5.5 hours: filling liquid hydrogen.
2 hours: Enter the pre-launch system. The ground began to power up the system, and at the same time began to issue various passwords.
40 minutes: The revolving platform of Tower 3 begins to unfold.
15 minutes: the last batch of personnel are evacuated.
90 seconds: power on. Power supply supplies power to the system from the ground to the battery inside the system.
60 seconds: the orange cable pendulum rod extending from the back of the tower to the front tower is set out at this time, ready to ignite and launch the rocket.
40 seconds: Commander 0 1 begins to report the countdown.
30 seconds: pull. It used to be the exclusive command of the launch system. Although the related system is no longer used, this program has been used until today.
10 second: ignition countdown.
0 seconds: ignition.
magazine
20071October 24th18: 05,04.602 seconds was successfully launched!
18: 07 separation of primary and secondary rockets
The fairing separates the rocket from the atmosphere.
18: 10 rocket two-stage separation
18: 65438+
18: 25 the satellite entered the initial earth orbit.
18: 26 secondary ignition of three-stage rocket
18: 28 Secondary shutdown of three-stage rocket engine
18: 29, the satellite separated from the satellite entered the super-geosynchronous orbit with perigee of 205km and apogee of 50930km and period of16 h.
18: 36 The satellite accusation was transferred to Beijing Aerospace Control Center.
Satellite solar panels open.
65438+1October 24 19: 00 confirm the successful launch!
1October 25th 17: 55 to complete the first orbit change! After the command was issued 130 seconds, the perigee altitude of the satellite was raised from about 200 km to about 600 km, and the orbit transfer was a complete success. This orbit change shows that the propulsion system of Chang 'e-1 satellite works normally, and it also lays the foundation for the next three perigee orbit changes. Chang 'e-1 satellite orbited once and a half in an elliptical orbit with a period of about 16 hours, and then changed its orbit at the second apogee.
65438+1October 26th 17: 44, Wangyuan No.3 reported that Chang 'e-1 satellite successfully implemented the second orbit change! This is the first perigee orbit change of the satellite.
Chang 'e-1 satellite will enter a 24-hour periodic orbit after the second orbit change. The apogee height has increased from more than 50,000 kilometers to more than 70,000 kilometers.
On October 29th, 65438/kloc-0, the perigee orbit was changed for the second time, and the apogee height of the satellite was increased from more than 70,000 kilometers to120,000 kilometers, which set a new TT&C record for the farthest space in China. Enter a 48-hour periodic orbit around the earth. Beijing time 10/:39 on October 29th, 18: 00, news came from the survey ship Wangyuan No.3, and the satellite was successfully orbited for the third time!
10,31,17: 28, Chang' e-1 satellite successfully carried out the third perigee orbit change, successfully entered the earth-moon transfer orbit and began to fly to the moon. The apogee height of the satellite was increased from1.2000 km to 370000 km, and it entered the earth-moon transfer orbit of 1. 1.4 hours. This is also the fourth orbit change after the satellite was put into orbit. At 0: 00/7: 00 Beijing time/Kloc-0: 05, Chang 'e-1 satellite received the instruction, and the engine shut down normally after 784 seconds of operation. The calculation of various measurement data by Beijing Flight Control Center shows that the satellite orbit change is successful! Successfully entered the earth-moon transfer orbit from the orbit around the earth.
165438+1the morning of 2 October 10: 33, Chang 'e-1 satellite successfully carried out the first mid-orbit correction. 10: 25, Chang' e-1 satellite successfully ignited two small thrust engines on board according to the instructions, and the flight course of the satellite was corrected. 10: 33, the engine is turned off, and the first orbit correction of the satellite is completed. (It was later cancelled)
1October 511105, the main engine of Chang' e-1 satellite was ignited and began to brake for the first time in recent months. Braking in recent months will last for 22 minutes. 1 1 37, the main engine of Chang' e-1 satellite was turned off, and the first braking in recent months ended. Arrive 420 kilometers away from the moon, enter the lunar orbit for the first time in recent months 12 hours.
165438+1October 6, the second braking in the near month entered the orbit, with a cycle of 3.5 hours, 200 kilometers near the moon point and 0/700 kilometers far from the moon point, running three times.
165438+1At 8: 24 on October 7, the third braking in recent months began, and this braking in recent months will last for 10 minute. At 8: 34, the third braking in recent months was successfully completed. The satellite entered the polar moon orbit with a period of 127 minutes and a height of 200 kilometers, and began to work, sending back 30 songs to the ground.
165438+1On October 26th, China National Space Administration officially released the first moon image sent back by Chang 'e-1 satellite. This image of the surface of the moon is located at 83-57 degrees east longitude and 70-54 degrees south latitude. The map is about 280 kilometers wide and 460 kilometers long.
Change tracks
meaning
On 24th 18: 29, after the satellite was successfully separated from the arrow, Chang 'e-1 satellite entered the super-geosynchronous orbit with perigee of 205km and apogee of 50930km and period of 16h. After the satellite "runs" in this orbit for one and a half times, it is expected to make the first orbit change on the afternoon of the 25th. After the orbit change, the perigee of the satellite orbit will be increased to about 600 kilometers from the earth. After the satellite is separated from the launch vehicle, it needs four orbital changes to gradually accelerate to the entrance speed of the earth-moon transfer orbit. It takes only a few minutes for each perigee acceleration, and it is necessary to send instructions to the satellite in a short time. The satellite engine must respond accurately, otherwise the satellite may fly in other directions.
location
On 25th 17: 55, Beijing Aerospace Control Center successfully implemented the first orbit transfer control for Chang 'e-1 satellite. This orbit change was carried out when the satellite was running to apogee, and the next three orbit changes were all carried out at perigee. Why did you choose apogee for the first orbit change?
Jaco, from Beijing Institute of Tracking Communication Technology, is the chief designer of TT&C system of lunar exploration project, and participated in the overall design of TT&C communication scheme of Chang 'e-1 satellite. He said that when satellites are in orbit change control, they are usually carried out at perigee and apogee, which can save the fuel carried on satellites to the greatest extent. The first orbit change of Chang 'e-1 satellite was carried out at apogee, in order to improve the orbit height of perigee.
"Only by changing the orbit at apogee can we improve the orbit height at perigee," Jaco said. "Similarly, to change the altitude at apogee, we must implement orbit change at perigee. After we raise the perigee altitude of the satellite for the first orbit change, it will increase the tracking time of the survey ship arranged near perigee, which is conducive to monitoring the orbit change process. Because the higher the satellite is from the ground, the longer the tracking control time of the monitoring station and the ship will be, which will lay a solid foundation for the three perigee orbits to be carried out in the future. "
Jaco said that according to the measurement and control plan, Chang 'e-1 satellite will undergo its first perigee orbit change on June 26, 65438. After the orbit change, the satellite will enter the orbit with an apogee of 7 1400 km, with a period of 24 hours. After the second perigee orbit change, the satellite will enter an orbit around the earth with an apogee of 12 1700 km and a period of 48 hours. In the third perigee orbit change, the satellite will enter the earth-moon transfer orbit and embark on a five-day trip to the moon.
According to the first law of Kepler's three laws of planetary motion: all planets have elliptical orbits, and the sun is located at a focal point of the ellipse. In polar coordinates with the sun S as the pole and the perihelion direction SP as the polar axis, the trajectory of the planet relative to the sun is an ellipse PP 1P2P' 1P', and PSP'=2a represents the long diameter of the ellipse. This law also applies to satellite systems. Since it is an elliptical orbit, of course, there are places closest and farthest from the earth. So the farthest flying object in elliptical orbit (from the earth) is apogee, and the nearest is perigee.
Away from the earth
After the launch, the Chang 'e-1 satellite will go around the earth five times in five days. The first stage is three turns, each turn 16 hours, the second stage is one turn in 24 hours, and the third stage is one turn in 48 hours.
A day or so after the rocket put the satellite into orbit, the command was injected into the ground to ignite the main engine of the satellite to change orbit, and the near field was raised to about 600 kilometers, so that the speed of the satellite was relatively reduced when it passed above the measurement and control station, which was convenient for subsequent control. The second, third and fourth ignitions are used to change the orbit and make the satellite accelerate continuously: the purpose of these three orbital changes is to accelerate. Every time the orbit is changed, the speed of the satellite will increase a little. After three times of accumulation, the satellite will accelerate to the minimum speed above10.965,438+06 km/s to enter the earth-moon transfer orbit and fly to the moon.
Ten joint points
At 65438+1October 24th 18: 05, Chang 'e-1 satellite was successfully launched by the Long March 3A carrier rocket in Xichang, which is known as the hometown of the moon's daughter, and "Chang 'e" began its journey to the moon.
In the long journey of Chang 'e-1 satellite flying to the moon 380 thousand kilometers away, a series of highly complex and high-risk actions are needed.
"If the key link from satellite launch to final data analysis can be successfully completed, then China's first lunar exploration will be a complete success." Luan Enjie, commander-in-chief of China's lunar exploration project, said in an interview with Xinhua News Agency.
So, what does this 10 joint point mean?
Joint point one: launch
It was the Long March 3A carrier rocket known as the "Golden Rocket" that sent Chang 'e-1 satellite into space.
Throughout the history of human exploration of the moon, in the exploration activities of the United States and the Soviet Union in the 20th century, the failure of exploration caused by the failure of launch vehicles accounted for a large proportion. Therefore, the high reliability of launch vehicle is a necessary prerequisite to ensure the success of lunar exploration.
This launch is the15th launch of the Long March 3A carrier rocket. So far, the launch success rate of this type of rocket is 100%. Previously, the Long March 3A carrier rocket and the widely used Dongfanghong-3 satellite platform had been "married" many times, and each time it was a complete success. It's perfect to hold up Chang 'e-1 satellite developed on the platform of Dongfanghong-3 satellite with such "Hercules".
Of the three existing space launch sites in China, only xichang satellite launch center has the ability to launch the Long March 3 A-class high-thrust rocket, and it is an ideal place to launch various geosynchronous orbit satellites with low latitude, high altitude, pleasant climate and convenient transportation.
Junction 2: Enter orbit
Whether the satellite can enter the scheduled orbit accurately is an important symbol to judge whether the launch is successful or not.
When the Chang 'e-1 satellite was launched by the Long March 3A carrier rocket, it was first ignited by the first stage, the second stage and the third stage, and then the satellite was put into low-earth orbit, and then glided for a period of time.
1249 seconds after the rocket took off, the third stage rocket ignited for the second time; 1373 seconds, the secondary ignition engine of the three-stage rocket is turned off. 1473 seconds, star and arrow separated successfully. Chang 'e-1 satellite entered a large elliptical orbit with a perigee of about 200 kilometers, an apogee of about 5 1000 kilometers and an operating time of 16 hours, and became a satellite orbiting the earth.
Joint point three: orbit change
After the Chang 'e-1 satellite 16 hours flew once and a half in orbit, 10/0/on the afternoon of October 25th, the command was injected into the ground, and the attitude adjustment engine on the satellite began to ignite. About 4 minutes later, the main engine with thrust of 490 Newton ignited and changed orbit, raising the perigee of the satellite orbit to about 600 kilometers from the earth.
On the afternoon of October 26th, 65438/kloc-0, when the satellite reached perigee again, the main engine of the satellite was turned on again, and the huge thrust made the satellite rise to the 24-hour orbit.
After three rounds of 24-hour orbit, the main engine on the satellite was ignited for the third time, and the second perigee orbit change was implemented, and Chang 'e-1 satellite entered the 48-hour orbit. This moment happened around1October 29th 10.
These orbit changes are to accelerate the satellite through the engine on the satellite. Theoretically, it is possible to realize a orbital transfer, but in order to make full use of fuel and facilitate ground control, scientists gradually decompose the orbital transfer.
Joint point 4: Run to the moon
Chang 'e-1 satellite will officially fly to the moon after seven days of "preheating" in three elliptical orbits.
On June 365438+1October 3 1, when the satellite reached perigee again, the main engine was turned on, and the satellite speed increased to above 10.95438+06 km/s in just a few minutes, and it entered the earth-moon transfer orbit, and the earth's overflight over the moon really began.
There are three advantages for Chang 'e-1 satellite to fly to the moon in this way: first, it can ensure that the gravity loss is controlled below 5%; Secondly, multiple perigee maneuvers are arranged in the same area, which is beneficial to ground monitoring; Third, a 24-hour orbit can be arranged, which can easily solve the problem of delayed launch date.
Joint point five: correction
It takes about 1 14 hours for Chang 'e-1 satellite to transfer its orbit from the earth to the moon.
In the history of human lunar exploration activities, there have been many accidents in which the detector failed to capture the moon and got lost among the stars, mostly due to the inaccurate attitude and speed control of the satellite during flight. If the speed error of the perigee of the Earth-Moon transfer orbit is 1m/s or the altitude error is 1km, the position error of several Qian Qian meters will occur during the recent moon flight.
During the high-speed flight, Chang 'e-1 satellite must change its orbit halfway under the command of the ground. Generally speaking, it needs to be revised at least twice, the first time within one day of entering the earth-moon transfer orbit and the second time within one day before reaching the moon. These instructions were issued by the Space Flight Control Center in Beijing.
Connection point 6: Braking
165438+1around October 5, when Chang' e-1 satellite reaches a position 200 kilometers away from the moon, it needs to slow down and brake, that is, "brake". Only in this way can it be captured by the gravity of the moon and become a satellite flying around the moon.
This is an important step in flying around the moon: if the "brake" is late, the satellite will hit the moon; If you "brake" early, you will float into space. The success of "braking" depends on whether the position and velocity vector of the satellite at that time are correct. After repeated checks and calculations, scientists in China have broken through this technical problem.
Joint point seven: around the moon
The first braking of Chang 'e-1 satellite in recent months will be transferred from the earth-moon orbit to the 12-hour lunar orbit at1125. From this moment on, Chang 'e-1 satellite became a real moon-orbiting satellite.
165438+1around October 6, the Chang' e-1 satellite braked for the second time in recent months, and its speed was further reduced. The satellite entered a 3.5-hour orbit and ran in this orbit seven times.
165438+1around October 7, Chang' e-1 satellite braked for the third time in recent months and entered the polar orbit of the moon 127 minutes. This is the working orbit of the satellite flying around the moon. This orbit is circular, 200 kilometers from the surface of the moon.
At this time, Chang 'e-1 satellite will send back 30 songs voted by the public to the ground.
Joint point eight: detection
After the establishment of the lunar orbit, the "eight weapons" carried by Chang 'e-1 satellite will begin to show their talents and carry out intense and busy work to complete the four scientific goals.
If nothing goes wrong, the CCD stereo camera carried by the satellite can send back the first photo of the moon at the end of 1 1, which is an important symbol of the success of circling the moon.
Interference imaging spectrometer, laser altimeter and CCD stereo camera will complete the first scientific goal, that is, to obtain three-dimensional images of the moon surface; Gamma-ray spectrometer and X-ray spectrometer will work together to analyze the content and distribution of useful elements and substance types on the surface of the moon.
The microwave detector, which is first applied to lunar exploration, will detect the thickness of lunar soil and the amount of helium -3 resources; The space environment detection system consisting of solar high-energy particle detector and solar wind ion detector will detect the "Earth-Moon" space environment within the range of 40,000 to 400,000 kilometers by continuously capturing protons, electrons and ions.
Joint 9: Transmission
According to the popular saying of scientists, I bought a "one-way ticket" for Chang 'e this time. Then, how can the Chang 'e-1 satellite, which is gone forever, transmit the detection data back to Earth from 380,000 kilometers away?
There are two transmitting antennas carried by Chang 'e-1 satellite: one is a directional antenna, which always faces the receiving antenna on the earth; One is an omni-directional antenna, that is, an antenna with no fixed direction.
The huge spatial attenuation and time delay greatly increase the technical difficulty of receiving lunar exploration data on the ground. For this purpose, the ground application system specially built two large-aperture antennas called radio telescopes: one in Miyun, Beijing, with an antenna aperture of 50 meters; One is in Kunming, Yunnan, with a diameter of 40 meters.
Two large-aperture antennas, like a pair of huge eyes, always watch every move of Chang 'e-1 satellite and collect all the information transmitted by the satellite.
Connection point 10: research
The data obtained by Chang 'e-1 satellite through numerous difficulties and obstacles is very precious. Whether we can make full use of these data will determine the value of lunar exploration activities.
The data transmitted to the ground will be sent to the ground application system headquarters in Beijing for preprocessing. The ground application system will organize more scientists and technicians to further study and process the preprocessed data and get the latest research results or scientific discoveries.
The National Space Administration announced that many data obtained by Chang 'e-1 satellite will be completely made public for scientists all over the world to study and share. Chang 'e, a native of China, will make his own contribution to the space industry of mankind.
Reactions from all walks of life
Although it was 48 years, 9 months and 22 days later than the world's first lunar exploration satellite-"Moon 1" of the former Soviet Union, the lunar exploration project that opened a new chapter in China's space deep space exploration era still received extensive attention from the international community. After the launch of the "Chang 'e-1" lunar exploration satellite, foreign media immediately commented on it.
AP: China took the first step on the moon.
After xichang satellite launch center announced the successful separation of the satellite from the rocket, the Associated Press immediately released the report "China successfully launched a lunar exploration satellite": "China successfully launched the first lunar exploration satellite, taking the first step of the ambitious 10 year plan, that is, sending the lander to the moon and returning to Earth. China's national television broadcast the picture of the rocket taking off ... "
Reuters: "Chang 'e" prepares for the moon landing plan.
British Reuters published a commentary on 24th, saying that with space dream, scientific and technological progress and patriotic enthusiasm, China launched the first lunar exploration satellite-"Chang 'e-1". The article said that the "Chang 'e-1" project around the moon was the first space exploration activity in China, which was to prepare for the lunar rover in 20 10 and the subsequent moon landing plan.
AFP: It marks the promotion of China's global status.
Agence France-Presse published an article on the 24th, saying that China's first launch of a lunar exploration satellite marked the promotion of China's global status. Rene Ostlinke, a spokesperson for the European Space Agency, said that the lunar exploration competition is gradually unfolding, and the United States is also preparing to revive its lunar exploration program with the goal of establishing a permanent lunar base for Mars exploration.
Vietnam News Agency: A Milestone in the History of China's Space Exploration
The Vietnamese News Agency published an article on the 24th, saying: "China has taken the first step of a three-stage lunar exploration program, which is a new milestone in the history of China's space exploration ..."
Chosun Ilbo: Realizing the Millennium Dream of South Korean People
On 24th, Wu Tai Jin, chief commentator of Chosun Ilbo, wrote with the title "Chang 'e-1 Realizing China's Millennium Dream": "China launches a lunar exploration satellite to realize the Millennium dream, and the whole country is boiling for it. And we can only watch quietly. "
Indian army studies China's lunar exploration.
65438+1From 23 to 28 October, the Indian Army and Navy held a joint commander meeting in New Delhi. The meeting coincided with the launch of China's "Chang 'e-1" lunar exploration satellite. Therefore, China's lunar exploration project and the overall strength of space have become hot topics for these senior generals, further inspiring the Indian armed forces' enthusiasm for building a "heavenly army".
According to The Times of India 10/0/23 October, following the announcement of the establishment of the Space Command by the Indian Air Force last year, the Indian Army and Navy also took advantage of this year's Commander's Meeting to launch their own "heavenly armies" and set up "space teams" at their respective headquarters.
A senior officer of the Indian army revealed that at present, the Indian army, navy and air force are actively discussing the tactics, tactics and strategic applications of space, because the decision-makers of the Indian armed forces all believe that without "space resources", there is no need to fight future wars, because "modern military has a serious dependence on various technologies and systems in space."
What makes the Indian armed forces feel very urgent is that the space experiment conducted by China in June+10 this year was like a bolt from the blue for India, and the lunar exploration project was ahead of India. In contrast, India has no long-term specific plan for space, so the commander-in-chief of the three armed forces feels "urgent".
The Indian Ministry of National Defense recently threw out the "2020 National Defense Space Outlook". This strategic guidance document emphasizes that by 20 12 years ago, the Indian military will devote itself to developing space intelligence, reconnaissance, detection, communication and navigation. In order to achieve this goal, India will complete more than 1000 related scientific research projects and launch several military spy satellites. Even if the above goals are achieved, India is far from achieving the goals of timely military communication, reconnaissance information transmission, missile early warning, accurate bomb satellite signal guidance, and interference with enemy networks.
China's lunar exploration program.
Three stages
Ouyang Ziyuan, chief scientist of China's lunar exploration project and academician of Chinese Academy of Sciences, said that Chang 'e-1 is the farthest satellite launched by China, with an average distance of 380,000 kilometers from the Earth. Prior to this, the farthest satellite launched by China was 40,000 kilometers above the ground.
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