Information and examples about organ donation

What is organ donation organ donation propaganda?

Organ donation means that when a person is diagnosed with brain death and can only rely on ventilators and drugs to maintain vital signs, his organs are donated to dying patients waiting for transplantation based on his wishes before his death or the consent of his family members, so that his life can be extended. Healthy adults can also donate one of their kidneys or part of their liver to relatives or spouses. Organ donation includes cell donation, tissue donation and organ donation.

Cell donation

It refers to extracting living cell groups from a healthy person and inputting them into another patient who needs help. The most typical clinical practice is to donate bone marrow to help patients who need bone marrow transplantation.

Organize donation

It refers to donating some tissues of the human body to those patients who need help. These tissues include: skin, cornea, bones, tendons, blood vessels, nerves and so on. A donor can donate multiple tissues to patients waiting for transplantation at the same time according to his own wishes.

organ donation

Is to donate a living organ to another patient who needs transplant treatment. These patients are usually very serious and cannot be cured by other treatments. At present, many kinds of heart, kidney, liver, pancreas, lung, small intestine and abdomen have been successfully transplanted in the world.

Edit the type of organ donation in this paragraph.

On April 20th, the Provincial Red Cross Society and the Provincial Health Department jointly held the kick-off meeting of the pilot project of human organ donation in Guangdong Province. Xu Huozhou, executive vice president of the Provincial Red Cross Society, and Liao Xinbo, deputy director of the Provincial Health Department attended the meeting. More than 80 people attended the meeting, including health bureau representatives from ten cities including Guangzhou and Shenzhen, Red Cross staff, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Nanfang Hospital and other 14 hospitals with organ transplant qualifications. The Shenzhen Red Cross Society and the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University introduced their experiences at the meeting. As of June 5438+February, 2009, 50 cases of organ donation have been completed in our province, and the lives of 56 cases of organ failure have been successfully saved. At least 40 blind patients have seen the light again, and many burn patients have recovered. In order to praise the donors' selfless dedication and love for the world, on May 8, 2008, Guangdong Red Cross established the Red Cross Memorial Park in Wan 'anyuan Cemetery in Zengcheng, which is of great significance to standardize the donation of remains and organs, guide people to change their customs and establish a healthy and civilized lifestyle. At the meeting, the Provincial Red Cross Society and the Health Department decided to set up the Guangdong Human Organ Donation Committee, which consists of the Provincial Organ Donation Office, the Provincial Human Organ Acquisition Organization and the Provincial Human Organ Donation Expert Group to manage the human organ donation work in the province in a unified manner.

Edit this paragraph about brain death and organ donation.

Traditional death judgment

The traditional criterion for judging a person's death is that the heart stops beating permanently, breathing stops, and the pupil's reflection on light disappears. After the heartbeat and breathing stop, tissues and organs in other parts of the body will lose their functions due to lack of oxygen and nutrition.

brain death

The human brain tissue consists of three parts: brain, cerebellum and brain stem. Brain stem is the life center of human body, which controls the donation of whole body organs of teenagers with respiratory diseases.

, heartbeat, blood pressure and other important functions. Cells in some parts of the human body can recover their functions through regeneration after injury, but brain cells are different: once they are necrotic, they cannot regenerate. Therefore, when a person's brain stem is irreparably damaged, the brain stem will permanently lose its function completely, thus stopping breathing and heartbeat. Subsequently, other organs and tissues of the body will gradually lose their functions because there is no breathing and heartbeat. Clinical brain death refers to brain stem death. In recent ten years, due to the progress of medical technology, when a person dies, doctors can use ventilators and drugs to maintain his physiological functions such as breathing, heartbeat and blood pressure for two weeks. But once these auxiliary facilities are removed, he/she can't breathe spontaneously and his/her heart will stop beating. In this case, if there are no other special diseases, organs and tissues in other parts of the body are still healthy except the death of brain cells.

Edit this paragraph. Can a vegetative person donate organs?

In vegetative state, brain function is lost due to brain diseases or other systemic diseases, but brain stem function still exists. Therefore, vegetative people have no ability of thinking, memory, cognition, behavior and language, but they have breathing, heartbeat and facial movements. So vegetative people are not brain dead, so they can't donate organs. Besides mother, you can also give life.

Edit this paragraph about organ transplantation.

What is organ transplantation?

Organ transplantation is to put a healthy organ into a dying patient with a serious disease through surgery or other methods, so that the organ can continue to function, thus giving the recipient a new life.

The rise of transplantation medicine

Organ transplantation was always a dream of human beings before the twentieth century. At the beginning of the twentieth century, the medical community was still at a loss to treat patients with severe organ failure. Due to various objective conditions, organ transplantation only stayed in the animal experiment stage at that time. In 1950s, doctors all over the world began to conduct human trials, but the effect of organ transplantation was not satisfactory because the rejection after transplantation could not be well controlled. This situation continued until Novartis invented the immunosuppressive drug-cyclosporine. The invention of cyclosporine has greatly improved the survival rate after organ transplantation, and organ transplantation has developed rapidly, which is one of the great achievements of cutting-edge medicine in this century.

Edit this paragraph, which patients can receive organ transplantation.

● Heart transplantation is the only treatment for patients with heart failure caused by various reasons. ● Patients with benign lung diseases at the end stage of lung can't be cured by traditional medical treatment, but it is estimated that there is still hope for survival of 1-3 years. We can consider lung transplantation to improve their physical condition. ● Liver transplantation is the only method for patients whose liver is at the end of benign liver disease and cannot be treated by traditional medical surgery. ● Kidney When some diseases damage the kidney and the kidney cannot function normally, it will gradually develop into renal insufficiency. The end stage of azotemia is uremia. Methods to save the lives of uremic patients include dialysis and kidney transplantation. Pancreas and pancreas transplantation are mostly performed at the same time as kidney transplantation, which is mainly used to treat advanced diabetes, type I diabetes and diabetes after pancreatectomy. In addition to the above patients, there are patients with diseases such as spleen and small intestine, which can be cured by transplantation.

Edit the main program of this paragraph.

1. The person who visited or consulted by telephone is filling out the organ donation agreement.

2. The Red Cross provides: official letter of volunteers for body donation, registration form for body donation in Shandong Province (in duplicate) and registration form for basic information of volunteers; 3. Accept the registration form filled in by volunteers and inform the incomplete or inappropriate places; 4. Handle the letter to the remains donor, registration reply, remains donation registration form (one copy) and honorary certificate of qualified personnel.

Edit the relevant doubts in this paragraph.

Traditional death judgment

The traditional criterion for judging a person's death is that the heart stops beating permanently, breathing stops, and the pupil's reflection on light disappears. After the heartbeat and breathing stop, the tissues and organs in other parts of the body will lose energy because they can't get oxygen and nutrition.

brain death

The human brain tissue consists of three parts: brain, cerebellum and brain stem. Brainstem is the life center of human body, which controls important functions such as respiration, heartbeat and blood pressure. Cells in some parts of the human body can recover their functions through regeneration after injury, but brain cells are different: organ donation is used for medical assistance.

Once necrotic, it can't be regenerated. Therefore, when a person's brain stem is irreparably damaged, the brain stem will permanently lose its function completely, thus stopping breathing and heartbeat. Subsequently, other organs and tissues of the body will gradually lose their functions because there is no breathing and heartbeat. Clinical brain death refers to brain stem death. In recent ten years, due to the progress of medical technology, when a person dies, doctors can use ventilators and drugs to maintain his physiological functions such as breathing, heartbeat and blood pressure for two weeks. But once these auxiliary facilities are removed, he/she can't breathe spontaneously and his/her heart will stop beating. In this case, if there are no other special diseases, except the death of brain cells, organs and tissues in other parts of the body are still healthy.

Can a vegetative person donate organs?

In vegetative state, brain function is lost due to brain diseases or other systemic diseases, but brain stem function still exists. Therefore, vegetative people have no ability of thinking, memory, cognition, behavior and language, but they have breathing, heartbeat and facial movements. So vegetative people are not brain dead, so they can't donate organs.

Edit the problem in this paragraph.

condition

According to statistics, from 1986 to 2006, less than 4,000 people in Shanghai donated their bodies. About 654.38 million people died in Shanghai, but only 300 people voluntarily donate their bodies every year, accounting for only three thousandths. However, among the registered donors in China and Shanghai, the proportion of real donors is relatively small, accounting for about 15% of registered donors. Although China has reached the world level in the field of organ transplantation technology, the laws and regulations on organ donation are still not perfect, which restricts the clinical treatment of organ transplantation and the development of transplantation medicine to some extent.

cause

Traditional China is an ethical society, and the general moral principle in ancient society is to bury the dead. Nowadays, people in many places still stick to the rules and stubbornly follow those old customs. Many people find it emotionally difficult to accept donations from relatives or their own bodies. The influence of the concept of interests Organ donation, as a kind of charitable act voluntarily performed by citizens, can only be donated, not bought or sold. It is completely free and public welfare, so some people will think, "What are the benefits and benefits of donating organs to others?" The lack of social concept China people value themselves over society, with deep-rooted private and personal consciousness and poor sense of social responsibility. In people's minds, the idea of being irrelevant, hanging high and indifferent to strangers is deeply rooted.

Edit the external view of this paragraph.

Sun Shaoling (Secretary-General of Shantou Red Cross Society) According to the relevant regulations, the Red Cross Society undertakes the consultation and registration of voluntary organ donation. However, due to the "lack" of relevant laws and regulations, the Red Cross can't contact the unit that receives organ donation at all, and organ donation will inevitably become an empty talk to some extent. In fact, with the continuous improvement of public awareness of public welfare, people often go to the Red Cross to inquire about organ donation and body donation. Many dying old people and seriously ill patients clearly expressed their willingness to donate their remains or organs for teaching, scientific research or medical treatment, but they eventually gave up because they could not find organizations and units willing to accept them. Of course, the promulgation and implementation of laws and regulations is a complicated process, which requires the joint efforts and cooperation of the government, relevant departments and all sectors of society. Guo (citizen) let life continue on others: As a citizen, I know little about the relevant knowledge and laws and regulations of organ donation. On the one hand, the relevant departments and media have little publicity in this regard, and many people are not clear about the specific definition of organ donation, such as what can be donated in the body, what conditions are needed for body donation, and so on; On the other hand, in real life, many Shantou people's ideas are still relatively conservative. For the dead relatives, the traditional thought for many years is "to be buried in the ground" and advocate burial; Later, although people gradually accepted cremation, they were still influenced by the concept of "being rich and being influenced by their parents" and asked to be cremated while preserving their limbs. Many people will be psychologically unacceptable for a period of time to dissect the bodies of their loved ones or donate useful organs to treat others. Personally, I think it needs further publicity from the media to make people really realize that donating the useful organs of deceased relatives to treat others is actually an act of extending the lives of relatives to others, which is an infinite act of merit.

Edit the achievements of various countries in this paragraph.

Sweden

More and more Swedes have a positive attitude towards organ donation. According to a survey published in Swedish Daily News, 136 organ donation operations were performed in Sweden in 2006, which is the largest number of operations since 199 1. This is a positive trend, indicating that the public's awareness of organ donation has increased. For a long time, organ transplantation in Sweden has been hovering around 100 cases per year. It is very important to know about organ donation, especially for patients who have not made a choice. It is much better to convince their families with knowledge. In recent years, the understanding of organ donation by patients' families has increased significantly, and many family members openly talk about this issue, which is very helpful for making positive decisions. According to the Swedish organ donation law, if the deceased did not make a choice before his death, whether to donate organs will be decided by the family of the deceased. Since 2003, the Swedish government has invested 27 million Swedish kronor to strengthen publicity and education on voluntary organ donation. For critically ill patients, the hospital is specially equipped with nurses and doctors engaged in organ donation to do work for patients and their families. Through this investment, the rate of high-risk patients agreeing to donate organs has increased by 30%. Of Sweden's 9 million people, 6.5438+0.5 million people voluntarily registered in the national organ donation register. Those who are not registered but have a positive attitude towards organ donation can carry an organ donation card with them. Since the first kidney transplantation in Sweden from 65438 to 0964, Sweden has been in the leading position in the field of organ transplantation.

Germany

About 1000 patients in Germany die every year because they can't get organ donation in time. The annual organ donation in Germany is less than 20% of the actual demand. In 2005, there were 265,438+000 kidney transplants in Germany, but more than 2,700 similar patients were added in the same year. According to the opinion poll in Germany, more than 80% people have a positive attitude towards organ donation, but only 12% people actually obtained the donation certificate. Judging from the practice in recent years, whether there is a donation certificate is not the only problem. 55% hospitals failed to transmit the information of potential donors with donation certificates to organ donation centers in time as required, because these hospitals were worried that the expenses incurred during the operation could not be fully compensated and were afraid of trouble. Therefore, the German National Ethics Committee suggested that there should be corresponding supporting measures. In view of this, Germany is considering amending the organ donation law. Germany's human organ donation law passed in 1997 was originally intended to increase the number of human organ donations, but now this goal has not been achieved. The reason is not entirely the lack of capacity of the medical system, but also the legal defects. To this end, the Committee proposed a new donation model. The German Ethics Committee suggested that publicity and explanation should be carried out nationwide first, and then the state should come forward and systematically ask all citizens to answer the question of whether they agree to donate organs after death. A citizen's decision to agree or disagree with organ donation can be recorded in the database of his medical card and driver's license, and the citizen has the right to change his decision at any time. If citizens do not make a clear statement, they will be told to apply the principle of "consent without objection" after death. In principle, medical staff can think that the deceased consents to organ donation by default, and if their relatives have no clear objection, medical staff can take their organs for donation.

United States of America

Organ Donation In the United States, all organ donation work is done by OPO (Organ Procurement Organization). According to statistics in 2004, there are 59 OPOs in the United States, of which 50 are independent organizations, not relying on hospitals or related research institutions, and the other 9 rely on designated hospitals. All OPOs are appointed by the Secretary of Health and Human Services and are accountable to the federal government. They are also members of the National Organ Acquisition and Transplantation Network (OPTN). OPO needs to invest a lot of time, energy and financial resources to establish a good atmosphere for organ donation in hospitals. On the one hand, it publicizes to medical staff and hospital management how to identify potential donors, how to obtain the consent of donors and their families, and the protective measures before organ acquisition. On the other hand, it is necessary to establish a good cooperative relationship with experts in ICU, neurosurgery and neurology to ensure the smooth completion of organ donation. OPO is also responsible for communicating with the donor's family and getting them to agree to donate the donor's organs. In the United States, after the death of the donor, about 42%-69% of the families agreed to donate; However, if the donor registered to donate organs before his death, the consent rate of family members can rise to 95%- 100%. Living organ donation is 200 1 year, and the number of living organ donations in the United States (66 18 cases) exceeds the number of cadaveric organ donations (6 182 cases) for the first time; In 2002, although the number of living organ donations was still higher than that of cadaveric organs, the growth rate slowed down, and the growth rate of living kidney transplantation was 4% (as high as 1 1% in 2006), but the number of living liver transplantation and living lung transplantation decreased significantly (by 3 1% and 36% respectively compared with 2005) (Figure/kloc) In 2002, there were 6240 cases, accounting for 94% of all living-related transplants, and in 2005, there were 657/kloc-0 cases, accounting for 95% of all living-related transplants. In 2002, there were 25 cases of living lung transplantation and 362 cases of liver transplantation. In 2006, the number of teaching staff (49 cases of living lung transplantation and 5 19 cases of living liver transplantation) decreased significantly, which may be related to the death of donors reported by the media. In 2005, the number of living-related lung transplantation and living-related liver transplantation decreased further, with 2 cases and 323 cases respectively. All living donors are mainly adults (; 80%), but it can not be ignored that the proportion of organ donation among non-relatives is increasing year by year.

China

On October 20-22, 2007/kloc-0, 65438+ held a historic activity at the first joint meeting of China international standard organ donation and shunt system. The launching ceremony of the first batch of "organ donation cards" in China. The English name of organ donation card is "Donor card", which is called a card carried by voluntary donors of organs and corneas. There are information such as the applicant's signature, contact information, the name of immediate family members and contact information in case of emergency, the contact number of organ donation institutions, relevant websites and distribution units. So that in the event of accidental death of the cardholder, this card can be used as evidence that the parties expressed their willingness to donate organs. Managers can log on to the website according to the serial number on the card to inquire about the relevant information of the parties, so as to get in touch with their families immediately. Whether to donate organs or not ultimately requires the signature and consent of family members. At present, there are thousands of terminally ill and blind patients in China who are eagerly waiting for humanitarian assistance. However, due to the lack of organ donation system engineering, many patients died while waiting. Organ donation card is the first project of this system engineering. Organ donation is a very small probability event (one in a million) in people's daily life. Without a huge volunteer base (> 1 100 million), it is impossible to reach a certain scale of organ resources with a small probability of one in a million per person per year. Therefore, Professor Chen Zhonghua, the project leader and the sponsor of the donation card, pointed out that the distribution goal is to promote the number of registered donors in China to increase from 0.0% to 50% of the total population in the second five-year plan (2006-20 10), and about 500 million people hold this kind of love card. Absolute quantity ranks first in the world.

Editing this paragraph, the first batch of organ donation pilot started.

On March 20 10, the human organ donation system was first piloted in ten provinces and cities, including Shanghai, Tianjin, Liaoning, Shandong, Zhejiang, Guangdong, Jiangxi, Xiamen, Fujian, Nanjing, Jiangsu and Wuhan, Hubei. On April 20th, the pilot project of human organ donation in Guangdong Province was officially launched. Xu Huozhou, executive vice president of Guangdong Red Cross Society, said that Guangdong Province will set up the Guangdong Human Organ Donation Committee, the leading body of human organ donation in Guangdong Province, with a human organ donation office, a human organ donation expert group and a human organ acquisition organization to co-ordinate the management of human organ donation in the province. In the future, the information of human organ donors in the province will be collected into the Human Organ Donation Committee, and a database of human organ donors and recipients will be established. Guangdong pilot project was carried out in Guangzhou, Shenzhen and other cities 10, and human organ donation workstations were established in each city. It is reported that due to the large number of traffic accident deaths, the Provincial Human Organ Donation Office plans to mobilize drivers to join the ranks of human organ donation.

Two principles: organ donation must be voluntary and free.

Organ donation is based on the principle of voluntariness and free of charge, especially in the following two cases: citizens with full civil capacity voluntarily apply for organ donation registration in writing, do not cancel the registration, and then donate organs after death; Citizens did not express their disapproval of organ donation before their death, but their spouses, adult children and parents agreed to donate organs in writing after their death. It is also reported that organ donation does not involve living organ donation and corpse organ donation of prisoners on death row.

The distribution principle hasn't come out yet.

The Guangdong Human Organ Donation Expert Group will distribute the donated organs according to the principles of human organ distribution in China (which will be issued separately), and the Guangdong Human Organ Donation Office will witness the process of organ donation and transplantation.

Donation procedure

Citizens can voluntarily apply for registration of human organ donation to Guangdong Human Organ Donation Office in written form, or potential human organ donors or their spouses, adult children and parents are willing to donate, then the coordinator will help complete the donation procedures, notarize the relevant information, submit it to Guangdong Human Organ Donation Office, and enter the donor information into China Human Organ Donor Registration Management System after confirmation.