What is ECTS European credit transfer system?

European Credit Transfer System, also known as European credit mutual recognition system, hereinafter referred to as ECTS.

the emphasis is on credit transfer, which is developed and implemented by Council of Europe (UNESCO-CEPES). It is the earliest developed credit system in the world and the only one in Europe that has been proved to be successful by experiments.

As of 211, * * * 53 countries and regions have signed the Bologna Declaration and become participants in the European Credit Transfer System. According to this framework, the first cycle is a bachelor's degree, which requires at least three years of study time, corresponding to 18-24 ECTS credits.

The second period is a master's degree, which requires one to two years, corresponding to 6-12 ECTS credits; The third period is a doctoral degree, and no clear requirements for credits and hours have been given yet. ECTS is the same credit standard in Europe, which provides a platform for mutual recognition, conversion and accumulation of credits and transfer of students between different educational institutions.

This system is the only European higher education credit system that has been proved to be successful by experiments. This system was originally limited to credit conversion, and recently, it has included credit accumulation.

launched in p>1999, one of the main purposes of the "Bologna Process" is to open up the European credit system, promote mutual recognition of academic qualifications, encourage European students to study in other European countries, strengthen the flow of European students in terms of quantity and quality, and accelerate the development and economic progress of the knowledge society.

The appearance of this credit system is not only conducive to students' understanding and comparison of learning-related courses, but also conducive to promoting the teaching reform of European higher education institutions. The result of the reform is more conducive to the flow of European students and more conducive to attracting foreign students to study in Europe.

Extended materials:

I. Main contents

Full-time European students should get 6 credits per academic year, which is about 1,5-1,8 hours, and each credit is 25-3 hours.

Students can get credit only after successfully completing their studies and passing the corresponding examinations and evaluations.

Credit parameters involve all aspects of learning activities-attending lectures and lectures, attending seminars, independent study and self-study, preparing project reports and completing homework, taking exams, etc., which constitute students' learning burden and workload.

Students get corresponding credits through classes, internships, papers and other forms of study. The credit value depends on the objectives and workload of the annual learning tasks.

Students' academic performance and learning level are determined by each country. The European credit mutual recognition system divides academic performance into two levels: passing and failing.

At the same time, the students who pass the exam are divided into five grades and the proportion of people in each grade is set as follows: A=1%, B=25%, C=3%, D=25% and E=1%. Failing is divided into two grades: FX= you can pass after proper efforts, and F= you need a lot of work to reach the passing line.

The credits of the European credit mutual recognition system are only used for bachelor's and master's degrees in higher education. Higher education institutions that use the European credit mutual recognition system should be well-known and reputable units, and should be reliable and transparent partners in Europe and internationally.

institutions of higher education participating in the European credit mutual recognition system need to provide the detailed content, curriculum requirements and academic level of relevant courses in their own countries according to the relevant parameters and subject list of the European credit mutual recognition system.

these higher education institutions also need to provide students with academic transcripts and ability certificates that can further explain the performance of the students. In order to ensure comparability, countries participating in the European credit mutual recognition system issue academic certificates at the same time.

students should be provided with a "DIPLOMA SUPPLEMENT" that can specifically explain the nature, level, content, academic performance and other relevant information about the academic certificate.

II. Progress Status

By 25, Albania, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Holy See, Austria, Iceland

Ireland, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Moldova, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia.

Britain, Andorra, Belgium, Germany, Greece, Italy, Malta, the Netherlands, Spain, Turkey and other 45 countries and regions signed the Bologna Declaration, becoming participants in the European credit mutual recognition system. However, judging from the participation of these countries, the level and degree are different.

Albania has its own national credit system, which has been in line with the European credit system; The Netherlands has its own national credit system, which is in line with the European credit system; In Denmark, only universities use the European credit system, but colleges don't.

Some countries have their own credit systems, but their credit values are different from those in Europe. For example, one credit in Latvia, Estonia, Sweden and Finland is equal to 1.5 European credits, while one credit in Iceland, Austria and Norway is equal to two European credits.

Hungary, Iceland, Slovenia, Serbia, Flemish in Belgium and Czech Republic have no unified national credit system; Croatia, Croatia, Cyprus, Portugal, Germany and Switzerland are establishing their own national credit system on the basis of the European credit system.

Baidu Encyclopedia-European Credit Mutual Recognition System