Japanese ceramics

Xinleshao

● Characteristics of Xinle Shao

● Relationship and difference with Iga Shao.

● As a new music burning of tea and pottery

● Pictures of Xinle burner

Xinle Township, near Jiangguo (Shiga County) in Jiahe County, is the birthplace of Xinle Shao (しがらきやき). Xinle Kiln is one of the six ancient kilns in Japan (the other five are Seto, Changshi, Danbo, Beiqian and Qian Yue). According to the excavated broken tiles, the local kiln industry was established as early as Tianpingbaozi (757 ~ 765) in Nara era. An unglazed pottery was fired in Heian period, and reddish-brown pottery was produced after the improvement of firing technology in Kamakura period. This is the so-called "Guxinle", and its products are mainly seed storage pots, other farm tools and miscellaneous utensils. However, the remains of ancient Shinsuke music in heian period and Kamakura era are rare, and the real prosperity of Shinsuke burning actually began in Muromachi era.

● Characteristics of Xinle Shao

(1) tire soil

The weight is heavy, and the texture is strong but uneven. The composition of tire soil is very impure, and it is a heterogeneous ceramic tire formed by a variety of soils, so the texture of tire gives people a rock-like feeling. The tire soil is also mixed with feldspar particles of different sizes. Because the expansion and contraction rates of various soils are often very different during kiln firing, the finished products are distorted and even cracked, which is very different from the expected shape. The defects of kiln deformation are easy to appear on the carcass. Undoubtedly, all these situations were the products of backward pottery-making technology in Japan at that time.

The fired ceramic tires are generally reddish brown, and the higher the iron content in the tires, the deeper the brown tone. The feldspar on the fetal surface melts to form milky white spots (called "frogs").

(2) Screening, washing and molding of clay

Clayey soil is coarse and mixed with sand, because Gu Xinle didn't use the usual water infiltration elutriation to purify clayey soil (the treated clayey soil is fine and pure, which is called "percolated soil"), but just screened the crushed original soil with a large screen (the treated soil is called "sieved soil"). However, the molding depends on manual kneading and winding, and no pulley is used, so the finished product is uneven. Later, the instruments molded by the windlass were much more neat than the soil screener.

(3) Glazing

The initial firing of Xinle was not glazed, but at the high temperature in the kiln, the ashes attached to the surface of the utensils melted and naturally formed a wet glaze film (called "ビードロ" in Japanese, also known as natural glaze). Its color is not fixed, there are light yellow, light green, brown yellow, dark brown, dark green and other colors.

Later generations began to use glassy green-gray glaze, not so much for decoration as to cover up the defects in the carcass. The composition of this gray glaze varies according to the types of utensils, and there are admirable works made by good workers, but the intention of covering up can also be seen at a glance in some poor works. Later, in addition to the gray glaze, a milky white glaze with strong luster was hung. It intersects with the red matrix and the black spots caused by kiln fire (called "Jiao げ" in Japanese, the lava-like dark brown block naturally caused by firewood ashes and strong firepower during kiln burning is one of the focuses of tea people's appreciation).

In the process of firing, there is also a product called "reverse glaze" which is caused by intentional over-firing (inverted firing of utensils).

(4) Style

The oldest Xinle is mostly a farmer's container with a wide belly and a funnel-shaped mouth for bearing, with a slightly upward edge. Lip shape (called "twisted back" in Japanese) is a product after Muramachi era. Due to the temperature or time of kiln firing, Guxinle is generally incomplete. Pots have various shapes, the most famous of which is "squat" (see below for details). After the Antu Taoshan era, a large number of teapots specially used for tea ceremony were made. See "China-Japan Teapots" for details. Among them, the well-known "money bottle pot" (also known as "pancake pot") is made by winch, with upturned lips, high firing degree and glazing, which is a great progress compared with the traditional technology, and some of them are engraved with year numbers.

● Relationship and difference with Iga Shao.

Jiahe County, where Xinle Shao is located, is very close to Igawa Kyoku (Triple County), and has a very close geographical and historical relationship with Igawa Kyosho (ぃがやき), and the artifacts of the two are really difficult to distinguish, which can be said to be the product of the same system. Therefore, related books are often referred to as "harmony between righteousness and new music" or "harmony between new music and righteousness", which are explained together under the same topic.

Geographically, they are located in the north and south of the border mountains, Maluzu Kiln in the middle of Iga and Nagano Kiln in the middle of Xinle, only12km apart. Three Fragrant Hills straddle the border, with one end at Mount Mang in Iga and the other end at the Zen Moon in Xinle. Yishan Kiln in Yihe and Shenshan Kiln in Xinle both use clay from Sanxiangshan, and Yishan Kiln is only 100 meters away from Xinle boundary. Later, even pure pill columns and pure letter music were mixed into the soil of Sanxiangshan, and they gradually became confused.

2 Japanese ceramics

Judging from the historical relationship, they were founded in the same era, and because of their close geographical location, they were also influenced by historical changes such as Yuanping and Warring States. During the reign of Emperor Tianzheng (1573 ~ 1592), when Xinfu Zhitian conquered Yihe, almost all the local potters moved to Xinfu. During the reign of Ihe Yueyue in the 12th year of Tianzheng (1854) and after Fujita Gao Qiao entered Ihe in the 13th year of Qingchang (1608), the issue of the origin of pottery clay was often disputed because of the unclear boundary between Ihe and Xinle.

The main differences between Xinle Shao and Iga Shao are:

(1)Iga clay is fine in texture and Xinle is coarse.

(Iga clay contains large sand particles, but the amount of sand is small and large (with exceptions).

(The tire color of Iga burning is red like red cherry blossoms, and the tire color of Xinle burning is dark like peach blossoms.

(The fetal bone burned by Iga is heavier, and Xinle is lighter.

(5) The gray glaze green of Yiga is yellow and bright green, and the gray glaze of Xinle is mostly brown and dark green.

● As a new music burning of tea and pottery

Before the Muramachi era, Xinle mainly fired bottles, pots, folding bowls and other agricultural tools and daily miscellaneous utensils. In the late Muromachi period, the tea business was booming, and the game of Xinle flask pot was taken by tea people, enabling them to step into the ranks of tea sets, and Xinle Shao gradually turned to burning tea sets. At first, the famous tea ceremony master Takeno was introduced into the tea ceremony, and there were "ghost barrels" and "squatting" pots.

Ghost Fight (also known as "Xu Dou") ※

It is blunt, just like a big bucket without a lid. It was originally used by peasant women to place hemp fibers and spools. Later, it was used as a water finger by the tea ceremony (an instrument for storing clear water on the tea table). During the astronomical and Hongzhi years (1532 ~ 1557), the famous ghost-fighting water finger held by Kuaixuanzai, a tea man, was of great value at that time. Loyal music is the most common one, and a few are the products of Yiga kiln (Figure 2).

ぅずくまる, also known as Ju). ※

A small pot represented by Gu Xinle and Gu Yihe. It is shaped like a teapot and small, and the bottom is as big as a squat, hence the name. There are two kinds: a pot about 20 cm high, which is a kind of pot or tea storage altar used by farmers; 1 1, 12 cm high oil pot This was originally the sitting posture of farmers. They were all produced by local farmers as a sideline before the Muromachi era. Because of their loneliness, they were used as hanging flowers (flower pots on tea tables) or water fingers by later tea people. Its * * * is characterized by double mouths and fence-like repair and molding marks on the shoulders. Most of the "squatting" advocated by tea people are oil pots, especially those with strange shapes, dark brown blocks at the bottom and thick blue-yellow glaze from the mouth to the shoulders, which are sought after by tea people at all costs (Figure 3).

In the Taoshan era, teapots occupied the same position as teacups (wiping teapots) and teacups (see "Teapots" in China and Japan). Xinle Shao, which mainly focuses on pot products, can quickly upgrade its status. Tea people either visit Xinle for guidance, or take Xinle's land and burn it themselves in Kyoto and other places. Under the guidance of tea people, Xinle Shao was named after them: Shaoou Xinle, Li Xiu Xinle (also called "Zong Yi Xinle"), Zongdan Xinle Shao (customized by Qian Zongdan, the grandson of Morino), Yuanzhou Xinle, Kong Zhong Xinle, Renqing Xinle and the new recruit Wei Xinle (customized or made by Kyoto tea people during the celebration). But with the passage of time, most of the connotations of these names have been blurred. During the reign of Yuanhe and Kuanyong (16 15 ~ 1644), Xinle was also ordered by the Tokugawa shogunate to burn a teapot named "Xinxuan Pot" to pay tribute to the royal family and shogunate.

Yuanzhou Xinle ※

Hide custom faiths. Compared with other Xinle Shao, it is obviously different from other Xinle Shao in that it uses infiltration soil, so the tire is thin, light and very delicate. Among them, there are objects with similar styles to Tang and Jin Shao.

Air music. ※

Honami Sky is the grandson of Ben Ami Guangyue. It is said that the tea bowl engraved with the words "Baiyun Mountain" collected by Weide's family is a new music in the air.

Renqing believes in music. ※

New music burning made by Nomura Renqing, an outstanding master of fine burning in the Edo era. Both Shinjuku in the Air and Shinjuku in the Air were made in Kyoto by mixing the soil of Heigu with the land of Shinjuku with the technology of Asahikou (a kiln burned in Beijing). On the left side of the bottom is an inscription by Ren Qing. There is also the so-called "Ren Wu Qin Yin", which is actually not Ren Qing's work.

Hu Xinxuan. ※

In the eighth year of Yuanhe (1622), it was ordered to be burned, especially for the tribute of the royal family and generals. The upper part of the glaze is brown, the lower part is white, and there are ears on the shoulders. It is said that it is named after Takeda Shingen's favorite style.

There is a picture, look at it yourself.

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