Psychology: Types and Symptoms of Cognitive Impairment

Psychology: Types and Symptoms of Cognitive Impairment

Cognition is an advanced psychological process of human beings, including attention, perception, representation, memory, thinking and language. What are the symptoms when there are obstacles in the cognitive process? What are the types of cognitive impairment?

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Types and symptoms of cognitive impairment

sensory disturbance

1, Allergy: This is an increase in sensitivity to external stimuli of general intensity. For example, I feel that the sun is particularly dazzling and the wind is deafening.

2. Feeling decline: This is a decrease in sensitivity to the general intensity of the outside world. Such as intense pain or unbearable smell, only a slight feeling.

3. Feeling abnormal: Comfortable stimulation will produce abnormal feelings different or opposite to normal people. For example, cold stimulation produces a feeling of heat.

4.senestopathia: All kinds of uncomfortable or unbearable feelings are strange and difficult to express. The characteristic is that you can't clearly point out the uncomfortable parts of your body.

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(2) Perceptual disturbance

1, illusion: it is distorted perception, that is, the actual thing is distorted and perceived as something completely inconsistent with reality. For example, imagine a coat hanging on a hanger as a person hiding behind a door. According to the different senses, it can be divided into: wrong hearing, wrong sight, wrong smell, wrong taste, wrong touch and inner sensitive illusion.

2. Illusion: an illusory feeling, that is, in the case of something that does not exist in objective reality, patients perceive its existence. For example, when no one is present, the patient hears someone scolding him or sees someone outside the window. Hallucinations are often perceptual disorders.

(1) Auditory hallucination: the most common in clinic. The content is diverse, and the types and properties of sounds can be different. Such as voice.

(2) hallucination: it is more common. The content is diverse, and the image can be clear, vivid, concrete or fuzzy. Sometimes the image is larger than the real thing (optical illusion), and sometimes it is smaller than the real thing (optical illusion).

(3) Olfactory hallucinations: most of them are unpleasant smells with different intensities.

(4) Taste hallucination: Patients taste food with special or strange taste.

(5) Touch hallucination: Common clinical symptoms include numbness, tingling, electric shock and insect crawling.

(6) Visceral hallucination: It can occur in a fixed organ or body. The patient clearly described that one of his internal organs was twisted, ruptured, perforated or there were insects swimming in his stomach.

(7) Motion illusion: it is an illusion about the movement and position of proprioceptors. For example, the patient is lying in bed and feels the bumpy feeling of being carried away. When the patient is quiet, he feels his lips and tongue moving and talking (language movement illusion).

The following are the special types of hallucinations: (8) Thinking sound or thinking sound and thinking echo: When the patient thinks of something, he hears the sound and says what he thinks, that is to say, the content of auditory hallucinations is what the patient thought at that time.

(9) Functional auditory hallucinations: hallucinations and realistic stimuli appear at the same time, coexist and disappear together, but they are not integrated.

(10) Reflex hallucination: When one sense is stimulated by reality and produces some sensory experience, another sense produces hallucinations.

(1 1) Hallucinations before going to bed: Appears before going to bed, and patients can see hallucinations when they close their eyes.

As far as the external image of illusion is concerned, it can be divided into tangible and intangible.

As for the nature of hallucinations, they can be divided into true and false.

(1) True hallucination: At this time, the hallucination image perceived by the patient is completely consistent with the real thing.

(2) False illusion: Generally speaking, the phantom image felt by patients is not clear enough, vivid enough, realistic enough, and does not have the objective authenticity of true illusion. These hallucinations are not located in the objective space, but only in the patient's subjective space. All these hallucinations are not acquired through the patient's senses.

3. Perceived comprehensive disorder: When a patient perceives a thing as an objective whole, it is correct, but some individual attributes of this thing (including the personal body itself), such as image, size, color, location, distance, etc., are not consistent with the actual situation of this thing.

(1) The patient feels that the image, size, color and volume of a foreign object have changed. There are hyperopia, hyperopia and so on.

(2) Spatial perception disorder: patients feel that the distance of things around them has changed, such as things getting closer or farther away.

(3) The perceptual comprehensive obstacle of the change of the surrounding environment: the patient feels that everything around him seems to be inactive, even dead, or on the contrary, everything around him is changing rapidly and violently. Patients can also feel that things around them seem vague, vague and lack of realism.

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disturbance of thought

The clinical manifestations of thinking disorder are varied.

1. Obstacles in the process of thinking association (1) Thinking evasion: This is an exciting obstacle to thinking association. Mainly refers to the increase in the amount of thinking activities and the rapid change. The process of patient association is extremely rapid, and new concepts are constantly emerging, with very rich content. Thinking has a certain purpose, but it is often attracted by changes in the environment and changes the topic. It can't be carried out consistently (changing with the environment), and it can also change according to the surface adjacency (homophonic) of some words or the similarity (meaning) of some sentences. Give people a feeling of lack of deliberation or nonsense.

(2) Slow thinking: This is an inhibitory thinking association disorder. Contrary to ideological escape, it is mainly manifested in slow thinking activity, difficulty in association, difficulty in thinking and slow response. Therefore, the patient speaks briefly, the amount of words is reduced, the speech speed is slow, and the voice is low.

(3) Poor thinking: Its main characteristics are empty ideological content and poor concepts and vocabulary.

(4) Pathological repetition: This is mainly because the theme change in the process of thinking is sticky, staying on some side issues and not grasping the main link, so it is special. The patient talked rosso, but he couldn't get to the point for a long time

(5) Easy thinking or rambling thinking: the association is loose, the content is rambling, the description of the problem is not pertinent enough, not too relevant, and there is a lack of certain logical relationship, which makes people feel difficult to talk about and understand the theme of their speech. In severe cases, it will develop into destructive thinking.

(6) Thinking fracture: When the patient is conscious, the process of thinking association is broken, lacking coherence and logic in the inner sense.

(7) Incoherent thinking: On the surface, it looks like subversive thinking, but the background is different. It is produced under the condition of consciousness disorder. The patient's speech is more chaotic than the above, and the sentences are fragmented and have no theme at all.

(8) Thinking interruption: the patient is unconscious and has no obvious external interference. The thinking process is suddenly interrupted in a short time, or the speech stops suddenly. This kind of thinking interruption is not controlled by the patient's will, and may be accompanied by obvious involuntary feeling.

(9) Thinking gathering: (Mandatory thinking) This means that the ideological trend is not dominated by the patient's wishes, and a large number of mandatory thoughts emerge in the brain. It often appears suddenly and then disappears quickly.

(10) Symbolic thinking: It means that patients use some very common concepts, words or actions to express some special meanings, which others can't understand except the patients themselves.

(1 1) Neologism works: patients create some words, figures or symbols and give them special meanings. Sometimes several unrelated concepts or several incomplete words are pieced together to form a new word to represent a new meaning.

(12) logical inversion thinking: This is mainly manifested in the obvious obstacles of logic in the process of thinking association. It is characterized by absurd reasoning process, no antecedent and no logical basis. What is more prominent is that the reasoning is bizarre, difficult to understand, and even causal inversion.

(13) Worldly thinking: It lacks practical significance and exact basis, and the topics discussed are often whimsical things. And refuse to accept other people's criticisms and opinions. It gives people a far-fetched feeling.

(14) Continuous speech: This is a kind of thinking similar to pathological repetitive symptoms, but the characteristic of continuous speech is not only stickiness, but stagnation at a certain point. The patient repeats a certain concept monotonously, or always answers some different questions with the first answer.

(15) Repetition: This means that the patient often repeats the last few words or words of a sentence he said, and then the patient realizes that this is unnecessary.

(16) Stereotyped speech: refers to the patient mechanically and rigidly repeating a meaningless word or sentence.

(17) Imitation of speech: It means that the patient imitates what people around him say, and the patient repeats what people around him say.

2. Thinking content disorder delusion is the most common and important symptom of thinking content disorder. It is a distorted belief and pathological reasoning and judgment based on pathology. Although it does not conform to the objective reality and education level, the patients are convinced and cannot be persuaded, nor can they be corrected by personal experience and experience.

(1) alleged delusion: (suggestive concept) patients think that some phenomena in the surrounding environment that have nothing to do with themselves are related to themselves. I think what others say, articles in newspapers and actions of strangers have something to do with him. Often intertwined with the illusion of being killed.

(2) Delusion with special meaning: it can be generated on the basis of the above-mentioned delusions. Patients believe that the words, deeds and common actions of people around them are not only related to themselves, but also given special significance.

(3) Victimization delusion: It is one of the most common delusions. The patient believes in some people or groups around him out of nothing, carries out unfavorable activities against him, and attacks, frames, murders and destroys him.

(4) Influence delusion: (Physical influence delusion) The patient thinks that his mental activities (thinking, emotion, will, behavior, etc. ) being disturbed, controlled, dominated and manipulated by external forces, or being stimulated by external forces, produces various uncomfortable feelings. I even think that my internal organs are manipulated or controlled by external forces. Patients often interpret this experience as being influenced by some instrument (feeling of being controlled).

(5) Exaggerated delusions: It mostly happens in the context of high emotions. The content often varies greatly due to time, environment, patient's education level, experience and other factors.

(6) Sinful delusion: The patient thinks that he has made serious mistakes and crimes without any basis, which has caused irreparable losses to the country and people. I think I am guilty of a heinous crime, deserve to die, and should be punished by the people, so that I sit still or commit suicide by hunger strike.

(7) Paranoia: The patient thinks that he has some serious physical disease and cannot be cured. Through a series of detailed examinations and repeated medical examinations, it is impossible to correct this morbid belief of patients.

(8) Jealousy delusion: The patient firmly believes that his lover is unfaithful to him and has an affair. Therefore, check and track the lover's behavior.

(9) Love delusion: Patients firmly believe that a certain opposite sex has love for themselves. Even if he is severely rejected by the other party, there is no doubt that the other party is testing his loyalty to love and is still struggling.

(10) Delusion of theft: The patient thinks that his collection has been stolen.

(1 1) Inner revelation: (Epiphany) (mind-reading disorder) Patients think that what they think is already known. Although the patient can't tell how he was discovered, what is certain is that it is well known and even set off a storm in the whole city. Everyone is talking about him.

(12) Paranoia: The patient believes that he has become an animal and has corresponding abnormal behavior.

(13) The concept of overpricing: it refers to the concept that is strengthened by some strong emotion and is dominant in consciousness.

(14) Obsessive-compulsive thinking refers to an idea or concept that appears repeatedly in the patient's mind, accompanied by subjective compulsion and pain.

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attention deficit disorder

Clinically, attention disorder can be roughly divided into three aspects: 1) attention degree disorder, 2) attention stability disorder and 3) attention concentration disorder.

1. Attention enhancement: In some mental states, patients are particularly prone to pay attention to something.

2. Attenuation: that is, the excitability of initiative and attention is weakened. (inattention) The obvious weakening of active attention and passive attention is inconsistent.

3. Slow attention: refers to the difficulty and slowness of the patient's attention concentration, but the obstacle to the stability of attention is small.

4. inattention: patients can't concentrate on something and keep it for a long time, so their attention is easily distracted.

5. Attention narrowness: The patient's attention range is obviously reduced, and the active attention is weakened.

6. Attention fixation: It means that the patient's attention stability is particularly enhanced.

7. Attention transfer: The examiner refers to the excitability of passive attention, but the attention is not lasting and the object of attention is constantly changing.

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(5) Memory disorder

Clinically, memory disorders can be roughly divided into two aspects: memory capacity; Memory quality.

1, memory enhancement: it means that things that can't and are not important before illness can be recalled.

2. Memory decline: refers to the general decline in memorization, preservation, recognition and memory.

3. Forgetting: (the blank of memory) refers to those forgetfulness limited to a certain event or experience in a certain period.

(1) Anterograde amnesia: that is, I can't recall what I experienced in a period of time after my illness.

(2) Retrograde amnesia: I can't remember the events of a certain stage before the onset.

(3) Progressive amnesia: seen in Alzheimer's disease.

(4) Psychogenic amnesia: It is caused by a heavy traumatic emotional experience, and its cause is often related to the patient making some serious mistakes or crimes.

4. misunderstanding: it is a memory error. China Distance Education Holding Co., Ltd.

5. Fiction: it is also a kind of memory error, which means that the patient says that things or experiences that have never actually happened in the past are true.

6. Hidden memory: (distorted memory) refers to the confusion and inversion of patients' memories from different sources.

7. deja vu or familiarity, old things are like new diseases or strangeness: when patients experience new things, they have a sense of familiarity that seems to have already been experienced, or they are unfamiliar with things that have been experienced many times.

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(vi) Mental retardation

Mental retardation can be manifested as all or part of mental retardation, which is called dementia in severe cases. There are two main types: congenital mental retardation and acquired dementia.

1, mental retardation: the brain is underdeveloped or blocked, which makes the intellectual development stay at a certain stage.

2. Dementia: A syndrome that is usually chronic or progressive, accompanied by organic diseases that affect brain function. The lesions are mostly progressive, and it is often difficult or impossible to recover completely.

(1) General dementia: The main pathological change of the brain is diffuse organic damage. Personality changes often occur. Patients lack the ability to analyze and judge their own diseases. The directional force is also hindered.

(2) Partial dementia: This kind of dementia only invades some limited areas due to pathological changes, thus causing some intellectual obstacles, such as memory loss, impaired understanding, and difficulty in analysis and synthesis. However, his basic personality characteristics are generally good, he has certain critical and self-aware ability, and his orientation is relatively complete.

(3) Psychogenic pseudodementia: The patient's answers to some very simple questions are ridiculous, but in life, he can solve more complicated problems than this.

(4) Childhood-like dementia: At this time, patients mainly behave as normal children. He imitated the voice of a child and claimed to be only three years old, yelling at everyone? Uncle? 、? Aunt? This phenomenon is more common in hysteria.

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(7) Self-knowledge

Self-knowledge refers to the mental state and cognitive ability of patients, that is, whether they can detect or distinguish whether they are sick or not, whether their mental state is normal, whether they can correctly analyze and judge, and point out what their past and present performances and experiences are pathological. Patients with complete insight can usually realize that they are sick, know what the symptoms are and ask for treatment. Psychopaths generally have different degrees of insight defects. At different stages of the course of the disease, the integrity of insight will also change, and this change often has certain regularity. In the early stage of mental illness, when mental symptoms begin to appear, sometimes the patient's self-knowledge is still retained, and he can also perceive the changes in his mental state. With the development of the disease, patients often lose their judgment on their mental symptoms, deny that they are abnormal, and even refuse treatment. This time is called loss of insight (or lack of insight). As the condition improved, the epiphany gradually recovered.

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(8) Directional force

Refers to a person's own ability to understand time, place, people and his own state.

1, understanding of the surrounding environment

2. Understanding of one's own state

Cognitive impairment includes abnormal performance in attention, perception, representation, memory, thinking and language process. Perception and thinking disorders are symptoms of many mental diseases.

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