Asking for help in linguistics final homework: how to apply space and time factors in communication

Verbal communication always takes place in a specific environment. The so-called environment refers to both the social environment and the natural environment of verbal communication: it refers to both the social natural background and the specific occasions of verbal communication; It includes not only the specific time and space for the formation of specific verbal communication occasions, but also all facilities and objects in verbal communication activities: it includes specific sensible temperatures, smells and so on. , and the atmosphere of specific occasions. In written language, environment also includes writing context and time and space conditions. In the process of verbal communication, the language environment and the subject and object of verbal communication will form a unity-"field", that is, "verbal communication field". As a "field", when one factor in the verbal communication field changes, other factors will also change. As far as the subject of verbal communication is concerned, his expression must follow the restriction of "field" on semantic clues and structural clues of discourse. If the words used are not suitable for the requirements of this "field", even if his skills in mastering language and writing are high, he will not achieve the expected communication effect. As far as the object of verbal communication is concerned, whether listening or reading, we must rely on this "field" to supplement the semantics of the discourse in order to understand the true meaning of the discourse. If we understand the text in isolation from this "field", even if we are familiar with the language again, we can only stay in the understanding of the surface meaning of the text and can't understand the deep meaning of the text.

"What words are said in what times and what songs are sung on what mountains." Time and space are extremely important factors in the field of verbal communication. They have obvious constraints on speech expression, will have an impact on other factors, and ultimately directly affect the outcome of communication. Therefore, verbal communication must keep pace with the times, adjust measures to local conditions and adapt to the ever-changing space-time factors in the verbal communication field, so as to obtain the best field effect, enhance the language expression effect and realize the communication purpose. ?

First, the verbal communication field can explain the understanding of discourse.

Discourse is emitted in a specific time and space, and space-time factors can provide a certain semantic direction for the understanding of discourse meaning. At the airport in the 1990s, an old overseas Chinese who returned home struggled to carry a travel bag. A policeman saw it and said, "Never mind! I'll get it. " The old overseas Chinese had tears in his eyes, and he felt the warmth of his motherland. However, in Luzhen in the1920s, Sister Xianglin heard "Let go! After the sound of "I'll get it", "she shrank her hand like a brand, and her face turned gray and black at the same time ... The next day, her eyes drooped and her spirit got worse. ..... In less than half a year, my hair has turned gray, my memory is particularly poor, and I often forget to wash rice. " (Lu Xun's Wandering. Although what you hear is the same, different places of speech exchange provide different explanations, and the people you communicate with naturally have different understandings of the same sentence.

In Wang Yuanjian's short story "Party Fee", the Red Army traffic police hiding in the attic saw Comrade party member Sun Wong being caught and beaten by Kuomintang soldiers. When he was about to stand up and jump, he heard Sun Wong dragging his long voice and shouting, "Don't cry, son, listen to your mother!" " For the understanding of "listening to your mother", the Kuomintang soldiers and the Red Army traffic police are naturally completely different. Kuomintang soldiers only think that Comrade Sun Wong is the mother of a child. The traffic police can correctly understand the meaning of this sentence because he has a comprehensive grasp of the environment, occasion and object of Comrade Sun Wong's speech, so he can use the explanatory function provided by the speech communication field to correctly understand Comrade Sun Wong's speech, that is, obey orders and don't get emotional. Don't be rash, don't make unnecessary sacrifices, and do everything possible to pay the "party dues" (salt urgently needed for the treatment of the wounded in the salt-vegetable guerrillas) to the organization.

Then, why does the verbal communication field play an explanatory and guiding role in the communication object's understanding of discourse? It is because the field effect produced by the place of verbal communication will temporarily give the words used in verbal communication new meanings beyond their surface meanings.

A said to B, "You are really capable!" After that, I returned to C and winked. His wink is actually explaining to C, and his words are mocking A. Obviously, in the process of blinking, the words "you are really capable" have added new meanings.

In the modern Peking Opera "The Red Lantern", Xiao Tiemei said as soon as she entered the door: "There is a dog outside the door." In that particular time and space, the meaning of "dog" is no longer the "mammal" with keen sense of smell and hearing in Modern Chinese Dictionary. In the specific time and situation of verbal communication field, Xiao Tiemei's specific actions added a new meaning to the word "dog"-the agent of the Japanese aggressors.

These meanings are not in the words themselves, but are newly added in the specific field of verbal communication. We call these newly added implied meanings "situational meanings". Situational meaning changes the listener's decoding process of discourse information. People no longer decode these sentences according to the original understanding in their brains, but to a great extent, they decode them according to the new meanings temporarily given to words by the verbal communication field. The result of this understanding will be very different.