I have four questions. If my answer is good, I will give you 100, especially 150. I can copy them. Oh, I'm in a hurry. About e-commerce.

(A) E-commerce applications are highly popular and standardized.

(b) E-commerce is gradually expanding and upgrading to electronic services.

(C) Enterprise e-commerce applications show the trend of the whole process of industrial chain and supply chain.

(D) Mobile e-commerce has become a new driving force for the development of e-commerce.

(e) The original "oligopoly" pattern is gradually replaced by "diversified" competitive markets.

(6) B2C replacing C2C is the inevitable trend of online shopping development in the future.

(VII) The rise of B2C2C shows a trend of coexistence and development of various modes.

(VIII) E-commerce platform and search engine platform are merging.

(9) The safety, integrity and legislation of e-commerce have been gradually improved.

(10) The local e-commerce camp is gradually rising, and the national e-commerce industry has a long way to go.

(XI) The application of third-party electronic payment industry and e-commerce platform was accelerated.

(12) Online e-commerce platform and offline physical platform are merging.

Changes in current commodity trade patterns

The most remarkable theory in the science of consumption expenditure pattern is Engel's law of consumption expenditure change, which essentially points out the change pattern of consumption.

The basic principles contained in Engel's law are very real and obvious. Food belongs to the most basic needs of human survival. If you don't even have enough to eat, it's hard to imagine that a person will have other consumption expectations. Food accounts for a high proportion in the income and expenditure of poor families, not because the poor have bigger bellies than the rich, but because their income has been so thin that they can't make ends meet. The poorer a country is, the greater the proportion of national disposable income spent on food, which will decrease with the increase of wealth. As a social commodity, food belongs to the most basic and necessary material consumer goods in daily life. But the production and consumption of social products don't just refer to food. Otherwise, the evolution of human society follows the simple logic of "sheep eat grass". I remember someone severely criticized that some people in society always ignored the improvement of living standards. They "took the bowl to eat meat and put down chopsticks to curse their mother", that is, they have been in an unsatisfied psychological state. Perhaps there is some truth in this statement, but conversely, does this description compare the masses to an animal whose greatest satisfaction is only "eating"?

The reason why modern human society is different from primitive animal society is that with the development of society, the proportion of material consumption in total social consumption expenditure is getting smaller and smaller, while the consumption of other types of social products is getting higher and higher. This is the application of Engel's law in the consumption structure of social goods.

The same principle can also be used to analyze the legal system of a country or society. People often hear people evaluate the advanced or backward legal system, but what is the specific measure?

As a social product, one of the basic functions of the legal system is to adjust (establish, maintain and remedy) the right relationship. There are many kinds of rights, such as the right to life, property rights, reproductive rights, labor rights, education rights, privacy rights, the right to vote and be elected, and the right to association. In fact, these rights can also be divided into different levels, such as those basic "security rights" that are directly related to the survival or reproduction of life, such as the right to food, the right to survival and the right to procreation, and other "improvement rights" based on the basic "security rights" but aimed at further optimizing life or quality of life, such as the right to education, the right to privacy, the right to patent and the right to association.

According to the general logic, people can only continue to pursue and strive to achieve the next step of rights improvement after obtaining the basic security rights. In other words, serfs are mercilessly deprived of their basic right to subsistence, so it is nonsense to realize other rights. In this sense, Engel's law reveals a basic and universal principle of social evolution: the degree of social evolution must be related to the proportional relationship between people's basic rights and other rights.

Theoretically, the realization of rights depends on the transition between rights or the upgrading of rights. The establishment and exercise of a right cannot be separated from the foundation of other rights, just as the right to improvement is usually based on security rights rather than outside. For example, the urban household registration management system that has been widely implemented in China for a long time may belong to the legitimate public law rights of the government from the aspects of public security management and maintaining urban economic order, but from the perspective of equal employment and survival, is it suspected to deprive farmers of their basic private law rights? Coincidentally, just a few years ago, people in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River often suffered from floods. They were indignant and criticized for some people in the upper reaches who cut down forests and destroyed the ecology. Has anyone ever thought that if they don't find other ways of life for these people, deforestation is tantamount to directly depriving those who have long regarded forest resources as their only livelihood of their basic right to subsistence? In recent years, the state's transfer payments and subsidies for "returning farmland to forests" in some upstream areas can be regarded as policy recognition of the basic rights of the people in the upstream areas and economic compensation or relief when some of their rights are lost or restricted.

In this sense, whether it is between public rights and private rights, or between guaranteed rights themselves, or between guaranteed rights and improved rights, it is not just a simple "substitution relationship", on the contrary, they belong to a complex "transaction relationship". The scarcity of resources often forces people to make difficult and even painful choices between different rights and the order and adequacy of the realization of various rights. But in any case, the law must not ignore the basic rights of one group and only realize the special rights of another group. This is not the fault of rights, but the fault of choice. It should be pointed out that the author's application of Engel's law to explain the main purpose of the legal system is not only to pursue originality in legal analysis methods. On the contrary, the author tries to understand the basic trend of legal evolution in the world more rationally and accurately. Just as the proportion of subsistence consumption expenditure (such as food) in total consumption expenditure can explain the wealth of a family, the structural relationship between basic rights and derivative rights can in turn prove the advanced degree of a country's legal system, that is, in the overall legal structure, the greater the proportion of laws aimed at establishing and maintaining the right to improve quality, the higher the overall level of the legal system. China is a developing country. From the perspective of the right structure, the word "developing" includes both the concept of economic growth and the concept of legal system. For the latter, "developing" at least includes the following meanings:

(1) The basic indemnificatory right structure itself is still lacking;

(2) The proportion of improving rights in the whole structural relationship is low;

(3) China's legal system is far from being modernized and rationalized, and it still belongs to a relatively backward system.

Therefore, economic development must go hand in hand with the reform of legal system.

The principle of Engel's law is of great significance to law. The law should pay attention not only to public rights, but also to private rights, not only to basic security rights, but also to many extended or derived improvement rights, which constitute the sum of people's "due rights". However, the transformation from "due rights" to "real rights" and "realizing rights" cannot be separated from "legal rights", "rights protection" and "rights relief". Therefore, the law should not only establish, safeguard and remedy the basic rights of human beings, but also constantly discover, establish, safeguard and remedy those rights that multiply or derive from the basic rights. With the further development of society, the overall structure and quality level of legal structure will be continuously improved, and the system of the whole society will be continuously optimized. In this sense, the law should improve and straighten out the relationship between basic rights and the relationship between basic rights and improved rights, and on this basis, continue to improve and straighten out the rights extended or derived between man and society, man and nature, contemporary society and future society. Only in this way can the development of the legal system and the reproduction of rights keep pace with the times.

Conditions for emergence and development

People-oriented e-commerce is the future development direction of e-commerce in China. This is mainly manifested in three aspects: First, people-oriented is the objective requirement of China's economic development for e-commerce. China is in the process of modernization in which informatization drives industrialization, industrialization promotes informatization and takes a new road of industrialization. The traditional industrialized mode of production based on the huge consumption of material resources is unsustainable. In order to further develop, under the guidance of Scientific Outlook on Development, it is required to take a development path of "high technology content, good economic benefits, low resource consumption, less environmental pollution and full play of human resources". People-oriented e-commerce conforms to this development direction. At present, the influence of e-commerce on China depends largely on the extent to which it can solve the urgent problems in the national economy. Among them, it is an important aspect to improve the employment of workers through e-commerce and improve the quality of workers through e-commerce training. 1. E-commerce is of strategic significance for solving the employment problem. At present, e-commerce websites have provided 320,000 jobs for China, including 165438+ 10,000 jobs provided by enterprise websites, and the third-party logistics and distribution industry will also bring tens of millions of jobs. The annual labor employment gap in China is around 1.34 billion. If e-commerce is done well, a large part of the employment problem can be solved at once. According to the statistics of CNNIC 2004, the total number of websites in China is 595,600. Among all kinds of websites, the number of corporate websites is the largest, accounting for 70.9% of the total websites, that is, about 420,000 websites, which directly absorbed about 165438+ 10,000 people for employment. Followed by commercial websites, accounting for 8.2%. There are about 48,800 websites, specializing in e-commerce activities, with more than 10 full-time employees, accounting for more than 40%, and about 200,000 employees. The total number of e-commerce websites is about 320,000. If we consider e-commerce and indirect drivers outside the website, the number of e-commerce employees will be higher. For example, the third-party logistics and distribution industry has brought tens of millions of employment opportunities, forming new jobs such as e-commerce division and network marketing. Employment information websites and a large number of talent supply and demand channels are providing more matching opportunities for the supply and demand sides, reducing friction unemployment and promoting a more rational allocation of talent resources. 2. Improving the information quality of workers through vocational and skill training and adjusting the employment structure are related to the future strategic competitiveness of China. According to statistics, 95% of the 65 million new jobs in OECD countries in recent years are related to information and knowledge industries. E-commerce can change the structure of labor force and increase the information and knowledge components in labor elements. The same employment, high-quality employment10 million, low-quality employment10 million, is the same from the perspective of finding a job, but it is very different from the perspective of national competitiveness. We position the future national competitive advantage on cheap labor or human capital, which is completely different. Countries and regions that take the lead in adjustment can make the labor force enter the high-quality employment field with high demand from the low-quality employment field with low demand; The adjustment of backward countries and regions will make the labor force more crowded from the original areas with demand to the areas with reduced demand. Therefore, the key to the problem is to seize the opportunity of structural adjustment, improve the quality of workers, seize the opportunity of employment adjustment, and improve people's living standards through information training compared with other countries and regions. Since 2002, the state has implemented the plan of strengthening vocational training to improve employability and the national high-skilled personnel training project, launched a three-year training plan for 500,000 new technicians, and launched a wide range of skills revitalization actions in the whole society, speeding up the training of a large number of skilled workers, especially senior skilled personnel, and improving the employability, work ability and career change ability of all workers. Focus on the training of new technologies, new materials, new processes and new equipment, and cultivate a group of technical and compound skilled talents urgently needed by enterprises and knowledge and skilled talents needed by high-tech development. In 2003, among the employees of Chinese enterprises, 34 million people received various job skills training that year. It is an effective way to select knowledge-based and compound high-skilled talents through vocational skills competition. Commend the winners who passed the vocational skills competition, interview, report and publicize the emerging high-skilled talents, and let the whole society pay attention to the construction of high-skilled talents; It is necessary to establish a development mechanism for high-skilled talents and do a good job in launching, supervising, summarizing and improving the construction of high-skilled talents. E-commerce contest and other activities can popularize the professional skills, technological achievements and application experience of e-commerce, improve the employability of workers, be close to the actual production of enterprises, promote the employment of e-commerce professionals and the orderly flow of talents, and make the public, especially traditional business operators, know how to implement e-commerce (for example, what kind of professional posts should be set up and what kind of personnel should be selected to engage in these positions in the planning, design, development, construction, maintenance and management of e-commerce business operation). ), so that people who have studied e-commerce or received professional training and appraisal from e-commerce teachers can find a correct position in the enterprise. Second, people-oriented is the development requirement of e-commerce enterprises themselves, and the direction of the third-generation e-commerce model is no stranger to the people-oriented concept. "HighTech, HighTouch" is a prediction made by an internationally renowned futurist fifteen years ago. High-tech companies like Nokia have achieved great success with this concept. Observing the development trend of e-commerce, we can find that in the first generation of e-commerce, people's understanding of e-commerce focused more on its technical characteristics, focusing on "electronics", emphasizing the particularity of website e-commerce and virtual business forms, and emphasizing the provision of online products. After adjustment since 2000, the mode of the second generation of e-commerce began to return to traditional commerce and offline commerce, emphasizing the pragmatic and rational side of business and service. However, whether it is to emphasize electronics or commerce, it is ultimately inseparable from people themselves and from improving customer satisfaction. Therefore, the leaders of the third generation of e-commerce have recently put more and more emphasis on business experience, hoping to re-understand e-commerce from the height of "customer-centered". For example, HP's total customer experience and IBM's on-demand response all emphasize people-centered e-commerce. From a business point of view, we see a strange phenomenon. On the one hand, there is fierce competition among businesses; On the other hand, users still feel dissatisfied. Explain that business is not a struggle for ideas, the problem is that there is no people-oriented. We use the following table to analyze users' satisfaction with Internet services: here, 70.9% of users are dissatisfied with online shopping. Merchants have been busy for a long time. Merchants just say that I am good at technology, I am strong in electronics, or I am good at service and I am strong in business, but users are not satisfied. That is all zero. The key to solving the problem is to upgrade product strategy and service strategy to experience strategy, or people-oriented e-commerce strategy. Take improving user satisfaction as the starting point and destination of e-commerce activities. The business of an enterprise is not only to provide goods for customers, but more importantly, to provide customers with a pleasant and satisfactory shopping process. Employees should learn to meet the spiritual needs of customers in this process; Enterprises need to deepen process reengineering and customer relationship management into knowledge management and satisfaction management while doing a good job in products and services. Give full play to the subjective initiative of employees and improve the level of personalized service. At this time, we can see that the key factor of production in people-oriented e-commerce is neither labor nor capital, but the knowledge quality of employees, which is a knowledge quality with both labor and capital characteristics, requiring employees to have innovative ability and good training at the same time. It can be seen that in addition to the "people-oriented" of business activities, the "people-oriented" of enterprise e-commerce is also highlighted in the emphasis on human capital. For example, IBM advocates people-oriented e-commerce and thinks that software talents and their skills play a key role in the implementation of e-commerce. There are many cutting-edge software talents in IBM's own organization, engaged in software technology research, product development, solution design, technical support and service of e-commerce products, etc. At the same time, IBM believes that the development of software in China needs a large number of talents, and clearly promises to help the China government establish a reasonable software talent training support system. In the next three years, we will support 65,438+0,000 software partners to upgrade their skills and develop their business, and train/kloc-0,000 new software workers, benefiting 654,380+0,000 people. Third, people in China need people-oriented e-commerce. "People-oriented" embodies a sense of being close to the people. The people mentioned in it are not purely abstract people, but individuals who conform to the concept of human beings and have fresh life. E-commerce, whether B TO C or B TO B, is ultimately completed by people. If ordinary people in China don't touch e-commerce and experience its benefits personally, then China will not enter the information age after one hundred years. It is unreliable for e-commerce to only look at media and book knowledge. It still depends on personal contact and actual experience. Many people don't have the conditions for online shopping, but they don't have this habit and lack the first experience of pear flavor. Facts have proved that as long as there is an opportunity, the number of people surfing the Internet will increase exponentially. Far from it, during the spread of SARS, people went out less and the number of people surfing the Internet increased significantly. According to relevant surveys, during the May Day holiday last year, online e-commerce activities increased significantly, the number of online news views increased rapidly, and virtual socialization was sought after. Chat rooms, BBS, online games, online movies and TV programs have become important ways of communication and entertainment. Since March last year, the number of Sina news subscribers has soared by 25%, the number of newly registered users of SMS and daily messages has increased by more than 30%, and the number of online game users has increased by 20% to 30%. Among them, the daily page views of SARS alone reached 3 million. During the "May Day" period, there were as many as 40,000 to 50,000 people online in Sina chat rooms every day, creating a record of 54,000 people online at the same time. During the May Day holiday, the sales of Joyo, a professional e-commerce website, increased by 25% than usual, especially the sales of audio-visual, books and software. During the "May Day" period, PC manufacturers such as Founder and Tongfang launched telephone ordering and door-to-door sales. These situations show that the bottleneck factor affecting the popularization of e-commerce now lies in the need for someone to do the popularization work and push the people to take the first step to experience e-commerce. At least 66.5% people will probably do online shopping in the coming year. Definitely not. Only 4.3%. If the work promoted by the whole society is done well, it is possible for more than 90% people to take the first step of online shopping.

Attention should be paid to the development of e-commerce

E-commerce in China started with 1997. If American e-commerce is "business-driven", then China e-commerce is "technology-driven", which is the biggest difference in the development model between China e-commerce and American e-commerce. In the United States, the practice of e-commerce is earlier than the concept of e-commerce, and the business needs of enterprises "promote" the progress of network and e-commerce technology and promote the formation of e-commerce concept. When the Internet era came, the United States already had a relatively advanced and developed e-commerce foundation. In China, the concept of e-commerce precedes the application and development of e-commerce, and the "enlighteners" are IT vendors such as IBM. Network and e-commerce technology need to constantly "pull" the business needs of enterprises, and then drive the application and development of e-commerce in China. It is very important to understand this difference, which is a major feature of e-commerce development in China and a key to understand the application and development of e-commerce in China. 1997 and 1998, the main body of e-commerce in China is some IT vendors and media, who conduct "enlightenment education" in various ways to stimulate and guide people's understanding, interest and demand for e-commerce. After this stage, in 1999 and 2000, e-commerce service providers with websites as their main features became the earliest e-commerce users in China and the main body of e-commerce in China at this stage. With the deepening of the application and development of e-commerce and the bursting of the capital market bubble, website e-commerce began to fall into a trough, and enterprises, especially traditions, began to enter the field of e-commerce on a large scale. China e-commerce entered the third stage from 200 1, and enterprise e-commerce became the new subject of China e-commerce. This change is profound, but it also leads to some incorrect views on the e-commerce situation in China. People have become accustomed to taking website e-commerce, especially some "hot" websites e-commerce as an important or even the only basis for understanding and judging the e-commerce situation. Therefore, the decline of e-commerce in some "hot" websites has led many media and professionals to judge that e-commerce in China is at a low ebb, heading for recession or never recovering. Therefore, many people have great doubts about the development prospect of e-commerce, and more and more negative and negative opinions have begun to appear on the advantages of e-commerce. This view is understandable, but not correct. In fact, contrary to the surface, e-commerce in China is developing in depth and breadth, and the overall situation is healthy. The main body of e-commerce is changing from IT vendors, media and e-commerce service providers to enterprises. Traditional enterprises are entering the field of e-commerce on a large scale, which is characterized by firmness, effectiveness but not attracting "eyeballs". Enterprise e-commerce is the main perspective to observe and judge the future e-commerce situation. In the application and development of e-commerce in China, there are many basic issues that need to be reconsidered, such as what is e-commerce, whether e-commerce is e-commerce or e-commerce, how big the scope of e-commerce, whether government procurement is e-commerce, whether online advertising is e-commerce, whether e-commerce packages contain ERP, how to calculate e-commerce transaction volume and so on.