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Improving Zhihu's reading ability in classical Chinese.
A person with a certain foundation in ancient literature will have appropriate expressions and actions in practical work, and it is easier to get close to success. It makes people full and not frivolous.
Understanding the relationship between ancient and modern vocabulary and expanding language knowledge, modern Chinese and ancient Chinese come down in one continuous line. For example, learning classical Chinese can help us understand the origin, exact meaning and evolution of idioms, and we can also use idiom vocabulary accurately.
Therefore, learning classical Chinese can make our language concise and lively, and improve our reading ability and expression ability.
Learning classical Chinese can improve the ability to use language and form your own creative style. Many great modern writers in China have profound attainments in classical literature and language, and use fixed words, phrases or sentence forms in classical literature flexibly, thus forming their own unique style and becoming literary masters.
Learning classical Chinese can learn from the writing skills of famous ancient writers.
Poems written by ancient writers have their own characteristics in conception, conception, drawing materials, cutting materials, using allusions, planning articles, layout, wording and sentences, narration, description of characters, lyricism, analysis and expression of things. Ancient writers paid special attention to the artistic conception, structure and language of articles, and tried to learn from ancient masters by studying classical Chinese, which helped to improve their literary accomplishment and writing style.
China's influential literature is well versed in China's ancient literature.
The culture of any country has a foundation, and the cultural background of China begins with ancient literature. Learning and reading classical Chinese can make people really get in touch with China's temperament.
Classical Chinese records the ancient cultural heritage of our country. If you don't understand classical Chinese and ancient documents, you can't talk about inheritance, absorption and development.
Students can read China's ancient articles with simple reference books. We can understand the poems of Han and Tang Dynasties, and even the articles of Oracle Bone Inscriptions and Bamboo Slips.
However, if the British want to understand the original Shakespeare printed more than 300 years ago, they have to rely on thick reference books to understand it, and it is not easy for middle school students to understand it.
2. How to improve reading ability? Reading speed is very slow. Zhihu's personal knowledge about how to improve his reading ability generally comes from two aspects.
On the one hand, a lot of perceptual knowledge is obtained through personal practice, and then promoted to rational knowledge through thinking, which constitutes a small part of the source of personal knowledge. On the other hand, it directly inherits the knowledge accumulated by human beings in long-term practice, and transforms social knowledge into personal knowledge, which is the main source or most of the knowledge of middle school students, as Engels said: "Everyone no longer needs to experience it personally; His personal experience, to some extent, can be replaced by the results of the experience of his ancestors. "
Of all the ways to pass on knowledge, reading is the main way. In fact, when studying at school, you can't understand all the knowledge just by attending classes.
It can be said that the study in the student era is inseparable from reading for one day. Teachers and students need books in their studies. Without books and reading, learning will be very difficult. You know, the teacher left after class, but the book was always with us.
Middle school is the golden age of life, so we should cherish this carefree and energetic precious time. We should make full use of this stage to study more, inherit the precious knowledge and wealth of mankind and lay a solid foundation for our lifelong career.
At the same time, the increased reading ability in reading activities will lay a solid foundation for lifelong self-study. (1) Constantly improve the basic conditions for reading. What conditions do you need for reading? (1) Master the basic knowledge of commonly used words, words, sentences, paragraphs and articles. Reading is to acquire knowledge by dealing with words, words, sentences, paragraphs and articles. If you don't master this knowledge, reading will become a "heavenly book".
If middle school students can master 5000 words, they will have no problem reading ordinary articles. The reason why some students have poor reading ability is that they have not mastered enough expressions of words, words (mainly content words) and phrases, and concepts are the "cells" of thinking.
Sentences are linguistic units connected by words according to certain grammatical rules, which are generally used to express judgments and relatively complete ideas. To understand a sentence, we should master not only the meaning of the sentence, but also the grammar.
Without language, thinking does not exist. Therefore, difficulties in reading are often caused by ignorance of the meaning of words and sentences. Therefore, it is very important to learn Chinese well and enrich your language knowledge consciously in reading.
Scientists clearly pointed out the importance of learning Chinese well with personal experience. A mathematician said, "It's hard to imagine that a person with no distinction between arts and sciences and full of typos can express mathematical connotation with strict logic."
Su, a famous mathematician, said: "I have laid a good Chinese foundation since I was a child, which is of great help to me in learning other subjects." I also think that learning Chinese well is very helpful to train my thinking and make my thinking more organized.
All these will be of great benefit to my future study of mathematics. People praised Sue as a "mathematical poet".
(2) If you want to master basic scientific knowledge, but you don't master the basic concepts and knowledge of natural science and social science, it will bring a lot of inconvenience and even difficulty to reading. Some people say that in the 2 1 century, if you don't understand biochemistry and ecology, you may not even understand newspapers.
There are many technical terms such as ecological balance, ecosystem, genetic engineering and gene in newspapers. Many people seem to understand it because they lack the basic knowledge of biology in high school. It can be seen that if modern society wants to improve its reading ability, it must master basic scientific and cultural knowledge as soon as possible.
(3) If you want to use reference books, it is inevitable that some words will not be known when reading, and some can't be remembered at the moment. At this time, if you have reference books such as Xinhua Dictionary, Modern Chinese Dictionary and Chinese Idiom Dictionary, you can consult them in time to eliminate reading obstacles. Of course, according to the needs of reading, we also need to prepare some corresponding reference books and consult them at any time.
If the reference books are complete and the retrieval is skilled, reading will be much smoother. Of course, you can further enrich your knowledge by consulting reference books.
(2) purposeful and planned reading. Facing the vast sea of books, if there is no purpose and plan, you will be at a loss. Middle school students spend most of their time in the classroom, and they have to complete a day's study task every day. So there is not much time available for reading, especially after class. If reading has no purpose and plan, precious reading time will not be fully and profitably utilized.
Middle school students' reading should be based on the following objectives: it is conducive to the study of basic knowledge, to the display of their own advantages, to the compensation of their own weaknesses, and to the improvement of reading ability. Attention should be paid when arranging reading plans: read some related extracurricular books around textbooks.
For example, reading some history of science and technology and biographies related to in-class learning will help to improve the interest in in-class learning, enrich the content of in-class learning and make the thinking more active. Read some related extracurricular books around your hobbies or characteristics. A student who likes science can regularly go to the reading room to read relevant newspapers and magazines, and a student who likes liberal arts can regularly read various literary publications or read literary masterpieces during holidays.
As for the choice of extracurricular books, you can ask teachers, senior students or classmates, or parents. Learning from their good experience is really a good way to save time. If you choose a good book, you can gain more in less time.
Choosing a good book and reasonably allocating reading time can not only improve reading efficiency, but also affect classroom learning. If you persist for a long time, your weaknesses in learning can be made up, and your personal strengths can also be developed, which not only promotes learning in class, but also enriches your spiritual life after class.
Many students lack purposefulness and planning in reading. They often read detective novels and martial arts novels out of ignorance, reaching the point where they can't put it down. They burn the midnight oil to read these books and fail to finish their homework, which seriously interferes with and affects their study in class. This is a bad reading tendency. (3) To deal with the relationship between expository writing and intensive reading, expository writing is to read widely, with the aim of having a general understanding of the contents of the book.
3. How to improve reading ability Reading is very slow. How to improve Zhihu's reading ability generally comes from two aspects in terms of personal knowledge acquisition.
On the one hand, a lot of perceptual knowledge is obtained through personal practice, and then promoted to rational knowledge through thinking, which constitutes a small part of the source of personal knowledge. On the other hand, it directly inherits the knowledge accumulated by human beings in long-term practice, and transforms social knowledge into personal knowledge, which is the main source or most of the knowledge of middle school students, as Engels said: "Everyone no longer needs to experience it personally; His personal experience, to some extent, can be replaced by the results of the experience of his ancestors. "
Of all the ways to pass on knowledge, reading is the main way. In fact, when studying at school, you can't understand all the knowledge just by attending classes.
It can be said that the study in the student era is inseparable from reading for one day. Teachers and students need books in their studies. Without books and reading, learning will be very difficult. You know, the teacher left after class, but the book was always with us.
Middle school is the golden age of life, so we should cherish this carefree and energetic precious time. We should make full use of this stage to study more, inherit the precious knowledge and wealth of mankind and lay a solid foundation for our lifelong career.
At the same time, the increased reading ability in reading activities will lay a solid foundation for lifelong self-study. (1) Constantly improve the basic conditions for reading. What conditions do you need for reading? (1) Master the basic knowledge of commonly used words, words, sentences, paragraphs and articles. Reading is to acquire knowledge by dealing with words, words, sentences, paragraphs and articles. If you don't master this knowledge, reading will become a "heavenly book".
If middle school students can master 5000 words, they will have no problem reading ordinary articles. The reason why some students have poor reading ability is that they have not mastered enough expressions of words, words (mainly content words) and phrases, and concepts are the "cells" of thinking.
Sentences are linguistic units connected by words according to certain grammatical rules, which are generally used to express judgments and relatively complete ideas. To understand a sentence, we should master not only the meaning of the sentence, but also the grammar.
Without language, thinking does not exist. Therefore, difficulties in reading are often caused by ignorance of the meaning of words and sentences. Therefore, it is very important to learn Chinese well and enrich your language knowledge consciously in reading.
Scientists clearly pointed out the importance of learning Chinese well with personal experience. A mathematician said, "It's hard to imagine that a person with no distinction between arts and sciences and full of typos can express mathematical connotation with strict logic."
Su, a famous mathematician, said: "I have laid a good Chinese foundation since I was a child, which is of great help to me in learning other subjects." I also think that learning Chinese well is very helpful to train my thinking and make my thinking more organized.
All these will be of great benefit to my future study of mathematics. People praised Sue as a "mathematical poet".
(2) If you want to master basic scientific knowledge, but you don't master the basic concepts and knowledge of natural science and social science, it will bring a lot of inconvenience and even difficulty to reading. Some people say that in the 2 1 century, if you don't understand biochemistry and ecology, you may not even understand newspapers.
There are many technical terms such as ecological balance, ecosystem, genetic engineering and gene in newspapers. Many people seem to understand it because they lack the basic knowledge of biology in high school. It can be seen that if modern society wants to improve its reading ability, it must master basic scientific and cultural knowledge as soon as possible.
(3) If you want to use reference books, it is inevitable that some words will not be known when reading, and some can't be remembered at the moment. At this time, if you have reference books such as Xinhua Dictionary, Modern Chinese Dictionary and Chinese Idiom Dictionary, you can consult them in time to eliminate reading obstacles. Of course, according to the needs of reading, we also need to prepare some corresponding reference books and consult them at any time.
If the reference books are complete and the retrieval is skilled, reading will be much smoother. Of course, you can further enrich your knowledge by consulting reference books.
(2) purposeful and planned reading. Facing the vast sea of books, if there is no purpose and plan, you will be at a loss. Middle school students spend most of their time in the classroom, and they have to complete a day's study task every day. So there is not much time available for reading, especially after class. If reading has no purpose and plan, precious reading time will not be fully and profitably utilized.
Middle school students' reading should be based on the following objectives: it is conducive to the study of basic knowledge, to the display of their own advantages, to the compensation of their own weaknesses, and to the improvement of reading ability. Attention should be paid when arranging reading plans: read some related extracurricular books around textbooks.
For example, reading some history of science and technology and biographies related to in-class learning will help to improve the interest in in-class learning, enrich the content of in-class learning and make the thinking more active. Read some related extracurricular books around your hobbies or characteristics. A student who likes science can regularly go to the reading room to read relevant newspapers and magazines, and a student who likes liberal arts can regularly read various literary publications or read literary masterpieces during holidays.
As for the choice of extracurricular books, you can ask teachers, senior students or classmates, or parents. Learning from their good experience is really a good way to save time. If you choose a good book, you can gain more in less time.
Choosing a good book and reasonably allocating reading time can not only improve reading efficiency, but also affect classroom learning. If you persist for a long time, your weaknesses in learning can be made up, and your personal strengths can also be developed, which not only promotes learning in class, but also enriches your spiritual life after class.
Many students lack purposefulness and planning in reading. They often read detective novels and martial arts novels out of ignorance, reaching the point where they can't put it down. They burn the midnight oil to read these books and fail to finish their homework, which seriously interferes with and affects their study in class. This is a bad reading tendency. (3) To deal with the relationship between expository writing and intensive reading, expository writing means reading books extensively, with the aim of having a general understanding of the published books.
4. How to improve the reading ability of classical Chinese (1) The following are ways to improve the reading ability of classical Chinese: let's talk about accumulation first.
Many people learn classical Chinese just to clear the obstacles of writing, thinking that the teacher has made it clear, and I understand that this is enough. Teachers speak one by one and students learn one by one.
When you ask him how many articles he will always review and remember next semester, he will shake his head blankly and say that he doesn't remember any. This learning method is extremely undesirable.
Therefore, learning classical Chinese is first of all accumulation. The best way to accumulate is to recite and memorize some important chapters of classical Chinese, including the meaning of content words, the use of function words and the changes of various sentence patterns in classical Chinese.
More importantly, by reciting, we can learn the essence of the conception, layout and rhetoric of ancient famous articles and improve our cultural accomplishment. So, how many chapters do you need to recite? The newly revised Chinese Teaching Syllabus for Middle Schools has clearly stipulated that we should read classical poems and simple classical Chinese, understand the meaning of words and the ideological content of works, and recite a certain number of famous articles.
This certain number is defined in the syllabus as 50 poems such as Difficult Road to Shu, Slow Sound and Farewell to Changting, and 20 ancient poems (paragraphs) of China such as Encouraging Learning, Preface to Lanting Collection, and Fu on Red Wall. These are the minimum requirements for every high school student.
With the increase of reading articles, your language perception of classical Chinese will become stronger and stronger, and your reading level of classical Chinese will become higher and higher. It's like laying a foundation before building a house. The stronger the foundation, the higher the house can be built.
Recitation is the basis of learning classical Chinese and the fundamental way to improve the reading level of classical Chinese. Besides, there is no better way. If you don't spend time in this area, asking what to do during the exam is like leaving the earth by pulling your hair. Really helpless.
Talk about transformation. Transformation here refers to the ability to transfer, that is, the ability to read other simple classical Chinese on the basis of reading and reciting.
Turning the knowledge learned in class into ability is to master some learning rules and methods of classical Chinese, specifically in the following aspects. Grasp the meaning of notional words.
Although only 150 notional words in classical Chinese are required in the syllabus, it is an indisputable fact that the more notional words are mastered, the higher the reading level will be. There are four main aspects to master the notional words in classical Chinese: 1. Ancient and modern meanings are different.
Focus on the changes in the ancient and modern meanings of words, some of which have expanded, some have shrunk and some have shifted. For example, in 1999 college entrance examination question 1 1, the meaning of hunger strike is completely different from today's hunger strike.
This is the evolution of word meaning. 2. This word is ambiguous.
Polysemy in classical Chinese is very common. A word often has several meanings, and many have more than a dozen meanings. When you study, you should always sum up and deepen. Nine times out of ten, if the word is issued, it will be launched in the oil seller. When it is issued, it will not be issued, and the prince will come late ("Jing Ke stabbed the king of Qin"); Go to the northern army for more than two miles and be lit at the same time ("Battle of Red Cliffs"); Open it in the picture, and see the dagger in the picture ("Jing Ke Stabbed the King of Qin"); In The Great Eunuch, he is also afraid of righteousness, so it is difficult to make an unusual plan suddenly (The Monument to the Five Tombs). In the flow of an neng qu Hao Jie, he lamented the tomb and expressed his grief ("five-person tomb tablet"); In loneliness, continue to send many people, carry more resources, and send for your support (Battle of Red Cliffs); In the book "Chen She Family" (900 people sent to the left to defend Yuyang), they were asked to solicit contributions. In "Promoting Weaving", it is a very short unit of length, and a dime is a beat; It is fragrant in the wild, and it is fragrant (Zuiweng Pavilion).
These are all seen in class. Usually, more and more meanings of content words in the context are accumulated and mastered, and the ability of analogy will be formed, and the reading ability will naturally improve.
How to improve the reading ability of ancient Chinese does not depend on a day's work, and classical Chinese reading is no exception.
There are only two most effective methods: one is accumulation and the other is transformation. Let's talk about accumulation first.
Many people learn classical Chinese just to clear the obstacles of writing, thinking that the teacher has made it clear, and I understand that this is enough. Teachers speak one by one and students learn one by one.
When you ask him how many articles he will always review and remember next semester, he will shake his head blankly and say that he doesn't remember any. This learning method is extremely undesirable.
Therefore, learning classical Chinese is first of all accumulation. The best way to accumulate is to recite and memorize some important chapters of classical Chinese, including the meaning of content words, the use of function words and the changes of various sentence patterns in classical Chinese.
More importantly, by reciting, we can learn the essence of the conception, layout and rhetoric of ancient famous articles and improve our cultural accomplishment. So, how many chapters do you need to recite? The newly revised Chinese Teaching Syllabus for Middle Schools has clearly stipulated that "read classical poems and simple classical Chinese, understand the meaning of words and the ideological content of works, and recite a certain number of famous articles."
This "certain amount" is defined in the syllabus as 50 poems such as Difficult Road to Shu, Slow Voice and Farewell to Changting, and 20 ancient poems (paragraphs) of China such as Encouraging Learning, Preface to Lanting Collection and Red Cliff Fu. These are the minimum requirements for every high school student.
With the increase of reading articles, your language perception of classical Chinese will become stronger and stronger, and your reading level of classical Chinese will become higher and higher. It's like laying a foundation before building a house. The stronger the foundation, the higher the house can be built.
Recitation is the basis of learning classical Chinese and the fundamental way to improve the reading level of classical Chinese. Besides, there is no better way. If you don't spend time in this area, asking what to do during the exam is like leaving the earth by pulling your hair. Really helpless.
Talk about transformation. Transformation here refers to the ability to transfer, that is, the ability to read other simple classical Chinese on the basis of reading and reciting.
Turning the knowledge learned in class into ability is to master some learning rules and methods of classical Chinese, specifically in the following aspects. Grasp the meaning of notional words.
Although only 150 notional words in classical Chinese are required in the syllabus, it is an indisputable fact that the more notional words are mastered, the higher the reading level will be. There are four main aspects to master the notional words in classical Chinese: 1. Ancient and modern meanings are different.
Focus on the changes in the ancient and modern meanings of words, some of which have expanded, some have shrunk and some have shifted. For example, in the sentence "Man-made disaster, hunger strike for more than a thousand people" in item D of 1999 college entrance examination, the meaning of "hunger strike" is completely different from that of today.
This is the evolution of word meaning. 2. This word is ambiguous.
Polysemy in classical Chinese is very common. A word often has several meanings, and many have more than a dozen meanings. When you study, you should always sum up and deepen. For example, the word "Fa" is used as a "launch" in See His Arrow Ten to One (Oil Man), and it is used as a "departure" in "Time waits for no man, the prince is dying" (Jing Ke stabbed the king of Qin); "Lighting" in "Going to the North Army for more than 20 miles and getting angry at the same time" ("Battle of Red Cliffs"); "Open" in "Send a picture, see the dagger in the picture" ("Jing Ke stabbed the king of Qin"); "Initiation" in "The Great Palace Punishment is also afraid of righteousness, and the ordinary plan is difficult to break" ("Five Tomb Monuments"); "An Neng bends the flow of Hao Jie and wrings his wrist at the tomb to express his sorrow" ("Five Graves Monument"); "Dispatch" in the "independence faction", sending more people, carrying more resources and supporting the monarch "("Battle of Red Cliffs "); In the book "900 people who suddenly decided to defend Yuyang" ("Chen She family"), he made a "invitation"; In "I know what you mean, nothing is refreshing" ("Promoting Weaving"), it is "a very short unit of length, and a dime is a beat"; In "Wild Fragrance" ("Drunken Pavilion"), "Open" and so on.
These are all seen in class. Usually, more and more meanings of content words in the context are accumulated and mastered, and the ability of analogy will be formed, and the reading ability will naturally improve. 3. Common words.
Universal word refers to the word A that should be used, but it is replaced by the word B that has nothing to do with its meaning but has the same or similar pronunciation. The word B is the generic word of the word A, for example, in Sean's Going Out to Ask for Xiang Bo (Hongmen Banquet), "Yao" is the generic word, and its original word is "invitation".
In addition, some ancient and modern characters have also been included in the scope of textbooks. This is because some ancient words have more meanings, and later a new word was created on the basis of the original word to share one of its meanings. The original word is called the ancient word, and the later word is called the present word. Such as "mo" and "dusk": "mo" is an ancient word and "dusk" is a modern word.
In a sense, the interchangeable characters have nothing to do with the original characters, while the ancient characters have something to do with the present characters. There are no more than 100 common words and ancient and modern words involved in high school textbooks, so it is not difficult to remember them.
4. Flexible use of parts of speech. In a specific language environment, some notional words in ancient Chinese temporarily had some grammatical functions, temporarily changed their parts of speech, and some even changed their pronunciation.
This is a special usage of notional words in classical Chinese, such as nouns as verbs, nouns as adverbials, causative usage and intentional usage of nouns; Adjectives as nouns, adjectives as verbs, causative usage and intentional usage of adjectives; Verbs are used as nouns, causative verbs, intentional verbs, etc. Understanding the flexible use of parts of speech is of great benefit to mastering substantive vocabulary, but there is no need to memorize it.
In the process of learning and reading, the key for us to grasp this language phenomenon is to understand it attentively. Master the usage of function words.
Although the number of function words in classical Chinese is small, it is frequently used, flexible in usage and prominent in grammatical function, so it is also one of the difficulties in learning. Because function words often belong to several parts of speech, we should first distinguish their parts of speech, and then find out their meanings and grammatical functions.
The outline stipulates that you should master 18 function words, and the exam instructions in 2000 stipulate that you should master 30 function words. We can divide these function words into several categories: Zhi and Qi are the main pronouns, Bi and Dan are the main adverbs, Yi and Yu are the main prepositions, Er and Ze are the main conjunctions, and You is the main modal particle.
6. How to Improve the Reading Ability of Classical Chinese Dear students, I am a member of China Fast Reading Association, and I am glad to answer your questions.
For more than 8 years, I have been focusing on the research of speed reading memory ability, and I am fortunate to be a member of the speed reading association. As for how to enhance memory and speed reading efficiency, speed reading memory experts generally believe that as long as training and learning, memory can be doubled. Here are some experiences about memory: 1. The skill of speed reading is to read more than ten words at a glance. You can know the meaning of words by seeing a bunch of words, and you can understand the general idea of words habitually without thinking too much.
So the speed has increased. At the same time, learning efficiency will naturally improve.
2, fast reading skills are conducive to improving learning efficiency, mainly the efficiency of reviewing textbooks, reading fast, the same time can be repeated several times, naturally remember quickly. However, fast reading is a method and a habit. Many people think that after learning theoretical knowledge, they can understand the method of fast reading, but it is not.
Since fast reading is a method, you should know the method first. Secondly, fast reading is a habit. Since it is a habit, you need to practice. Only by regular practice can we improve. So I suggest you train your speed more deliberately in actual combat.
3. Fast reading is mainly aimed at people who take exams or study, which can improve their memory and learning efficiency. My daughter's college entrance examination and later civil service examination are all speed reading cultivated by elite speed reading. Elite is fast reading and fast memory. Her previous reading speed was 300 words and her memory was poor. She was an elite student in 2008, and the success of the college entrance examination was largely due to learning speed reading.
Including the current civil service examination, it is also because of this that the review efficiency has been greatly improved. If you are a student who is taking an exam or busy preparing for the exam, I suggest learning English. English speed reading is also recognized by our association.
I hope you will make progress soon! I hope my answer can help you, and I hope it will be adopted.
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