Notes on the Development of Journalism in China

Only the noun explanation part was found.

First, the early journalism in China.

(A) the news dissemination activities before the newspaper came into being

The news dissemination activities before the emergence of newspapers originated from the news dissemination needed for survival. Oral communication in primitive society. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, organized activities of taking notes and collecting news. Chunqiu was once regarded as a kind of "scrap newspaper", which kept a lot of valuable current political information, but it was not a newspaper. The capital of the Han Dynasty began to set up "Di" as a transit agency to spread information and events between the local and central governments of the feudal dynasty, but the official newspaper-Di Bao has not yet been formed.

(2) The earliest newspaper in China-the official newspaper of the Tang Dynasty.

The ancient newspapers in China began in the Tang Dynasty. The first official newspaper published by the Tang government (the content is "Palace Dynamics", and the readers are officials from Beijing). Kaiyuan Miscellaneous Newspaper was published in the Kaiyuan period of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, and it is the earliest known official newspaper. Sun Qiao's Reading Kaiyuan Miscellaneous Newspaper in Tang Dynasty is the earliest record of this ancient official newspaper. The Dunhuang Mansion Newspaper, which was collected by British Library in London, England, was published in the third year of Guangqi in Tang Xizong (AD 887) and found in Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes 1900. It is the oldest newspaper in China and the oldest newspaper in the world.

(3) treasure and tabloid in Song Dynasty.

The feudal official newspapers developed greatly in the Song Dynasty, when they were called Dibao, Bao Chao, Dibao, Jin Theater and Bao Zhuang, among which Dibao was the most popular name. The distributor of Diebold is a music theater stationed in the capital. The distribution system of "treasure": it is edited under the door, awarded to the competition, and "reported to the world" by the local officials who entered the concert hall. The contents of "Dibao" mainly include the imperial edicts and orders, the daily words and deeds of the emperor, the decrees and bulletins of the feudal government, the news about the appointment and dismissal of officials, rewards and punishments, and the memorial report of ministers (major military affairs). The press release of Di Bao was strictly controlled by the feudal government. The news censorship system in Song Dynasty: the fixed edition system. (News censorship. In 999 ad. In order to control the news release, the concert hall should send the compiled samples to the Privy Council for review, and the samples passed are called "final version". ) Most of the treasures in the Song Dynasty were written by hand, and a few of them may be printed by block printing.

"Tabloid" began at the end of the Northern Song Dynasty and was popular in the Southern Song Dynasty. At that time, it was implicitly called "news" by readers and was an unofficial newspaper. The contents of the "tabloid" are mainly the minister's notes and the news of the appointment and dismissal of officials, but not in the "treasure of the earth", and some remarks about resisting the invasion of the nomads from the army were also published. The publishers of "tabloids" are performers, middle-and lower-level officials of the central department and bookstore owners. Its publication was banned by the government at that time.

(4) Newspapers published by official newspapers and folk newspapers in Ming and Qing Dynasties.

The official newspaper in Ming Dynasty was issued by the General Political Department, and the official newspaper in Qing Dynasty was issued by the General Political Department and the prefect. The contents of official newspapers are usually controlled by emperors and ministers in power. In the late Qing Dynasty, a number of modern government official newspapers were founded through official bookstores and other units, including official bookstore newspapers and political official newspapers. /kloc-After the middle of the 6th century, the Ming government allowed private newspapers to run their own businesses. Under the supervision of the feudal government, some manuscripts copied from the relevant departments of the cabinet were published and sold. Most of these newspapers are located in Beijing. The newspaper they publish is generally called Beijing Daily (sometimes mixed with Dibao). The newspaper is in the capital, and it was sent from the capital. The content includes three parts: imperial edict, government affairs and officials' memorial. The Beijing Daily published in the newspaper room has a title. After the eleventh year of Chongzhen (AD 1638), movable type printing was widely used (movable type printing in the late Ming Dynasty was a great progress in news communication technology in China). Since the mid-Ming Dynasty, publishing and delivering Beijing newspapers has become an open profession. In the late Ming Dynasty, Beijing Daily published social news. However, under the strict control of the government, most of the "Beijing Daily" in the Qing Dynasty can only publish some documents and news that are officially allowed to be published. After the Qing dynasty entered the customs, there were more than ten newspapers in Beijing, and the newspapers they published were still called Beijing Daily. The content is similar to Beijing Daily in the late Ming Dynasty. (There are similarities between Bao Jing and Jinshi Bao in the late Qing Dynasty)

(5) Revolutionary propaganda activities of ancient peasant rebels and working people in 1990s.

Propaganda means of early peasant rebels. Flag newspaper (cloth system) and post newspaper (light square're sign system) popular in Li Zicheng and Zhang farmers' army in the late Ming Dynasty (publicizing the people's circulation policy, breaking through the news blockade, publicizing the policies and disciplines of "tax exemption", "land sharing" and "welcoming the king without receiving grain" of the rebel army, reporting the war situation, and playing the role of calming people's hearts and disintegrating the enemy). Exposed posters, leaflets and current affairs posters in modern anti-imperialist movements. Posters and leaflets exposed during the Boxer Rebellion. During the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, a large number of pamphlets such as Letters from the Father and Songs of Salvation were published. Wall newspapers during the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom (yellow paper, handwritten or printed. Exposing crimes, calling for uprisings, duel with landlords, decrees, appointments and dismissals) (all have the functions of spreading news and political propaganda). Hong Ren

The idea of establishing a "news room" and issuing "news articles" was put forward in the late Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. (Senior Minister New Chapter puts forward the idea of running a newspaper. It marks the emergence of the new newspaper trend of thought in modern China)

Second, the newspaper activities of foreigners in China in the19th century.

(a) the start of the activities of foreigners running newspapers in China (18 15- 1839)

The appearance of modern newspapers and periodicals in China started at the same time as foreign invasion. The earliest modern newspapers published in Chinese and the earliest modern newspapers published in foreign languages in China were founded by foreigners (commonly known as foreign newspapers in the history of China journalism). The purpose of foreigners running newspapers in China (invading China in the name of missionary propaganda). 1815 ——1842 was the first stage for foreigners to run newspapers in China in modern times. The main representative newspapers and periodicals at this stage. 18 15 Chasecular, founded in Malacca, is the first modern Chinese newspaper in history. Its publication (seven years), its founder and chief editor, its content and characteristics ("promoting Shinrikyo, introducing Christian teachings and biblical articles, introducing the situation and scientific knowledge of various countries-God-given. There are comments, narratives, stories, poems, dialogues and chapters, and the vernacular has a little classical Chinese component. Woodcut, Chinese book style, once a month, free). From 65438 to 0827, the first English version of Guangzhou Records was established in Guangzhou. Business newspaper, loan market, issue) and 1832, the English newspaper China Congbao (the longest-20 years, the richest and most influential foreign language newspaper in this period, which introduced China in detail, was valued by the British and American governments). (The First Foreign Language Newspaper Bee China-Macau Church * * *, Weekly) At this stage, several influential foreigners engaged in newspaper activities in China: Ma Lixun (a British missionary proficient in Chinese, the first foreigner who founded a modern newspaper in China, the first to study the history of China newspapers in Chacha, Guangzhou Chronicle and China Newspapers), the editor-in-chief and writer Cha proposed the fourth article writing. That is, the articles should be short, easy to understand, fluent and vivid), Karl Gutzlaff (1833 Guangzhou, the first monthly magazine on East-West studies based on the materials of Jinghua Daily-the first Chinese newspaper published by foreigners in China) and (the first Protestant missionary sent by the United States), the main characteristics of foreigners' newspaper-running activities in China at this stage (strong religious color, foreign newspapers openly publicize colonial policies, The publishing center of Chinese newspapers and periodicals is in Malay Peninsula, while foreign languages are in Hongkong, Macau and Guangzhou) {1) The aim is to conquer the hearts of China people-from religious propaganda to "knowledge shells". Try to be China. 3) There is a trend from religious newspapers to non-religious newspapers.

(2) Foreign missionaries' newspaper activities (1840- 19 ended)

After the Opium War, China opened its doors to the outside world, and the activities of foreigners running newspapers in China further developed. By the end of 19, the number of foreign newspapers in China was close to 200. A considerable part of them are sponsored by foreign missionaries. Several major Chinese-language newspapers founded by foreign missionaries: Guan Zhen (a church newspaper, but mostly commenting on current affairs, business situation, science and culture), Liuhe Congtan (the first modern Chinese newspaper in Shanghai, British office, 1857), Notes on Chinese and Western News (mainly introducing scientific and cultural knowledge, with few religious texts), and church publishing institutions. The publication of the World Bulletin, the organ of Guangdong Society (formerly known as China Church, a Chinese weekly magazine founded by American missionary Lin Le at his own expense, was founded in Shanghai on September 5th, 1868). Its main content (a comprehensive periodical mainly focusing on current affairs and politics with little religious propaganda). Defending imperialist aggression is a "help" to China, introducing "western learning" and advocating China's "reform"-"New Deal", its editing and publishing situation and its social influence (comprehensive current affairs magazine, with its distribution network covering 40,000 government educational institutions, has a great influence among scholars and intellectuals), and its main editors and contributors are Lin Lezhi and Timothy Richard. This paper analyzes and evaluates newspapers and periodicals founded by foreign missionaries such as the Universal Bulletin. (I am no longer as keen on "explaining Christianity" as I used to be, but I have greatly increased current affairs politics, commented on current affairs in China, promoted unfair trade, business news and comments, and advertised more. It shows that missionary work and newspaper running serve the colonial policy, aiming at colonizing China, making it a dumping ground for western-funded goods and making the Qing Dynasty a vassal of foreign-funded countries. )

(3) Chinese daily newspapers founded by many foreigners (1872)

After the Opium War, foreigners invested and founded a number of Chinese daily newspapers in Hong Kong, Shanghai, Tianjin and Beijing. These daily newspapers are aimed at China readers, advertised as "speaking for China people", and actually safeguarded the political and economic interests of foreign capitalists from time to time. Several major foreign Chinese daily newspapers. Their influence at that time. The publication of Shenbao. Its policies and main contents (mainly business news, but also current political news and comments, literary works and advertisements), its founder and editor. These foreigners invested in the news business reform of China Daily. Their position and influence in the news history of China (1872, Shanghai, a joint venture of British businessman Ernest Major, later became a person. Formerly known as Jiang Shen New Newspaper. 1949 stopped in may. 19 13 stone for two days. Lots of business news. Squeeze out "Shanghai New Newspaper": 1) Based on China readers, hire China people as the lead writer. 2) Reduce the selling price. 3) For the first time in the history of China newspapers, news, speech, supplements, advertisements and other basic elements are integrated into one, which can be read from top to bottom, paying attention to major political news and safeguarding colonial interests. 4) Do a good job of distribution. 5) Don't hesitate to send messages by telegraph and telephone to invite people to exchange memories. 7) Attach various supplements. 8) Pay attention to management. (News 1893 February British business Danfoss, 1899 transferred to American business John Calvin Ferguson, paying attention to economic news, business circles, and attaching importance to management, advertising and sales).

(4) Foreign newspapers and periodicals founded by foreigners and foreign news agencies published in China (1850).

After the Opium War, foreigners founded a large number of foreign-language newspapers and periodicals for foreigners in Hong Kong, Shanghai, Tianjin and other places, using English, Japanese, Portuguese, French, German, Russian and other languages, totaling more than 120. Several representative foreign newspapers and periodicals. The earliest English daily newspaper published in Chinese mainland: Zilin Xibao (North

China Daily

News) (British business Xi Anmen office, representing the official British point of view. 1850 Shanghai, formerly known as Beihua Jiebao, 1864 was taken over by Zilin Foreign Firm and renamed. Supported by the British Consul and Industry Department, representing the British official views, 10 1 year is the longest). Its founding process, its political background and proposition (Shanghai. It is aimed at foreigners and intellectuals in China, but it doesn't cater to the tastes of ordinary readers. The content is more clear, inciting the government to step up aggression and plunder, openly supporting the Qing government, and opposing the anti-imperialist and anti-feudal people in China). Chinese and foreign news and local news columns attach importance to speech and express their opinions on Chinese and foreign political relations. The church in China has correspondents), its communication network and its influence on modern China politics. Activities of foreign news agencies in China. The first foreign news agency to set up a branch in China: Reuters (1872). The Influence of Foreign News Agencies on Modern Journalism in China

Third, the newspaper-running activities of bourgeois reformists during the Reform Movement of 1898.

(A) the germination of China bourgeois newspapers (1873- 1874)

The birth of the bourgeoisie in China and the political reform movement of some intellectuals with bourgeois views. The bourgeois reformers' understanding of the role of newspapers (discussing the various functions of newspapers, putting forward that the purpose of running newspapers is to "make a statement", emphasizing the role of newspapers in social change, demanding freedom of speech and asking Chinese people to run newspapers freely), their thoughts on running newspapers and their early public opinion activities.

The beginning of bourgeois newspaper activities in China. The earliest bourgeois newspapers in China: Zhao Wen Daily (1873 Ai Xiaomei Hankou, the earliest newspaper with anecdotes, poems and essays founded by China people in China) and Report (1874 Shanghai Yung Wing, renamed many times, reflecting the political weakness of capital).

The publication of Circular Daily and its characteristics and political tendency (among the early self-run newspapers, it took the longest time to publish and had the greatest influence. 1874 65438+ 10 Hong Kong. The earliest propaganda and improvement ideas. "Cycle"-the way to transform and strengthen oneself can realize from weak to strong. The first newspaper with political theory as its soul. It is different from ancient newspapers which mainly copied imperial edicts and memorials and foreign newspapers which mainly disseminated doctrines and published commercial information. In the future, running a newspaper will become the tradition of the newspaper industry. Wang Tao, editor-in-chief of Circular Daily, is the first newspaper political writer (pioneer of reform and political reform) in the history of China. His main experience, his political activities and his political writing style have influenced modern journalism (political papers are straightforward, clear-cut, not gorgeous, easy to understand, breaking through the shackles of Tongcheng School and creating a "newspaper style" for future generations to follow). ( 1828~ 1897。 Early reformist thinkers. Changzhou, Jiangsu. Hema Xiao cook

No, Zhong, no. ..

Garden old man. A scholar was born. I work in Mohai Library run by Shanghai Anglican Church. During the revolution of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, he wrote a letter suggesting attacking the Taiping Army. 1862 was wanted by the Qing government on suspicion of offering a plan to the Taiping Army, fled to Hong Kong, and then moved to Britain, France and Russia. 1874, editor-in-chief of Hong Kong Circular Daily, advocated reform and self-improvement, criticized westernization activities for copying western fur, and put forward the idea of developing capitalist industrial and mining transportation in China. It is pointed out that "there are four changes today, one is to learn from teachers, the other is to train soldiers, the third is to go to school, and the fourth is to legislate". It is believed that official career should be eliminated, redundant staff should be laid off, flag people should be resettled, and lijin should be abolished. Praise the British parliamentary system. Politically, the monarch and the people govern together, economically, the country is rich and strong, and diplomatically, it is sovereign and independent. ) 1884, he returned to Shanghai and still made friends with Westernization School. Author of

Outside the Garden Records-the earliest collection of newspapers and periodicals, and dozens of other kinds. Advocacy of running a newspaper: 1) Four articles on the multiple functions of newspapers 2) Proposing that the purpose of running a newspaper is to "make a statement" 3) Proposing freedom of speech 4) Asking China people to run a newspaper freely.

2) Strengthen bourgeois newspapers and periodicals in the social period (1895- 1896)

1895 "writing on the bus" activity and the further development of bourgeois political reform movement. The establishment of the Strong Society (symbolizing that the reform reform, which has been brewing for decades, has changed from ideological enlightenment to organized political activities of the upper class, and the seeds of capitalist political parties have emerged), and bourgeois reformers such as Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao have made public opinion preparations for the reform movement. The publication, editor-in-chief and distribution of Beijing News at home and abroad, the organ newspaper of Xue Qiang Society. The main contents of Chinese and foreign news propaganda and its influence on society (formerly known as World Bulletin1895 August Beijing. Editors Liang and Mai, both honest and upright officials and gentry, have long publicized the idea of political reform in 3000 copies, in the same form as Jinghua Daily. After the establishment of Qiangshe, it was an organ newspaper, with imperial edicts, foreign news, newspaper selection, and then China. 5 months).

The publication of Xue Qiang Daily, the organ newspaper of Xue Qiang Shanghai Branch. Its chief editor and publications. The purpose and political inclination of Xue Qiang Daily (1896 print edition, 5 issues in total). Xu Qin and He Shuling. "Broaden talents, protect the environment, help reform, increase knowledge, eliminate fraud and reach the people").

The closure of Xue Qiangshe and the forced closure of Chinese and foreign periodicals and Xue Qiang Daily (causing panic and jealousy of die-hards, accusing Kang Liang of "planting the party for selfish ends", demanding the ban, forcing pressure and Guangxu banning it). The position of Chinese and foreign periodicals and powerful periodicals in the newspaper-running activities of the bourgeois reformists (cultivating and training the propaganda backbone of the reformists, making a name for themselves in the media, accumulating newspaper-running experience, and laying the foundation for the great development of the reformist newspapers). After seven months' silence, the reform rushed to the resistance, which set off the climax of the first newspaper in China's news history on a larger scale.

③ The Times, an important organ of the bourgeois reformists (1896)

The publication of The Times. Its main person in charge and its publication and distribution. (/kloc-one of the important publications of the new Uighur school in the reform movement at the end of 0/9 century. 1896/08/09 was established in Shanghai, with general manager Wang and main contributor Liang Qichao. His works include Mai, Xu Qin, Ou Yijia and Zhang Taiyan. Lithography. It includes imperial edicts, memorials, reviews, Chinese and foreign magazines, and translation of foreign newspapers. The purpose of running a newspaper is to publicize the reform and reform and save the country and strengthen the country. Many articles are novel and vivid, and are very popular with intellectuals. In a few months, the number of sales banks has increased to more than 10,000, which has swept the country. "It has never been reported in China." During the "Reform Movement of 1898", it was changed to an official office by the Qing government and was supervised by Kang Youwei. The last issue 1898/08/08 was changed from Wang to Bao).

General discussion of political reform (political theory. 43 issues, involving politics, economy, literature and military affairs. Liang's first comprehensive programmatic document on reform and reform) and the propaganda of reform and reform thoughts in Current Affairs. Current affairs newspaper's propaganda on expanding civil rights, opening parliament (on opening parliament) and developing national industry and commerce (on business war). The Times' propaganda against imperialist aggression ("On the Power of China") and its call for national salvation.

The social influence of the times (taking buying and reading as fashion) and its connection with readers. The important role of the times in the reform movement and the support of reformists all over the country.

The interference of westernization bureaucrats in the current situation (blocking stubborn attacks, banning letters, trying to crowd out Liang after the failure of tracking) and the change of the flag of the current situation. The position of current affairs in bourgeois reformist newspapers and periodicals.

(4) Other bourgeois reformist newspapers and periodicals emerging in the Reform Movement.

On the eve of the Reform Movement of 1898, bourgeois reformist newspapers flourished.

Zhixin, an important reformist newspaper in South China. Its main editor and author, its characteristics and the main contents of its promotion. (Macau 1897 was originally named "Shiguang Five Reports", February 22, 2007, by He Tingguang, Kang and Xu Qinren. Consistent with the "times" policy, the north and the south echoed and advocated reform. The difference is that it is published in Macao, which is unclear and bold; Pay more attention to the reports on the reform of the New Deal; Publish a number of open words and bans, allowing the publication of free articles. 1898 after the coup, only it existed, a total of 133)

Hunan Daily (Tang) and Hunan Daily (Tan Sitong) are important reformist newspapers in Central China. Their main editors and authors, their characteristics and their close relationship with Hunan Reform Movement.

Evolutionary translation published in the National Anthology, an important reformist newspaper in North China. (Yan Fu's National Newspaper, the first daily newspaper founded by the reformists)

Newspapers published by bourgeois reformists in Shanghai, Suzhou, Wuxi, Hangzhou and Chongqing advocating political reform.

1898, and Emperor Guangxu's support for the reformist newspapers and periodicals during the Hundred Days Reform. The repression and persecution of reformist newspapers by die-hard forces.

(5) The characteristics of bourgeois reformist newspapers and periodicals activities and the progressive role played by reformist newspapers and periodicals under the historical conditions at that time (the first climax of China people running newspapers, the situation that foreign newspapers monopolized China newspapers and periodicals, which promoted the development of modern journalism in China).

One of the characteristics is that newspaper propaganda is closely related to political activities at that time, and reformists attach great importance to newspaper propaganda.

The second feature is that it attaches great importance to the role of political theory, and a large number of newspaper political commentators have emerged, creating a novel political theory style "current affairs style" (which has influenced the writing style of a generation). The "current affairs style" came into being to meet the requirements of the new political struggle and ideological struggle (Wang Tao's "newspaper style" did not form an atmosphere before, and newspapers and periodicals were still a mixture of stereotyped writing and ancient Tongcheng writing: ancient Austria was rigid, monotonous, empty and boring. The political passion of the reformists was suppressed, new knowledge and new terms from the west poured in, and it was difficult for the old classical Chinese to adapt to the introduction, so the new style was born. Because most of these political articles are "current politics" and Liang's articles on "current politics" are representative, it is called "current regime". Freedom, how to write; Easy-going, half-written and half-white, elegant and popular; Strong logic, full of emotion, full of incitement), Liang Qichao is a representative writer of "current affairs style"

The progressive significance of the reformist newspaper propaganda activities is as follows: 1, which broke through the ban of feudal rulers. 2. Enlighten readers with bourgeois ideas and publicize the idea of saving the country (improving the status of journalists). 3. Promoted the reform movement. (4) news business has been reformed in many aspects, and political writing has created a "current affairs style", and political commentators and the earliest political newspapers have appeared.

Fourthly, journalism during the Revolution of 1911.

(1) Early propaganda activities of bourgeois revolutionaries (1894 ~ 1905).

After the annual meeting of 1894 was established in Honolulu, the bourgeois revolutionaries mainly relied on the speeches and lobbying of a few people, reprinted pamphlets with anti-Manchu thoughts and translated and printed the works of western bourgeois thinkers to carry out revolutionary propaganda (the effect was not good. Due to China's weak capitalist factors, weak social foundation and deep reform ideas, many people had illusions about the Qing Dynasty, and the publicity response was not great until the publication of China Daily. At that time, the revolutionaries mainly organized armed uprisings and had not yet established their own official newspaper. Only the Dragon Ridge Newspaper published in Honolulu is controlled by members of Zhong Xing Association, and most public opinion positions at home and abroad are occupied by reformists.

(B) the rise of bourgeois revolutionary newspapers and periodicals1900 (1905 ~1911Alliance was established until the outbreak of the Revolution of 1911)

1On October 25th, China Daily, the first organ newspaper of the Hui people in Zhong Xing, was founded in Hongkong. Sun Yat-sen participated in the preparation of China Daily. Chen Shaobai, First President and Editor-in-Chief of China Journal. The early propaganda contents and functions of China Daily (1) publicized the revolutionary activities of overseas students. 2) Report the activities of revolutionaries. 3) Expose the corruption and incompetence of the Qing government and the traitorous crimes of government officials. 4) Call for anti-imperialism and national salvation, and launch a debate on royalist forces. Start-ups are friendly with Kang Liang and then attack Sun. The debate between 1902 and Guangzhou Lingnan Daily is the first time in the history of newspaper industry that the influential revolutionaries and royalists argued. After 1900, a large number of pamphlets on revolutionary ideas were printed. Zou Rong's Revolutionary Army, which is the most widely circulated and influential (exposing and criticizing the reactionary traitors and calling for the overthrow of the Qing Dynasty and the establishment of People's Republic of China (PRC)). The preface of the first chapter introduces Su Bao. It has aroused great repercussions among young people. Promote the ideas of freedom, equality and nationalism with popular and sharp words. Twenty thousand words. It has played a role in promoting the thought from improvement to capital revolution. The class limitations of the times do not distinguish between Manchu rule and Manchu) and Chen Tianhua's "Suddenly Turn Back" (expressing revolutionary ideas with folk rap literature, opposing imperialist aggression, calling for the overthrow of the "foreigner's court" and establishing a democratic republic, which has great influence). Revolutionary newspapers and periodicals founded by students studying in Japan during the meeting: the compilation of translated books, the National Newspaper (the publication of Zhang Taiyan's "On Benevolence and Enemy" was the earliest article that the revolutionaries directly refuted the royalist fallacy), the Hubei student circle, and the Jiangsu-Zhejiang tide (the publication of Lu Xun's first novel "The Soul of Sparta"). (3) The book Enlightenment Wisdom, edited by Zheng, is the first revolutionary publication for international students. The Rise of Revolutionary Newspapers in Shanghai and Hangzhou: The Founding of Mainland Daily, National Day Daily, Warning Daily, China Vernacular Newspaper and Hangzhou Vernacular Newspaper.

(3) Su Bao and Su Bao.

Three stages of the development of Subao (1) June 26, 0896 Management, Zou

Main author, poor writing style 2) 1899 Chen Fan management, pro-royalist party newspaper 3) Chen Fan tends to be revolutionary, writes a new face and becomes a revolutionary newspaper). The close relationship between Su Bao and bourgeois revolutionaries. The cause, process, outcome and influence of "reporting a case" (A famous anti-Qing political case before the Revolution of 1911. 1in the summer of 903, Zhang was the lead writer of Shanghai Su Bao, and Zhang Taiyan and Cai Yuanpei were the authors, recommending Zou Rong Revolutionary Army, publishing a paper criticizing Kang Youwei's reformist political views and advocating revolution. Denying Emperor Guangxu as a "load"

Clowns. "The Qing government colluded with the Shanghai Municipal Bureau of Public Concession and arrested Zhang Taiyan, Zou Rong and others at the end of June. 7/7 Su Bao was blocked. Zhang and Zou persisted in the struggle and publicized the revolution in the mixture of the hospital and the prison. It showed the dauntless spirit of bravely challenging the feudal autocratic rule, and made the newspaper a position to publicize the revolution. The Qing government attempted to escort Zhang and Zou to Nanjing and kill them, which was widely criticized by public opinion. In May of the following year, Zhang Zou was sentenced to three years and two years in prison respectively. 1905/04, Zou died in prison, Zhang was released from prison in June of the following year, and then went to Japan. This case further exposed the reactionary nature of the Qing rulers. Zhang Taiyan, editor-in-chief of Su Bao, an important contributor, had his early activities and ideas of running a newspaper (he joined the Shanghai Strong Society during the Reform Movement of 1898, but after falling out with Kang Liang, The Times went to Hangzhou Daily, and 1899 was appointed editor-in-chief after reporting Sun Yat-sen's case to argue and comment. Elegant writing, extensive history of quoting classics; Clear thinking and strict logic. Have a wrong view.

(4) After the coup in1898, the bourgeois reformers ran newspapers overseas (the coup of Cixi, the imprisonment of Guangxu, the death of "six gentlemen" and the escape of Kang Liang), so the reformers had to move their propaganda centers overseas, set up royalist associations, set up more than 100 branches in Japan, Nanyang, the United States and Austria, and run dozens of them.

"Qing Yi Bao" (Xun magazine. The first organ newspaper of overseas reformists, edited by Liang,1898 65438+February 100. The aim is to "advocate civil rights, spread philosophy and publicize the national humiliation of the Ming Dynasty", support Guangxu, oppose mercy, advocate constitutional monarchy, and publish articles on civil rights, freedom, destruction and reform at the same time) and Xinmin Cong Bao (an important publication of the reformists before the Revolution of 1911, 1902/02), which was founded in Yokohama, Japan, bimonthly. Liang Qichao, then editor-in-chief, introduced western capitalist society, politics and thoughts, publicized political reform and criticized the Qing government headed by Empress Dowager Cixi. Actively advocate and publicize the new style, the language is clear and fluent, and the writing is vivid and sharp, which is well received by readers. The greatest contribution is to introduce readers to a lot of knowledge, new theories and new ideas from all over the world ("Read and read, you can almost recite them after reading"-Mao). Later, when the revolutionary situation was high, he insisted on constitutional monarchy and opposed the capitalist revolution. In the debate with People's Daily about revolution and royalism, democratic constitutionalism and constitutional monarchy, and "land state ownership", he was severely refuted by the bourgeois revolutionaries. Published on 1907 Winter. A total of 96 issues) was established. Their main contents, viewpoints, characteristics and influences. The establishment of royalist associations and the development of overseas royalist newspapers and periodicals. Several major newspapers published overseas by the royalist association.

: satellites, satellites, satellites, satellites, satellites, satellites, satellites, satellites, satellites, satellites, satellites, satellites, satellites, satellites and satellites. Liang Qichao's political activities in this period. (1903 After the anti-Russian movement, the domestic party ban was relaxed) The bourgeois reformists resumed running newspapers in China. Ta Kung Pao (The longest published Chinese newspaper in China is1June, 902, and Tianjin is full of Lianzhi Ying. Advocating constitutionalism, daring to speak out, reporting seriously, "speaking for the working people" is more important than time and has a great influence in North China. The Beijing Dialect Daily was founded by their founder, the British.

To Peng. Their political inclination and its influence. Shanghai Times, its establishment and news business reform (the first organ newspaper founded by reformists in China after the Reform Movement of 1898). 1904 Shanghai June 12. Hosted by Di Baoxian. It doesn't matter much politically. Outstanding in editing and publishing. The first issue of the "Time Review" column arranged "surprise rescue"; It is the first time to use 1 to 6/to typeset, which reflects the importance of facts; The main eyes of headlines and comments are circled to identify; Completely get rid of the book style and change it to 4 pages).