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Wolfgang Pauli (1900 ~ 1958), Austrian physicist, Swiss nationality, Ph.D. student at the University of Munich. He was a rare genius at the beginning of last century and made outstanding contributions to relativity and quantum mechanics. At the age of 1965438+. It was only three years before Einstein published "General Theory of Relativity" (19 16). Because he is too young, he has such a unique opinion, so he shocked the whole physics circle and became famous at one fell swoop. Later, he won the 1945 Nobel Prize in physics for discovering the Pauli exclusion principle. This principle was discovered by Pauli at the age of 24 in 1924, which had a revolutionary influence on the establishment of atomic structure and the understanding of the micro-world.

There are many stories about Paulie. He is famous for his preciseness and erudition, as well as his sharpness and picky. He seems dissatisfied with everything in the world. In the field of science, because of his sensitivity and caution, he has the ability to find mistakes at a glance. It is precisely because of this that he has been very critical of other people's scientific research. According to legend, there was a "Pauli effect" in physics: when Pauli appeared, people there were bound to make mistakes in both theoretical deduction and experimental operation-because he often made unexpected comments or pointed fingers at you. Generally speaking, when Pauli says "Oh, that's right", it means very high praise.

It is said that Pauli met Einstein at an international conference. When Einstein finished his speech, Pauli stood up and said, "I don't think Einstein is completely stupid." On another occasion, when segre, an Italian-American physicist (the discoverer of antiprotons, won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1965) finished a report and left the meeting room with Pauli and others, Pauli said to him, "I have never heard such a bad report as yours." At that time, segre said nothing. Pauli thought for a moment, then turned to Brecheux, a Swiss physical chemist who was traveling with them, and said, "If you make a report, the situation will be even worse. Except, of course, your last opening speech in Zurich. " ..... not only for scientists, but also for their own students. Once, a student wrote a paper for Paulie to read. After two days, the students asked Pauli for advice. Pauli returned the paper to him and said, "Even mistakes are not enough."

Learning is like this, but what about life? Once Paulie wanted to go to a place, but he didn't know how to get there. A colleague told him enthusiastically. Later, when the colleague asked him with concern whether he found the place that day, he not only didn't thank him, but sarcastically said, "When you don't talk about physics, your thinking should be clear."

He is not only strict with science, but also critical of life. Even Pauli, the greatest god in the eyes of westerners, does not give in at will, let alone flatter him. A joke said that Paulie went to see God after his death, and God showed him his own design plan for the world. Paulie shrugged and said, "You could have done better ..."

Never satisfied, dissatisfied with yourself, dissatisfied with others, dissatisfied with reality, dissatisfied with what has been achieved, even dissatisfied with the world, dissatisfied with "God"! This may be one of the necessary hardware for scientists to promote history.

He observed beautiful shells with his hands-the record of blind marine biologist Wilmayi.

Gilte Vermayi, an American, is an outstanding marine biologist. He was blind at the age of 9 because of congenital eye diseases. However, Fred studied hard and overcame the difficulties that ordinary people could not imagine. At the age of 25, he received a doctorate from Yale University. Although he can't see, he can study all kinds of shells by touching them with his hands and become a shell expert.

I can't say that I am better at observing shells than others, and I dare not pretend to be better at distinguishing the characteristics of various shells than other mollusks, Fred wrote in his autobiography, The Unparalleled Hand. Everyone has his own unique research method, and I am no exception. When I observe the shell with my fingertips, nails or fine needles, I can not only find the thick and thin stripes of the shell, but also know the tiny details in the groove, such as the distribution of fine teeth and wrinkles around the shell mouth, the pattern and asymmetry of the sawtooth array at the edge of the clam, and other plots that are easily overlooked by careless observers.

Hands are especially suitable for observing objects the size of ordinary shells. Although the sense of touch of the hand is enough to understand the basic shape and tiny details of shells (except tiny shells), it is still difficult to get an immediate impression of extremely large shells. Hands can synthesize all kinds of information in a small space, but eyes can get the situation of big objects at once. Sometimes I don't immediately respond to the beautiful lines on large shells, and some colleagues who have little contact with me are surprised. Most sculptors work to please their eyes. Only when they devote themselves to creating exquisite sculptures on marble or polished wood will my touch feel wonderful. If these things can't move, they will look very complicated, and the reason why I can appreciate the shapes and patterns of shells from many angles is precisely because I can turn them in my hands.

Through the touch of hands, Wilmayi can study different shells produced in different sea areas in the world, feel the relationship between the formation of different lines of shells and tides, sea breeze and seawater salinity, and classify them accurately. His success tells us that the hand is the second pair of human eyes, and we can feel the world with our hands.

The immortal Nobel Prize.

The name Nobel is almost a household name in the world, not only because Nobel has made outstanding contributions in the history of chemical engineering development, but more importantly, he established the world-renowned Nobel Prize for Science in order to promote the development of science. The annual Nobel Prize in Physics, Chemistry, Physiology and Medicine, Literature and Peace are recognized as the highest scientific awards. Award-winning scientists can not only get bonuses, but also get honors. This is the pride of contributing to the scientific wealth of all mankind.

Many people may guess that a great inventor like Nobel must have a high degree. Actually, it is not. Alfred. Nobel1833101October 2 1 was born in a diligent family in Stockholm, Sweden. His father Emanuel? Nobel is a gifted mechanic and inventor. Just one year before Nobel was born, a fire destroyed all his family's property, and his life was completely down and out, living by borrowing money. In order to avoid the pursuit of creditors, Emanuel had to leave his hometown alone, first to Finland and then to Russia to make a living. Nobel's two brothers, like little girls selling matches in Andersen's fairy tales, stood on the street selling matches in order to earn some money to help maintain the family's livelihood. In that fire, Nobel's mother almost lost her life to save her child, and her spirit and health were affected. Besides, her life is very difficult. From the first day of birth, Nobel was sickly, and she survived because of her mother's careful care. Due to poor health, his childhood was not as naughty, lively and cheerful as other children. When other children play together, he can only act as a bystander. This childhood experience made him more withdrawn and introverted. He didn't go to school until he was eight years old, and he only studied for one year. This is the only school education he has received.

The Nobel family moved to Petersburg, Russia. In Russia, because of the language barrier, neither Nobel nor his two brothers can enter local schools. They have to ask a Swedish teacher to help them learn Russian, English, French, German and other languages at home. When you have a certain Russian foundation, you can learn natural science and engineering technology from Russian teachers. The frail Nobel studies very hard, and his knowledge is no less than that of his two brothers. His studious attitude not only won the praise of teachers, but also won the love of his father and brother. 1843, because Nobel's second brother was going back to Sweden, the three brothers had to stop studying. Nobel came to the factory run by his father as an assistant. He carefully observed and thought, and all the important knowledge he heard and saw was keenly absorbed by him, and life itself became his university.

In order to further broaden his horizons and learn more knowledge, his father asked him to travel and study abroad at 1850. In two years, he has been to Germany, France, Italy and the United States. Because he is good at observing and studying hard, his knowledge accumulates quickly. When he returned to Russia, he had grown into a scholar proficient in German, English, French and Russian and a chemist with scientific training. After returning to China, he immediately joined the work of "Nobel Father and Son Mechanical Foundry" founded by his father. At that time, the factory was producing much-needed weapons and equipment for Russia. During his internship in the factory, he inspected the production process of mines, mines and explosives, and studied the design of cannons and steam engines. Here he not only added a lot of practical technology, but also became familiar with the production and management of the factory.

1859 My parents went back to Sweden. While the two brothers devoted themselves to the revival of the enterprise, Nobel devoted himself to his beloved invention. He persisted in research and design, and finally completed three inventions in more than two years: gas flowmeter, liquid flowmeter and improved liquid manometer. Although these inventions are not particularly important, they give Nobel confidence, and he is determined to look forward to new inventions with greater enthusiasm.

The road to research is not smooth. On September 3rd, an explosion occurred in the 1864 experiment, and their laboratory was blown into ruins. Five of Nobel's assistants, including his younger brother Emil, were killed on the spot. Nobel survived because he was not in the laboratory at that time. His father was too sad because of this heavy blow, and he was paralyzed by a stroke. The explosion also made the residents living around more afraid of their experiments and asked the government authorities to close the laboratories one after another. Someone even warned Nobel directly that he was not allowed to do experiments in this city. It is conceivable that the accident brought Nobel grief and difficulties. Frustration and misfortune did not shake Nobel's determination. With indomitable courage, he moved the experimental equipment to the gondola in the suburb of Lake Mara to continue his research.

Nobel's interest in invention is not limited to explosives. He has rich imagination and indomitable perseverance, and tries his best to turn these imaginations into reality. To this end, he also studied synthetic rubber and rayon, and made experiments to improve the parts of records, telephones, batteries and electric lights. And try to synthesize gems. Although the achievements of these studies are not great, his spirit of exploration left a deep impression on future generations.

Nobel, who had no real education, gradually became a scientist and inventor through hard and persistent self-study. The fact that he cast iron left a glorious page in human history. His name, like the Nobel Prize, will remain in people's hearts forever.