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What's the difference between a hurricane and a typhoon or tornado?
The origin of a word
The word hurricane comes from the Caribbean devil hurrican, and some people say that Hurakan, the god of thunderstorms and cyclones, is one of the creation gods in Mayan mythology. The word typhoon comes from Tifeng, the son of Gaia, the mother of the earth in Greek mythology. It is a monster with a hundred faucets. It is said that its children are terrible winds.
As for the Chinese word "typhoon", some people say it comes from Japanese, while others say it comes from China. In the past, there were frequent storms along the southeast coast of China, which were called "gale" by local fishermen and later turned into typhoons.
Classification of hurricanes
Although hurricanes and typhoons have different names, they are of the same nature and belong to tropical cyclones. Tropical cyclones that occur in the Atlantic Ocean or the eastern Pacific Ocean and have a central wind force 12 or above (that is, more than 32.7 meters per second) are called hurricanes. According to the hourly advancing distance of the hurricane center, the National Hurricane Center of the United States divides the hurricane into five levels: the first-class hurricane is119 km-153 km; Category II hurricane154 km-177 km; Category III hurricane178km-209km; Category 4 hurricane 2 10 km -249 km; A category 5 hurricane is more than 249 kilometers. As for tropical cyclones that occur in the western Pacific and reach the same intensity, they are called typhoons. Traditionally, typhoons have also been used to collectively refer to all tropical cyclones that occur in the northwest Pacific.
The harm of hurricane
In the northern hemisphere, the typhoon rotates counterclockwise, while in the southern hemisphere, it rotates clockwise. Usually accompanied by strong winds and heavy rains, it seriously threatens the safety of people's lives and property and has a great impact on people's livelihood, agriculture and economy. This is a serious natural disaster.
Cause and effect
One reason why tropical oceans produce hurricanes is that warm seawater is its power "fuel". Therefore, some scientists began to study whether the warming earth will bring more powerful and harmful tropical storms. Most meteorologists believe that the earth seems to be getting hotter and hotter. They think that carbon dioxide and so-called greenhouse gases in the atmosphere are warming the earth. Researchers warn that people must seriously think about the problem of global climate change decades or even centuries later. It should be pointed out that a weather and climate event, such as a strong hurricane or an active hurricane season, does not mean global warming.
typhoon
Typhoon and hurricane are both a kind of wind, but they happen in different places and have different names. The typhoon is in the western part of the North Pacific Ocean, west of the international date, including the South China Sea; Tropical cyclones in the Atlantic Ocean or the eastern North Pacific Ocean are called hurricanes, which means hurricanes in the United States and typhoons in the Philippines, China and Japan.
Typhoon is a strong tropical cyclone generated on the surface of tropical ocean. Typhoons are often accompanied by strong winds and heavy rains. The wind rotates counterclockwise. Isobars and isotherms are approximately a set of concentric circles. The central air pressure is the lowest and the temperature is the highest.
Typhoon classification
Typhoons are classified according to the maximum wind force near the center of tropical cyclones. In the past, the meteorological department of our country called the winds with the magnitude of 8 to 1 1 as typhoons, and the winds with the magnitude of 12 or above as strong typhoons. From 65438+65438+ 1 in 0989 to 65438+1in October, it is called a tropical storm when the maximum wind force near the center is 8 ~ 9, and it is called a strong tropical storm when10 ~1. In 2006, according to the notice of National Standard for Tropical Cyclone Grades (GBT 1920 1-2006) issued by China Meteorological Bureau, tropical cyclones were divided into six grades according to the maximum surface wind speed near the center: when the maximum wind force near the center is 16 or above, it is called super typhoon, and the maximum wind force near the center is/KLOC-. The maximum wind force near the center 12- 13 is called typhoon, l0- 1 1 is called strong tropical storm, 8-9 is called tropical storm, and 12- 13 is called tropical storm. For the sake of simplicity, the following is still collectively referred to as typhoon.
typhoon track
Typhoon paths can be roughly divided into three categories: ① Westward typhoons move from the east to the west of the Philippines, cross the South China Sea, and finally land on Hainan Island in China or northern Vietnam. (2) Landing type: The typhoon moved to the northwest, crossed the Taiwan Province Strait, landed in the coastal areas of Guangdong, Fujian and Zhejiang, and gradually weakened into a low pressure. This typhoon has the greatest impact on China. The two typhoons "90 15" and "97 1 1" which have had the greatest impact on Jiangsu in recent years belong to this type. (3) Parabolic type: The typhoon moves to the northwest first, then turns to the northeast when approaching the eastern coast of China, and turns to the vicinity of Japan, with a parabolic path. Typhoon disaster. Typhoon is a very destructive and disastrous weather system, but sometimes it can also play a beneficial role in eliminating drought. Its harmfulness mainly includes three aspects: ① strong wind. The maximum wind force near the typhoon center is generally above 8. ② Heavy rain. Typhoon is one of the strongest rainstorm weather systems. Generally, it can produce rainfall of150 mm ~ 1 000 mm in the area where typhoons pass, and a few typhoons can produce heavy rain above1000 mm. The torrential rain caused by Typhoon No.3 in the upper reaches of Huaihe River 1975 created the extreme value of heavy rain in Chinese mainland and caused the "75.8" flood in Henan. ③ Storm surge. Generally, typhoons will increase water in coastal waters, and the maximum water increase in coastal areas of Jiangsu Province can reach 3m. Typhoon "9608" and "97 1 1" increased water, which made Jiangsu's coastal areas along the Yangtze River have a super-historical climax.
After the typhoon is formed, it will generally move out of the source and experience the evolution process of development, weakening and extinction. A mature typhoon has a circular vortex radius of 5 OOKM ~ 1000 km and a height of 15 km ~ 20 km. Typhoon consists of three parts: peripheral area, maximum wind speed area and typhoon eye. The wind speed in the peripheral area increases from outside to inside, with spiral clouds and precipitation; The strongest precipitation occurs in the maximum wind speed area, with an average width of 8 km ~ 19 km, and there is a circular cloud wall between it and the typhoon eye; The typhoon eye is located in the center of the typhoon. The most common typhoon eye is round or oval, ranging in diameter from 10 km to 70 km, with an average of about 45km. The weather in typhoon eye is calm, partly cloudy, dry and warm.
Number of typhoons
China numbered the tropical depressions that entered the west of l50 degrees east longitude and the north of l0 degrees north latitude. The winds near the center were strong and reached magnitude 8, which were arranged in the order of annual occurrence. This is the "Typhoon X this year (tropical storm, strong tropical storm)" that we heard or saw on radio and television.
The number of typhoons is also the number of tropical cyclones. People want to number tropical cyclones, on the one hand, because a tropical cyclone often lasts for more than a week, and several tropical cyclones may appear in the ocean at the same time. With the serial number, there will be no confusion; On the other hand, the naming, definition, classification method and determination of the center position of tropical cyclones are different in different countries and methods, even in the same country, they are not exactly the same among different meteorological stations, which often leads to various misunderstandings and confusion in use.
Starting from 1959, China began to number the tropical cyclones (tropical storms and above) that occur or enter the Pacific Ocean and South China Sea north of the equator and west of 180 degrees east longitude every year according to the sequence of their occurrence. Offshore tropical cyclone. In the case of clear cloud structure and circulation, as long as the maximum average wind force near the center is above 7, it is also numbered. The serial number consists of four digits. The first two digits indicate the year. The last two digits are the serial numbers of tropical cyclones above storm level in that year. For example, last year's typhoon Du Fu (13) numbered O3 13. , indicating the tropical cyclone with storm level 13 or above that occurred in 2003. Tropical depression and tropical disturbance are not numbered.
Typhoon naming
At the beginning of the 20th century, people began to name typhoons. It is said that the first person to name a typhoon was an Australian forecaster in the early 20th century. He named tropical cyclones as political figures he didn't like, so that meteorologists could call them publicly. In the northwest Pacific, the official naming of typhoons began with 1945. At first, only female names were used. Later, it is said that due to the opposition of feminists, starting from 1979, men's names and women's names were used alternately. Until 1997, 1 65438+1October 25th to 65438+February1,the 30th meeting of the Typhoon Committee of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) held in Hong Kong decided that tropical cyclones in the northwest Pacific Ocean and the South China Sea should be named in Asian style, and it was decided that tropical cyclones in the year of 2000 should be named in the Asian style. The new naming method is to make a naming table in advance and then reuse it year after year in sequence. The naming table * * * has 140 names and is provided by 14 member countries and regions in the Asia-Pacific region to which WMO belongs, such as Cambodia, China, North Korea, Hong Kong, Japan, Laos, Macau, Malaysia, Micronesia, the Philippines, South Korea, Thailand, the United States and Vietnam. Each country or region provides 65,438+00 names. The 140 names are divided into 10 groups, and each group has 14 names. Arranged in alphabetical order according to the English names of member countries, and recycled in turn. At the same time, the original number of tropical cyclones remains.
Browse the typhoon naming table. Names are rarely used, mostly animals, plants, food and so on. There are also some names that are adjectives or beautiful legends, such as Yutu and Wukong. The name "Rhododendron" was provided by China, which is the familiar Rhododendron: "Korowang" that landed in China a while ago was provided by Cambodia, which is the name of a tree: "Morak" was provided by Thailand, which means jade; "Ibudu" is a name provided by the Philippines, which means chimney or water pipe to discharge rainwater from the roof into the ditch.
Under normal circumstances, the pre-established named list is recycled year after year in sequence, but under special circumstances, the named list will also be adjusted. For example, when a typhoon is notorious for causing particularly serious disasters or casualties and becomes a well-known typhoon, in order to prevent it from having the same name as other typhoons, the name will be deleted from the current naming list and replaced with a new name. The following is the typhoon nomenclature table put into use on June 65438+1 October1day, 2006:
Typhoon name (implemented from June 65438+1 October1)
Remarks in Column 1, Column 2, Column 3, Column 4 and Column 5
English/Chinese name source
David Kong-Rey Kony Nakri Nakri Krovan Sarica Salika Kampuchea
China Wang lung Wang lung yutu yutu fengshen rhododendron hippocampus
Kirogi Hongyan Toraji Zhi Tao Kalmaegi Seagull Mujigae Rainbow Meari Marsh North Korea
Kai Tak Kai Tak Manyi Iman Phoenix Caiyun Ma Caiyun-Saddle China Hongkong
Tambin Libra Bunny Bunny North Crown Kopp Dajue Tokage Tokage
BOL aven Blavin Pabuk pabu hanfone Bau ng Kesana Nock-loto Lao
Pearl Butterfly Wasp Palma Palma Plum Blossom China Macau
Jelawat Sepat Saint Nuri Parrot Melor Jasmine Merbok Miaobai Malaysia
Unia El Yun Ni said that she would get married soon.
Bilis bilis danas danas hagupit hagupit lupit talas talas Philippines
Kaemi Megnari Lily Changmi Rose Mirinae Galaxy Noru Olu North Korea
Thai rose
Maria Maria Francisco Van Gogh Higos Omais Omes Rocklock USA
Samay Samay Lekima Lichima Bavi Hong Kong Letter Business Kang Sen Sanka Viet Nam
Shana, Cambodia
Wukong Wukong Haiyan Poseidon Temple Wood Dian Mu Haitang Haitang China
Song Qing Bodur Liu Yang Bunule Xia Hong Mindur Dandelion Nargai Niger North Korea
Shanshan Lingling Lingling Dolphin White Dolphin Lion Mountain Lion Mountain Banyan China Hongkong
Yagi Capricorn Kaji Sailfish Whale Seiyuu Whale Compass Washi Skyhawk Japan
Xiangshan Elephant God Fa Sai Fa Qian Chan Hong Chan Hongnan Village Nanchuan Masa Mai Sha Laos
Jasper Jasper Pipa Lotus Malou Agate Coral China Macau
Moranti Moranti Marval Mawa
Micronesia, Chao Gu
A small village in Manila, the capital of the Philippines.
Lv Huiyi swan catfish Nabi butterfly
Durian durian Ramasun Mora camorra Keba Siam Kanukanu Thailand
You can go to the center of America to have a look.
Trami Tan Mei Xialong Xia Bo Vamco Ring Gaosongda Sanda Sura Viet Nam
Advantages and disadvantages of typhoon
In addition to bringing serious disasters such as storms to the landing areas, typhoons also have certain benefits. Judging from the typhoon structure, such a behemoth must have unique conditions. First of all, there must be a vast atmosphere with high temperature and high humidity. The temperature and humidity of the bottom atmosphere on the tropical ocean surface are mainly determined by the sea surface temperature, and typhoons can only form on the warm ocean surface where the sea surface temperature is higher than 26℃-27℃ and the sea surface temperature is higher than 26℃-27℃ within 60 meters. Second, there should be an initial disturbance that the lower atmosphere converges to the center and the upper atmosphere spreads outward. Moreover, the divergence of the upper layer must exceed the convergence of the lower layer in order to maintain enough updraft and continuously strengthen the disturbance of the lower layer; Third, the vertical wind speed cannot be too different, and the relative motion between the upper and lower air is very small, so that the latent heat released by water vapor condensation in the initial disturbance can be stored in the air column in the typhoon eye area, forming and strengthening the typhoon warm center structure; Fourth, there must be enough geostrophic deflection, and the earth's rotation is conducive to the formation of cyclonic vortices. The geostrophic deflection force is close to zero near the equator and increases at the north and south poles. The typhoon occurred on the ocean surface about 5 latitudes from the equator. According to statistics, the typhoon rainfall in Southeast Asian countries, including China and the United States, accounts for more than 1/4 of the total rainfall in these areas, so without typhoons, the agricultural difficulties in these countries would be unimaginable; In addition, typhoons play an important role in regulating the earth's heat and maintaining the heat balance. As we all know, tropical areas receive the most solar radiation heat, so the climate is also the hottest, while cold areas are just the opposite. Due to the activity of typhoon, the heat in tropical areas is dispersed to high latitudes, which compensates the heat in cold areas. If there is no typhoon, the climate in tropical areas will get hotter and hotter, while in cold areas it will get colder and colder, and the temperate zone on the natural earth will no longer exist, and many animals and plants will become extinct because it is difficult to adapt. This will be a very terrible scene.
"I named the typhoon."
On March 23rd, 2006, China Meteorological Bureau started the naming activity of "I named typhoon". This activity has been widely concerned and actively participated by people from all walks of life. About 65,438+07,303 people participated in the first phase of signature activities through the Internet, SMS, telephone and letters.
On the morning of April 30th, a jury composed of nine experts and scholars, including Academician Ding of China Academy of Engineering, Deputy Director of China Meteorological Bureau, Deputy Director of Science Department of China Association for Science and Technology, Deputy Director of Education Department of People's Daily, Researcher of Urban Development and Environment Research Center of China Academy of Social Sciences, President and Editor-in-Chief Li Shuanke of chinese national geography Magazine, Deputy Editor-in-Chief of People's Literature, famous critic, Associate Professor of Modern Literature in Chinese Department of Peking University, writer Kong and Deputy Editor-in-Chief of Sohu News Center collected information.
On May 1- 10, the public voted for 50 names through internet, SMS, telephone and email, and selected the top 20 typhoon names.
Names of the top 20 typhoons selected by public voting on May 10 (in order of votes):
1 Nezha 2 Chang 'e 3 Swift 4 Kirin 5 Bailing 6 Wu Tong 7 Bailing 8 Kunpeng 9 Tianma 10 Jellyfish
1 1 anemone 12 chanjuan 13 Li Kui jy 14 epiphyllum 15 starfish 16 flasher 17 narcissus 18.
As of 0: 00 on May 10, * * 2,909 people voted 50 to 20 in the first round of voting.
From May 1 1, the activity entered the voting stage from 20 to 10. The round of "20 in 10" ended at 0: 00 on May 20th.
Chinese friends all over the country and around the world are welcome to continue to pay attention to this event and actively participate in voting to select five typhoon names, so as to finally submit them to the 39th session of the Typhoon Committee of the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP)/ World Meteorological Organization (WMO) to determine the final names.
tornado
Tornado is a kind of vortex: the air rotates rapidly around the axis of tornado and is attracted by the extremely low air pressure in the center of tornado. In the thin layer of air tens of meters thick near the ground, the airflow is sucked into the bottom of the vortex from all directions. Then it becomes a vortex around the axis. The wind in a tornado is always cyclonic, and the air pressure in its center can be 10% lower than that around it.
Tornadoes are the product of thunderstorms in the clouds. Specifically, a tornado is a form in which a small part of the huge energy of a thunderstorm is released in a small area. The formation of tornadoes can be divided into four stages:
(1) The instability of the atmosphere produces a strong updraft, which is further strengthened due to the influence of the maximum transit airflow in the rapids.
(2) Due to the interaction with the wind with shear speed and direction in the vertical direction, the updraft starts to rotate in the middle of the troposphere, forming a mesoscale cyclone.
(3) With the development and upward extension of mesoscale cyclone to the ground, it becomes thinner and stronger. At the same time, a small area to strengthen cooperation, that is, the primary tornado is formed inside the cyclone, and the same process of producing the cyclone forms the tornado core.
(4) The rotation in the tornado core is different from that in the cyclone, and its intensity is enough to make the tornado extend to the ground. When the developing vortex reaches the ground, the ground air pressure drops sharply and the ground wind speed rises sharply, forming a tornado.
1. Characteristics of tornadoes
Tornadoes often occur in thunderstorm weather in summer, especially in the afternoon to evening. The attack range is small, and the diameter of tornadoes is generally between ten meters and several hundred meters. The survival time of tornadoes is generally only a few minutes, and the longest is no more than a few hours. The wind is particularly strong, and the wind speed near the center can reach 100-200m/s, which is extremely destructive. Where tornadoes pass, trees are often pulled up, vehicles are overturned, buildings are destroyed, and sometimes people are sucked away, which is very harmful.
2. Preventive measures for tornadoes
(1) At home, be sure to stay away from doors, windows and external walls of houses and hide in the wall or small room opposite the tornado. The safest place to avoid a tornado is the basement or semi-basement.
(2) In case of emergency such as pole collapse and house collapse, the power supply should be cut off in time to prevent electric shock or fire.
(3) When there is a tornado outside the venue, you should look for low-lying land nearby, but stay away from trees and telephone poles to avoid being smashed, crushed and electrocuted.
(4) When the car encounters a tornado when going out, you must not drive to avoid it, nor do you avoid it in the car, because the car has almost no defense ability against tornadoes. You should leave the car immediately and avoid it in a low-lying place.
1On May 27th, 999, four counties in central Texas, including Austin, the capital, were hit by a huge tornado, killing at least 32 people and injuring dozens. It is reported that in jarrell, 40 miles north of Austin, more than 50 houses collapsed and more than 30 people were killed in the tornado. The damaged area is 1 mile long and 200 yards wide. This is another tornado area in the United States after Miami was hit by a tornado on May 3, 65438.
Generally speaking, a tornado is a whirlwind. When it touches the ground, its diameter ranges from several meters to 1 km, with an average of several hundred meters. Tornadoes range from a few meters to dozens of kilometers, and things are robbed everywhere. The funnel-shaped center of tornado is composed of inhaled dust and condensed water vapor, which is a visible "dragon mouth". On the ocean, especially in the tropics, similar scenes are called sea tornadoes.
Most tornadoes rotate counterclockwise in the northern hemisphere and clockwise in the southern hemisphere, with some exceptions. The exact mechanism of tornado formation is still under study, and it is generally believed to be related to the violent activities of the atmosphere.
Since19th century, the accuracy of weather forecast has been greatly improved, and various disasters and storms such as tornadoes and hurricanes can be detected by weather radar.
1995 In a tornado in Admore, Oklahoma, USA, heavy objects such as roofs were blown dozens of miles away. Most of the debris falls on the left side of the tornado passage, and there are often obvious landing areas according to the weight. Lighter debris may fly more than 300 kilometers before landing.
The tornado struck suddenly and violently, and the wind force produced was the strongest on the ground. In the United States, the number of deaths caused by tornadoes is second only to lightning every year. Its damage to buildings is also quite serious, often devastating.
Under the attack of a strong tornado, the roof of the house will fly like a glider. Once the roof is swept away, the rest of the house will collapse. Therefore, if we can strengthen the stability of the roof when building houses, it will help to prevent the tornado from causing huge losses when crossing the border.
Tornadoes are usually extremely fast, and it is not surprising that the wind speed is 100 meters per second, even reaching more than 175 meters per second, which is five or six times larger than the typhoon 12. The range of wind is very small, generally the diameter is only 25~ 100 meters, and only in rare cases can the diameter reach more than one kilometer; It takes only a few minutes from occurrence to disappearance, at most a few hours.
Tornadoes are also very powerful. On September 24th, 1956, a tornado appeared in Shanghai. It easily lifted a large oil storage barrel weighing 220,000 Jin to the altitude of15m, and then threw it away from120m.
Tornadoes, also known as cyclones in America, are common natural phenomena. Cyclones are often more destructive than earthquakes.
1879 at 4 pm on may 30, two dark and thick clouds were merging over northern Kansas. After 15 minutes, a vortex was generated at the lower end of the cloud. The vortex has grown rapidly and become a huge pillar of indomitable spirit. Within three hours, it ran wild all over the state like a dragon, and no one was spared wherever it went. However, the strangest thing happened at the beginning, when the tornado whirled across a small river and met a cliff. Obviously, it is impossible to surpass this obstacle, so the vortex turns to the west, and there happens to be a newly built 75-meter-long railway bridge over there. The tornado vortex actually pulled it down from the stone pier, twisted it a few times, and then threw it into the water.
The attack skill used by the magician in the online game Miracle requires magic power: 180 basic attack power: 40 magic cost: 60.
Tornadoes have long been a mystery, and it is for this reason that it is necessary to understand them. The tornado struck suddenly and violently, and the wind force produced was the strongest on the ground. Because of its suddenness and dispersion, it is difficult to observe it effectively.
What is a tornado?
Tornado is a kind of vortex: the air rotates rapidly around the axis of tornado and is attracted by the extremely low air pressure in the center of tornado. In the thin layer of air tens of meters thick near the ground, the airflow is sucked into the bottom of the vortex from all directions. Then it becomes a vortex around the axis. The wind in a tornado is always cyclonic, and the air pressure in its center can be 10% lower than that around it.
Tornado formation
Tornadoes are the product of thunderstorms in the clouds. Specifically, a tornado is a form in which a small part of the huge energy of a thunderstorm is released in a small area. The formation of tornadoes can be divided into four stages:
(1) The instability of the atmosphere produces a strong updraft, which is further strengthened due to the influence of the maximum transit airflow in the rapids.
(2) Due to the interaction with the wind with shear speed and direction in the vertical direction, the updraft starts to rotate in the middle of the troposphere, forming a mesoscale cyclone.
(3) With the development and upward extension of mesoscale cyclone to the ground, it becomes thinner and stronger. At the same time, a small area to strengthen cooperation, that is, the primary tornado is formed inside the cyclone, and the same process of producing the cyclone forms the tornado core.
(4) The rotation in the tornado core is different from that in the cyclone, and its intensity is enough to make the tornado extend to the ground. When the developing vortex reaches the ground, the ground air pressure drops sharply and the ground wind speed rises sharply, forming a tornado.
Tornado detection
What is the wind speed of a tornado? No one really knows, because the time from the occurrence to the dissipation of tornadoes is very short and the area of action is very small, so that the existing detection instruments are not sensitive enough to accurately observe tornadoes. Relatively speaking, Doppler radar is an effective and commonly used observation instrument. Doppler radar aims at the microwave beam emitted by the tornado, and the microwave signal is reflected by the debris and raindrops in the tornado and then received by the radar. If the tornado is far away from the radar, the frequency of the reflected microwave signal will move to the low frequency direction; On the contrary, if the tornado gets closer and closer to the radar, the reflected signal will move to the high frequency direction. This phenomenon is called Doppler frequency shift. After receiving the signal, the radar operator can calculate the speed and moving direction of the tornado by analyzing the frequency shift data.
The harm of tornado
1995 In a tornado in Admore, Oklahoma, USA, heavy objects such as roofs were blown dozens of miles away. Most of the debris falls on the left side of the tornado passage, and there are often obvious landing areas according to the weight. Lighter debris may fly more than 300 kilometers before landing.
The tornado struck suddenly and violently, and the wind force produced was the strongest on the ground. In the United States, the number of deaths caused by tornadoes is second only to lightning every year. Its damage to buildings is also quite serious, often devastating.
Under the attack of a strong tornado, the roof of the house will fly like a glider. Once the roof is swept away, the rest of the house will collapse. Therefore, if we can strengthen the stability of the roof when building houses, it will help to prevent the tornado from causing huge losses when crossing the border.
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