Common knowledge about worship culture

1. What are the common sense of etiquette for New Year greetings during the Spring Festival?

New Year greetings are a traditional custom among Chinese people. It is a way for people to bid farewell to the old year, welcome the new year, and express their best wishes to each other. What we usually only know is that on the first day of the first lunar month, parents take the younger ones out to visit relatives, friends, and elders. Friends also wish each other a Happy New Year and congratulate each other with auspicious words. The younger ones must also kowtow and salute, which is called "New Year greeting". The hosts warmly entertained them with snacks, sweets, and red envelopes. In fact, there is a lot to learn about New Year greetings during the Spring Festival, and the cultural elements of the Spring Festival are a concentrated display of China’s excellent traditional culture.

Pay attention to the order when visiting relatives and friends:

Visit your family on the first day of the lunar month; visit your mother-in-law, uncle-in-law, father-in-law, etc. on the second and third day of the lunar month, until the 16th. This custom has been popular as early as the Song Dynasty. Meng Yuanlao of the Song Dynasty described the time in Bianjing in the Northern Song Dynasty in Volume 6 of "Tokyo Menghua Lu": "On October 1st, the Kaifeng Mansion was closed for three days, and the scholars and common people celebrated each other since early in the morning." During the Qing Dynasty, the New Year greeting etiquette included Sublimated. Gu Tieqing, a native of the Qing Dynasty, described in "Qing Jia Lu", "Men and women pay homage to their parents in order, and the master takes the lead in visiting relatives and friends of neighboring clans, or sending his children to congratulate them, which is called 'New Year greetings'. At the end of the year, Those who do not meet each other should also go to each other's door to worship each other at this time..." Generally speaking, it is enough for ordinary people to greet each other with their hands in the New Year.

First of all, pay homage to the elders in the family. On the morning of the first day of the Lunar New Year, after getting up, the younger generation must first pay New Year greetings to their elders. Of course, after the elders are worshiped, they will definitely distribute the "New Year's money" prepared in advance to the younger generations. What we cannot forget is to pay New Year greetings to our neighbors and elders. There is an old Chinese saying: Distant relatives are not as good as close neighbors. Therefore, paying New Year greetings to your neighbor's elders is second only to your own elders. Generally speaking, neighbor elders will also give "New Year's money".

The second is to visit relatives and pay New Year greetings. On the first or second day of the Lunar New Year, you must go to your father-in-law's or mother-in-law's house and bring gifts. After entering the door, you must first kowtow three times to the Buddha statue, the image of the ancestors, and the tablets, and then kneel down to the elders in turn.

Then came the courtesy New Year greetings. If you are wishing a friend a happy New Year, as soon as you enter the house, you should only kowtow to the Buddha statue three times. If you are the same generation as the host, you only need to bow your hands. If you are older than you, you should still take the initiative to kneel down. The host should get down from his seat and make a gesture of support, and continue to say Absence of courtesy shows humility. Under normal circumstances, it is not advisable to sit for long periods of time, and you must leave after you have finished speaking politely. After the host has been worshiped, he should also choose a day to return to worship.

There are many ways to pay New Year greetings. Sending text messages, sending greeting cards, ceremonial phone calls and telegrams are all new forms of New Year greetings. When sending a greeting card, also send your business card.

In ancient times, if there were too many relatives and friends in the neighborhood and it was difficult to visit them all, servants would be sent to bring business cards to pay New Year greetings, which was called "flying invitations." A red paper bag was posted in front of each house with the words " The two words "receive blessings" are used to inherit flying posts. This custom began in the upper class society of the Song Dynasty. The Qing Dynasty's "Yantai Yue Ling" describes the Beijing New Year: "It is the month of the month, and it has become fashionable to fly with pictures and empty carriages." Every house has a special door book to record the comings and goings of guests, and the door book has many first pages. There are four virtual relatives: one is the longevity old man, who lives in Baisui Fang Lane; the other is the wealthy Mr. Yu, who lives on Yuanbao Street; the other is the noble Mr. Wuji, who lives in the University Archway; the other is Mr. Fuzhaolin, who lives in Wufu building. In order to seek good fortune and seek luck. To this day, giving out New Year's cards and greeting cards during the Spring Festival is a legacy of the ancient tradition of sending flying messages to each other.

It was popular among ancient literati to send New Year diamonds to each other. New Year's greeting diamonds are today's New Year cards, which evolved from ancient business cards. According to research by Zhao Yi of the Qing Dynasty, there was no paper in the Western Han Dynasty, so bamboo and wood were cut into thorns, and the names and surnames were written on them, which was called "Mingthorn". Later, big red velvet thread was used to embroider the words "business card" on the brocade. After the Eastern Han Dynasty, paper was used instead of wood, which was called "famous paper". In the Six Dynasties, it was called "Ming" for short, and in the Tang Dynasty, it was called "Menzhuang". In the Song Dynasty, it was also called "hand thorn" and "door thorn".

Things to note when paying New Year greetings:

Pay attention to dressing neatly. Wear some good clothes appropriately to give people a festive aesthetic. Pay attention to the standardization of titles. The time for New Year greetings must be chosen appropriately. If necessary, you can report to the owner first to avoid running in vain. If you are not planning to eat, the best time is between 9 and 11 am.

1. It is best to wear new clothes, mainly in warm colors, preferably red, which not only adds to the celebration, but also has the traditional meaning of seeking good luck and avoiding evil. It is taboo to wear all black or all white.

2. While wearing new clothes, don’t forget to get a haircut. As the saying goes, “If you have money but don’t have money, shave your head to celebrate the New Year.” When paying New Year greetings, you must keep your hair clean and tidy.

3. Don’t visit too early to pay New Year greetings. The earlier the better when reciprocating courtesy. It is very important to ensure that others have rest and find an appropriate time to visit.

4. When celebrating the New Year at home, avoid saying unlucky words, such as death or illness. Do not exaggerate bad things, such as divorce, someone is sick, etc.

Be aware of the names of elders and peers you may encounter in advance to avoid embarrassing situations and making people feel impolite. The auspicious words should be said appropriately. There should be different congratulations for different people. When talking, you should choose topics that are pleasant to both parties. Don't get involved in sad and sad things. Don't talk eloquently, talk nonsense, or argue overly fiercely. You should express your true feelings and congratulations in a relaxed, pleasant, cordial and natural atmosphere. . Be civilized in your behavior and posture.

2. Common sense about ancient culture

3. Modesty and respect. Plagiarism: privately, privately.

Dare: offensively, presumptuously. Meng: Thank you.

Please: Please allow me, please let me. In vain: It’s a great job.

Favor: refers to the benefit given by the other party. Imperial Examination (the candidates admitted are called "Juren" and the first one is called "Jie Yuan") The National Examination (the candidates admitted are called "Gongsheng" and the first name is "Hui Yuan") The Palace Examination (the admitted candidates are called "Jinshi" ”, the first one is named “Number One Scholar”, the second one is named “Number Two”, and the third one is named “Third Flower”.

Worship: confer an official position. Except: remove the old position and take up a new one.

To be appointed. To be promoted.

To be transferred to an official position. To be removed from an official position.

To be removed from an official position. .

Relegated: Demoted and transferred.

Retired: ⑴. To cancel or reduce one's official position; ⑵ to resign: to abandon one's job.

To move to the left: to be transferred to a lower official position.

To promote: to be promoted. According to historical records, during the Western Zhou Dynasty, the Zhou Dynasty and its princes had ministers, divided into three levels: upper, middle and lower. > During the Warring States Period, many countries continued to use "Shangqing" as the highest official position at that time.

The theory of Jiuqing began in the Qin and Han Dynasties, referring to Taichang, Guangluxun, Weiwei, Tingwei and Taipu. There are nine official positions: Da Honglu, Zong Zheng, Da Sinong, and Shaofu. Specifically, Taichang is in charge of the ancestral temple sacrifices and rituals; Guang Luxun is in charge of the guards and escorts of the palace; Weiwei is in charge of the palace gate security. The servants are in charge of the emperor's carriages and horses; the tingwei is the highest judicial official, in charge of prisons, the trial of cases, etc.; Dahonglu, also called Dianke or Daxingling, is responsible for foreign affairs and national affairs; Zongzheng is responsible for managing the affairs of the royal family and clan ; Da Sinong, also known as Zhi Su Neishi or Da Nong Ling, was in charge of grain, taxation, taxes, levies, finance, etc.; Shaofu was in charge of taxes on mountains, seas, and ponds to support the emperor.

During the Northern Wei Dynasty, There was also a Shaoqing under the Zhengqing, which continued throughout the dynasties, and was not abolished until the end of the Qing Dynasty. The theory of the Three Dukes also started very early. In the Zhou Dynasty, Sima, Situ, and Sikong were the three Dukes, and in the Western Han Dynasty, the Prime Minister (Da Situ) and Taiwei (Da Wei) were the three Dukes. Sima) and Yushi Dafu (Da Sikong) were the Three Dukes.

In the Eastern Han Dynasty, the name changed, referring to Taiwei, Situ and Sima, and they were all responsible for the same. Military and political affairs.

3. ~Cultural common sense~

The Five Mountains are the product of the ancient worship of mountain gods, the concept of the five elements, and the emperor’s hunting and Zen. It was later inherited by Taoism and was regarded as They are famous Taoist mountains:

Dongyue Taishan (1532.7 meters), located in Tai'an City, Shandong Province

Xiyue Huashan (2154.9 meters), located in Huayin City, Shaanxi Province. >

Nanyue Hengshan (1300.2 meters) is located in Nanyue District, Hengyang City, Hunan Province.

Beiyue Hengshan (2016.1 meters) is located in Hunyuan County, Shanxi.

Zhongyue Songshan (1491.7 meters) is located in Dengfeng City, Henan Province.

Dongyue Mount Tai is truly the first of the Five Mountains. 72 emperors in the past dynasties of China have visited Mount Tai to enshrine themselves.

The majesty of Mount Tai in the east, the danger of Mount Hua in the west, the tranquility of Mount Heng in the north, the steepness of Mount Song in the middle, and the beauty of Mount Heng in the south have long been famous around the world.

People often say that when returning from the Five Mountains, one does not look at the mountains. There is also a saying that "Hengshan Mountain is like walking, Taishan Mountain is like sitting, Huashan Mountain is like standing up, Songshan Mountain is like lying down, and only Nanyue Mountain is like flying".

Kyushu has different versions of its state names in different eras. They are generally Jizhou, Yanzhou, Qingzhou, Xuzhou, Yangzhou, Jingzhou, Yuzhou, Liangzhou and Yongzhou in "Yu Gong". Later, there were twelve states, namely Bingzhou was separated from Jizhou, Yingzhou was separated from Qingzhou, and Liangzhou was separated from Yongzhou. Generally speaking, "Jiuzhou" refers to China. For example: Kyushu is angry and relies on wind and thunder, but it is sad that thousands of horses are silent.

("Miscellaneous Poems of Ji Hai")

Classmate, I will give you the website address, it is written very clearly~

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4. What are the common sense of ancient culture

Article source of cultural common sense in classical Chinese: Number of clicks provided by netizens: 441 Update time: 2008-7-6 16:14:29 1 , Imperial Examination System, Township Examination----------Hui Examination---------------Dian Examination Candidate-----------Gongshi--- ------------Jinshi Jieyuan-----------Huiyuan---------------Top Scholar (Second Place, Third Flower) 2 , Geography 1. China: Kyushu, Huaxia, Sihai, Shenzhou 2. Five mountains: Dongyue Taishan, Xiyue Huashan, Zhongyue Songshan, Beiyue Hengshan, Nanyue Hengshan 3. Yin and Yang: In ancient times, mountains south and water north were yang, mountains north and water south were yin 4 , Nanjing: Jiankang, Jinling 5, Yangzhou: Guangling 6, Suzhou: Gusu 7, Chengdu: Jinguancheng 3. Official appointment and dismissal: to confer an official position; except: to remove the old position and appoint a new one; confer: to confer an official position; Promote: promote; move: transfer, generally refers to promotion; move to the left: demote and transfer; dismiss: remove from office and suspend; exempt: remove from official position; depose: depose, demote; relegate: demote and transfer 4. Time Dan: Morning (Su ) Noon: (Sunday, Tingwu, Noon) Evening: Dusk: the first day of the lunar calendar: the fifteenth day of the lunar calendar: the sixteenth day of the lunar calendar: the last day of each month in the lunar calendar. Five, also known as 1. Wang Meng: Wang Wei, a landscape and pastoral poet Meng Haoran 2. Li Du: Li Bai, Du Fu, Xiao Li Du: Li Shangyin, Du Mu 3. Eight Great Masters of Tang and Song Dynasties: Han Yu, Liu Zongyuan, Su Xun, Su Che, Su Shi, Wang Anshi, Zeng Gong, Ouyang Xiu 4. Han Liu: Han Yu, Liu Zongyuan 5. Chu The Four Great Masters of the Tang Dynasty: Wang Bo, Yang Jiong, Lu Zhaolin, Luo Binwang 6. Su Xin: Su Shi, Xin Qiji 7. Confucius and Mencius: Confucius, Mencius 8. The world's three major short story writers: Maupassant, Chekhov, O. Henry 9. The four major cultural celebrities : Qu Yuan, Copernicus, Dante, Shakespeare 10. Three Cao: Cao Cao, Cao Zhi, Cao Pi 11. Three Su: Su Shi, Su Che, Su Xun 12. Su Huang: Su Shi, Huang Tingjian 13. The Four Great Masters of Yuan Opera: Guan Hanqing, Bai Pu, Zheng Guangzu, Ma Zhiyuan 14. Four literary masterpieces: "A Dream of Red Mansions", "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", "Water Margin" and "Journey to the West" 15. Four books: "The Great Learning", "The Doctrine of the Mean", "Mencius" and "The Analects" 16. Three Friends of Suihan: Pine, Bamboo and Plum 17. The Four Gentlemen among Flowers: Plum, Orchid, Bamboo and Chrysanthemum 18. The Four Treasures of the Study: Pen, Ink, Paper and Inkstone 19. ***: "Guo Feng" in "The Book of Songs" and "Li Sao" in "Chu Ci" 20. Yuefu Double Bibi: "Peacock Southeast" "Fly" "Mulan Poetry" 21. Three officials and three farewells: 6. Generation name 1. Student: Tao Li 2. Woman: heroine 3. Brothers: siblings 4. Poet: poet 5. Chrysanthemum: yellow flower 6. Rhododendron: Zigui 7. Hometown: Sang Zi 8. Country: Sheji 9. History: History 10. Civilian: Commoner 11. War: War 12. Music: Silk and Bamboo 13. Literary Talent: *** 14. Own Works: Humble Work 7. Character Nickname: Li Bai: Shi Xianqing Bai Juyi, the layman of Lotus: Su Shi, the layman of Xiangshan: Pusonglin, the layman of Dongpo: Mr. Liuquan, known in the world as Mr. Liaozhai Du Fu: The history of poetry, Tao Yuanming: Mr. Jingjie Ouyang Xiu: Drunkard Liuyi Li Qingzhao: layman Yi'an Lu You: Fang Weng Xin Qiji: Jia Xuan Mencius: Sub-holy names, characters, and titles. The ancients chose names when they were young and characters when they reached adulthood.

The names are all chosen by the father or elders. There is a meaningful connection between words and names.

The word is for the convenience of others to address you. Addressing your peers or elders by names shows politeness and respect.

A number, also called an alias or a symbol, is chosen by oneself to show a certain interest or express a certain emotion.

8. Standing at thirty and standing at forty without confusion. At fifty, he knows his destiny. At sixty, he matures and is crowned. Ninth, the year number records the year of the heavenly stems and the earthly branches. The tenth year. The naming method of the collection. Place of birth: "Liuhe East Collection". Study room: "Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio". Words: "The Complete Works of Li Taibai" Nickname: "Jia Xuan's Long and Short Sentences" Posthumous title: "Collected Works of Ouyang Wenzhong" Official Position: "Collection of Du Gongbu" Year Title: "Collection of Bai Shi Changqing" 11. Famous Characters and Events in Pangu The creation of the world, Nuwa refining stones to mend the sky, Jingwei holding stones to fill the sea, Fuxi inventing the Eight Diagrams, Kuafu chasing the sun twelve times, the monograph "The Book of Songs": the first collection of poems "The Book of Waters": the first book describing the river system Special book "Historical Records": the first biographical general history "The Analects" "Mencius" "Zuo Zhuan": the first chronological history book "Water Margin": the first novel reflecting the peasant uprising "Dream of Red Mansions": the greatest of ancient Chinese novels The realist work "The Scholars": the first full-length satirical novel "The Romance of the Three Kingdoms": the first chapter novel in the history of Chinese literature.

5.~Cultural common sense~

The Five Mountains are the product of a combination of the ancient worship of mountain gods, the concept of the Five Elements, and the emperor's hunting and enshrining Zen. It was later inherited by Taoism and is regarded as a famous Taoist mountain. , they are: Dongyue Taishan (1532.7 meters), located in Tai'an City, Shandong Province.

Xiyue Huashan (2154.9 meters) is located in Huayin City, Shaanxi Province. Nanyue Hengshan (1300.2 meters) is located in Nanyue District, Hengyang City, Hunan Province.

Beiyue Hengshan (2016.1 meters) is located in Hunyuan County, Shanxi.

Zhongyue Songshan (1491.7 meters) is located in Dengfeng City, Henan Province. Dongyue Mount Tai is truly the first of the Five Mountains. 72 emperors in the past dynasties of China have visited Mount Tai to enshrine themselves.

The majesty of Mount Tai in the east, the danger of Mount Hua in the west, the tranquility of Mount Heng in the north, the steepness of Mount Song in the middle, and the beauty of Mount Heng in the south have long been famous around the world. People often say that when returning from the Five Mountains, one does not look at the mountains. There is also a saying that "Hengshan Mountain is like walking, Taishan Mountain is like sitting, Huashan Mountain is like standing up, Songshan Mountain is like lying down, and only Nanyue Mountain is like flying".

Kyushu has different versions of its state names in different eras. They are generally Jizhou, Yanzhou, Qingzhou, Xuzhou, Yangzhou, Jingzhou, Yuzhou, Liangzhou and Yongzhou in "Yu Gong". Later, there were twelve states, namely Bingzhou was separated from Jizhou, Yingzhou was separated from Qingzhou, and Liangzhou was separated from Yongzhou.

Generally speaking, "Jiuzhou" refers to China. For example: Kyushu is angry and relies on wind and thunder, but it is sad that thousands of horses are silent.

("Miscellaneous Poems of Jihai") Classmate, I will give you the website address, it is written very clearly~/view/3668/view/3774#2.

6. Etiquette and customs of ancient cultural common sense

Three obediences and four virtues, three cardinal principles and five constant virtues

The moral standards that feudal society forced women to abide by were three obediences and four virtues. Three obediences: Obedience to the father before marriage, obedience to the husband when married, and obedience to the son after the death of the husband. The Four Virtues: Womanly virtue, Womanly speech, Womanly appearance, Womanly merit. The Three Cardinal Principles and the Five Constant Principles are the moral norms among people advocated in the feudal era of my country. The three cardinal principles refer to the king as the guide to the ministers, the father as the guide to the son, the husband as the guide to the wife, and the five constant principles as benevolence, righteousness, etiquette, wisdom, and trustworthiness.

Fengdian, Fengdian

Fengdian is an honorary ceremony given by the emperor in the feudal era to his ministers and their families with titles and titles. Fengchan is an ancient ceremony to offer sacrifices to heaven and earth. Generally, the emperor personally went to Mount Tai to hold the ceremony. He built an altar on Mount Tai to offer sacrifices to heaven and repay the emperor's merits, which was called "Feng".

Avoidance

Refers to when encountering the names of kings and elders with the same words, in order to avoid saying them directly, you will use homophones or missing characters to avoid them. The names of emperors and Confucius are taboo among everyone and are called public taboos. It is taboo to avoid family members and ancestors.

North, South, East

In ancient court halls, the monarch sat facing the south and the ministers bowed to the north. Therefore, the king was called the south and the ministers were called the north. For example, "When sitting in a room, the east direction is the most honorable, the south direction is the second, the north direction is the humble, and the west direction is the lowest."

Sitting, kneeling, squatting, and skipping

Sitting with your knees on the ground and your buttocks on your heels; kneeling when you straighten up is for urgent matters or to express apology or respect; kneeling up , ready to stand up, but the knees have not yet left the ground. This is a stance, also called long kneeling, which is a frightened and hunched up posture. The buttocks are on the ground with the legs straight, shaped like a dustpan, called Ji Chu, which expresses an arrogant attitude.

Wedding

When a woman gets married, it is called "gui", when she returns home to visit her relatives, it is called "guining", and when a woman is abandoned by her husband's family and returns to her mother's house, it is called "return". In ancient times, marriage had to go through six procedures called "six rites". During the wedding, the couple worshiped each other in a green cloth tent called Qinglu.

Funerals and sacrifices

The death of the emperor is called "beng", the death of princes is called "die", the death of officials is called "pawn", the death of soldiers is called "bulu", and the death of common people is called "bulu" "die". In ancient times, there were coffins and coffins (outer coffins) for funerals. The coffin containing the corpse is called "coffin", the placing of the dead person in the coffin for burial is called "encourage", the coffin is placed in the coffin is called "funeral", and the coffin buried in a hole is called "burial". In the funeral ceremony, certain regulations of mourning clothes are worn according to the relationship between relatives, including " There are five theories of mourning, including "Zhan Shei" and "Qi Ai". Mourning clothing is also collectively known as "绖绖". In ancient times, when the emperor worshiped his ancestors from the seventh generation, he would use three tilao for sacrifices; for the princes and five temples, one tailao would be used; for the officials and officials for three temples, they would use a few tilao. When going on a farewell tour, one should offer sacrifices to the road god, which is called "ancestor"; one should sprinkle wine on the ground, which is called "ancestor".

Worship

The ancients divided worship into nine types. The most important thing is "Ji Shou": kneeling on the ground with your head on the ground for a long time is the courtesy of a minister serving the king. Pause your head and knock your head to the ground. At the same time, your face should be abnormal and your speech should be mute. This is only used when asking for help in an emergency. "Supreme worship" is the lightest, just hand-over, similar to the current bow. "Bow again" means praying twice, which shows solemn etiquette and is sometimes used as a greeting.

Worshiping blood and provoking bells

When the ancients made an alliance, both parties would hold animal blood in their mouths or smear their mouths with blood to express their vows, which was called "blood-bearing". Important utensils such as bells and drums were made. Animals or people were killed as sacrifices, and their blood was smeared on the utensils to show respect, which was called "chao".