What are the ways to save yourself or prevent natural disasters?

1, what is a disaster?

Meteorological disasters refer to the direct or indirect losses caused by atmospheric movement and evolution to human life and property, national economy and national defense construction. Such as rainstorm, blizzard, hail, gale, lightning, high temperature and drought.

Among all kinds of natural disasters, meteorological disasters account for more than 70%. There are about 400 million people affected by major meteorological disasters every year in China, resulting in economic losses accounting for about 1%-3% of GDP.

2. What are the common meteorological disasters?

Generally speaking, Spring Festival travel rush is dominated by late spring cold and strong wind, with heavy rain, hail, thunderstorm, high temperature and drought in summer, frost and low temperature cold damage in autumn and cold wave and blizzard in winter. Some of them are inter-seasonal, and droughts may occur all year round.

Second, disaster countermeasures

3. What should I do in the face of meteorological disasters?

The working people in our country have accumulated a lot of experience in the long-term struggle against meteorological disasters, which can be summarized as the "nine-word policy".

One is learning. We should learn all kinds of meteorological disasters and risk avoidance knowledge.

The second is preparation. Prepare personal and family materials. It is recommended that families prepare ten disaster prevention items: clean water, food, commonly used drugs, umbrellas, flashlights, cold-proof supplies and daily necessities, radios, mobile phones, ropes, and appropriate cash. If you have a baby, you need to prepare baby products such as milk powder, bottles and diapers; There are old people, but also crutches, specific drugs and so on.

The third is listening. Listen to (watch) the disaster information released by meteorological departments at all levels in time through TV, radio, newspapers, "121"telephone, mobile phone short messages and other formal channels. Don't listen to rumors.

The fourth is inspection. Pay close attention to the changes in the surrounding environment. Once the abnormal phenomenon is found, report it to the relevant departments as soon as possible, and ask the professional departments to judge and provide countermeasures. Also, choose a safe place to avoid the disaster before the disaster.

The fifth one is broken. In disaster relief operations, we must first cut off the disaster sources that may cause secondary disasters, such as electricity, gas and water.

The sixth is resistance. Once a disaster happens, we should have a good attitude and face it calmly. Rural cadres should lead everyone to actively avoid risks and resist disasters.

The seventh is saving. Make use of some learned rescue knowledge to organize self-help and mutual rescue, such as self-help and mutual rescue when fleeing from floods and fires; Timely use the prepared drugs to rescue the wounded and sick; Pay special attention to health and epidemic prevention.

Eight is insurance. In addition to personal protection, actively participate in disaster prevention insurance, such as personal accident insurance and crop insurance. , reduce economic losses.

Nine is acting. According to the characteristics of local meteorological disasters, rural party branches and village committees should cooperate with relevant departments to formulate emergency plans for meteorological disasters, check the implementation of measures and organize disaster prevention drills before the arrival of meteorological disaster-prone seasons.

Third, early warning and alarm.

4. What meteorological disaster warning signals are specified by the meteorological department?

According to the Meteorological Law of People's Republic of China (PRC), China Meteorological Bureau issued Order 16 on June 2, 2007, which stipulated that meteorological disasters that issued early warning signals were classified into typhoon, rainstorm, blizzard, cold wave, gale, sandstorm, high temperature, drought, lightning, hail, frost and fog.

5. Identification and use of meteorological disaster warning signals

Early warning signals are generally divided into four levels according to the degree of harm, urgency and development trend that meteorological disasters may cause. Blue, yellow, orange and red respectively indicate that general, heavy, serious and particularly serious meteorological disasters will occur, and are marked in Chinese and English.

Grade IV (blue) A sudden meteorological disaster above Grade IV is expected, and the situation may expand as the event approaches. When such an early warning signal appears, be prepared for disaster prevention. Look at the example on the right.

Grade III (yellow) A serious meteorological disaster event (above Grade III) is expected to occur, and the event is approaching, and the situation tends to expand. When this early warning signal appears, actively implement disaster prevention measures. Look at the example on the right.

Grade II (orange) is the expected time of serious (above Grade II) sudden meteorological disasters, and the event is about to happen, and the situation is gradually expanding. When this kind of early warning signal appears, we should seriously prepare for starting the emergency rescue plan. Look at the example on the right.

Grade I (red) is expected to have a particularly serious sudden meteorological disaster (above Grade I), which may happen at any time and the situation is spreading. When this warning signal appears, be prepared to start the emergency rescue plan at any time. Look at the example on the right.

6. How to obtain meteorological disaster warning signals?

(1) Get early warning signals through TV, radio, newspapers, internet, short messages, etc., and get active dialing12196 12 1 or consult the local meteorological station.

(2) conditional villages should set up early warning signals and warning devices, such as warning signs, warning flags, warning lights, etc., for the masses to watch.

(3) In the season of frequent meteorological disasters, farmers' friends with Internet, especially rural cadres, should log on to meteorological websites at any time, such as China Weather Network and local rural economic information network. Once the warning signal of meteorological disaster is known, the villagers will be informed immediately by means of broadcasting speakers.

When you get the warning information, you should pay attention. If you see the warning signal above yellow, you should be highly vigilant and be prepared for various risks. Especially when you hear orange and red warning signal, I suggest you stay at home. If it is a dangerous building, you should leave quickly and temporarily move to a safe place, or wait for rescue and outdoor farming activities, especially on the water.

7. How to call the police?

In case of life-threatening meteorological disasters or other emergencies, you can call 1 10, 1 19 or 120 for help.

Note: These calls can only be made in an emergency. Remember not to make random calls at ordinary times.

8. How to send a distress signal in the wild?

In the wild, quickly report the disaster to the relevant departments by telephone or in the following ways and ask for help.

(1) Optical signal: During the day, with the help of sunlight, the mirror reflects intermittent optical signals in the direction of asking for help, such as a rescue plane in the air; At night, use a flashlight to continuously send out distress signals in the direction of distress.

(2) Sound for help: use methods such as shouting, whistling or knocking on the washbasin to send out sound for help signals to the surrounding area.

(3) Make the word "SOS": Make the word "SOS" or other distress words with stones, branches or clothes on the hillside. The bigger the letter, the better (SOS is an international distress symbol).

(4) Fireworks: Wet plants can be burned during the day to form thick smoke; At night, you can burn dry wood and give off flames.

(5) color help: wear colorful clothes and a bright hat; Or shake colorful objects, such as colorful flags and sticks wrapped in colorful cloth, to send a distress signal to the surrounding area.

Four, common meteorological disasters emergency essentials

torrential rain

9. What is a rainstorm?

According to the meteorological department of China, a rainstorm is called when the rainfall reaches or exceeds 50 mm in 24 hours. When the rainstorm comes, there are often dark clouds, lightning and thunder, and strong winds.

10, what preparations should be made before the rainstorm?

(1) Check whether the house is secure. If it is a dilapidated house, villagers in low-lying areas should evacuate in time.

(2) Check whether the facilities such as circuits and fire fighting are safe, and it is best to turn off the main power switch.

(3) Put away the valuables at home and put them upstairs or high.

(4) Suspend farming activities in the field, and outdoor personnel should immediately take refuge in safe places or caves.

(5) collect (cover) outdoor drying items in advance.

(6) Clean the drainage pipeline in time to keep the drainage unblocked.

(7) Pay special attention to the rainstorm at night, toppling dangerous houses and injuring people.

(8) When the car stalls in a low-lying place on rainy days, never wait in the car, get off and wait for rescue at a high place.

1 1. What about sudden flash floods?

(1) Be sure to keep calm and move to the mountain or higher place as soon as possible.

(2) Villagers in flash flood-prone areas should obey orders and leave the danger zone quickly.

(3) When flash floods break out, don't run along the spillway, but quickly flee to both sides.

(4) When flash floods break out, never wade across the river easily.

(5) If you are trapped in the mountains by flash floods, you should get in touch with the local area in time, or send a distress signal for rescue.

12, how to judge whether the debris flow has occurred?

(1) Look: the normal flow of the river (ditch) bed suddenly stops or the flood suddenly increases, and there are more firewood and trees, so it can be confirmed that debris flow has formed in the upper reaches of the river (ditch).

(2) Listen: sounds coming from deep valleys or deep ditches, such as the sound of trains or muffled thunder. Even if it is extremely weak, it can be concluded that debris flow is forming. In addition, the depth of the valley darkens with the roar or slight vibration, which also indicates that mudslides have occurred in the upper reaches of the valley.

13, what should I do if I suddenly encounter a mudslide in the mountainous area?

(1) When working in a ravine, in case of heavy rain or rainstorm, move to a high place quickly, and don't avoid or stay at a low-lying valley bottom or steep hillside.

(2) When the debris flow strikes, don't run upstream or downstream in the direction of the ditch, but climb the slopes on both sides.

(3) Do not cross in the debris flow.

(4) People who have evacuated from the danger zone before the debris flow, don't rush back to the ditch to get things after the rainstorm stops, but wait for a period of time.

(5) Get in touch with relevant departments as soon as possible, report your position and danger, and actively seek rescue.

(6) Farmers engaged in rural tourism in mountainous areas should try not to arrange tourists to visit the debris flow-prone areas in the debris flow-prone season (such as summer). If so, they should survey the terrain in advance, arrange the evacuation route and inform the tourists. When camping in the open air, you should choose the highland with flat terrain as the camp, and don't camp under the hillside or at the bottom of the valley with rolling stones and a lot of deposits.

14. What should I do if there is a landslide in the mountain area?

(1) Pay attention to the local weather forecast and don't enter the valley after heavy rain or rainy days.

(2) In rainy season, don't shelter from rain and walk in steep slopes and places where dangerous rocks are prominent, and you can't climb dangerous rocks.

(3) When driving in mountainous areas, don't panic when encountering landslides and landslides, and leave the slope section quickly.

(4) When the traffic jam is caused by landslide, you should obey the traffic command and accept the guidance in time.

snow disaster

What is a snowstorm?

Snow disaster, also known as white disaster, is a natural phenomenon caused by long-term heavy snowfall, and it is a meteorological disaster of animal husbandry that often occurs in pastoral areas of China.

16, what should I do in case of a snowstorm?

(1) Pay attention to cold and warmth, and the old, the weak, the sick and the disabled should not go out.

(2) Don't wear hard-soled or flat shoes when going out. The cyclist can deflate the tires appropriately.

(3) Close the doors and windows and fix the outdoor structure.

(4) Dangerous old houses will be evacuated quickly in case of snowstorm.

(5) Families using coal stoves for heating should prevent gas poisoning.

17, How to prevent poultry frostbite in winter

In winter, the peripheral parts such as tail, limbs, ears, breasts and scrotum of poultry raised in cold and humid environment for a long time often suffer from frostbite, especially the old, thin and weak poultry. The following measures should be taken: (1) Feed livestock with concentrated feed bodyguards. (2) Remove the urine and urine in the enclosure in time, change and dry the mattress frequently, and keep the room clean, clean and warm. (3) Prevent cold air from entering the barn.

Low temperature chilling injury

18, what is chilling injury?

The damage of relative low temperature above 0℃ to crops or livestock is called chilling injury.

19, How to prevent chilling injury in elderly and frail patients

(1) When the temperature drops suddenly, pay attention to add clothes to keep warm, especially the hands and face (nose and mouth).

(2) The elderly and infirm, especially those with cardiovascular diseases and asthma who are sensitive to temperature changes, should try not to go out.

(3) Pay attention to rest and don't be overtired.

(4) Beware of gas poisoning, especially those who use coal stoves for heating.

high-temperature

20. What is high temperature?

High temperature refers to the weather phenomenon that the daily maximum temperature reaches above 35℃ and reaches or exceeds 37℃.

2 1, what should I do in case of high temperature and heat wave?

Do a good job in heatstroke prevention and cooling measures when warning of high temperature weather.

(1) Try not to work in the hot sun. It is appropriate to arrange farm work in the morning and evening.

(2) When working in the field, you should wear straw hats and light-colored clothes, and there should be drinking water and heatstroke prevention drugs at the edge of the field. Don't be exposed to the sun for a long time. If you feel dizzy and uncomfortable, stop working immediately and rest in the shade.

(3) It is not advisable to sleep under a tree or in the open air, stay up late and get up early, and take a nap at noon.

(4) When you are sweating all over, don't take a bath with cold water immediately. You should dry your sweat first, take a rest and then take a bath with warm water.

(5) Pay attention to mosquito bites, avoid scalding with boiling water and oil, and prevent infection caused by high temperature and intensified bacterial reproduction.

(6) Don't eat food bitten by flies, drink less raw water and pay attention to food hygiene.

22. How do special people spend their summer safely?

For special people, in the case of high temperature, in addition to taking general preventive measures against high temperature heat waves, special attention should be paid to the following matters.

(1) If you feel unwell, seek medical advice immediately.

(2) It is best not to go out. If you must go out, be accompanied by your family.

(3) Don't enjoy the cool too much, and the room should be ventilated.

For infants and young children

(1) Avoid warm and thick clothes, and wear loose and breathable short clothes.

(2) Don't eat too many cold drinks. The food should be fresh and cooked. If you have indigestion, you should seek medical advice in time.

(3) The room should be ventilated, and it is best not to sleep on a mat.

(4) Take a bath every day to avoid prickly heat.

(5) Be careful of burns or bumps.

For pregnant women,

(1) The room should be ventilated, remember to cover it with a big cover, and it is best not to sleep on a mat.

(2) Take a bath frequently, change clothes frequently, and wear wide and breathable clothes.

(3) Don't be greedy for cold food.

drought

23. What is drought

Drought refers to an agricultural meteorological disaster in which crops wither or die because of long-term drought without rain or little rain, the available water in the soil is exhausted and the land cracks. In China, due to the uneven distribution of precipitation, drought occurs in some places every season.

24. What are the ways to fight drought?

There are two ways to fight drought, one is to increase water and the other is to keep water. Generally speaking, drought resistance can be achieved by means of new water conservancy, scientific irrigation, water conservation, afforestation, artificial precipitation enhancement and popularization of drought-tolerant varieties.

conventional process

(1) Improve the soil and cultivate it in time.

(2) Less tillage and no tillage.

(3) Water-saving irrigation, such as sprinkler irrigation and drip irrigation.

(4) Ground covering, such as covering film, straw, green manure, etc.

(5) Use chemical agents, such as water-retaining agent and anti-transpiration agent.

thunder and lightning

25, lightning is "tripterygium wilfordii Dian Mu" angry?

Lightning is a breakdown discharge phenomenon that occurs in thunderstorm clouds (cumulonimbus clouds), between clouds, between clouds and the ground, and between clouds and air. Don't believe in the superstition that "Lei Gong Dian Mu is angry", ask God to worship Buddha, and take timely defensive measures.

26. How to protect against lightning outdoors?

(1) Stop working immediately and quickly hide in the cave.

(2) Keep away from sharp and isolated objects such as trees, telephone poles and smoke windows. It is not suitable to enter isolated shacks, sentry boxes and other low-rise buildings. Absolutely stay away from wires.

(3) If you can't find a suitable lightning protection place, find a low-lying place to squat, put your feet together, put your hands on your knees, and bend forward. Pay special attention not to get together or hold hands.

(4) In the open field, it is not advisable to put metal tools such as hoes on your shoulders.

(5) Stop the water operation immediately and leave the water as soon as possible.

(6) It is not advisable to drive a motorcycle or ride a bicycle, and it is forbidden to rush when it thunders.

(7) In case of unfortunate lightning strike, colleagues should call the police for help in time and do rescue treatment for them at the same time.

27. How to prevent lightning stroke indoors?

(1) Be sure to take good care of doors and windows and try to stay away from doors and windows, balconies and external walls.

(2) Do not approach or touch any indoor metal pipes, including water pipes, heating pipes and gas pipes.

(3) It is best not to use any household appliances, including TV, computer, telephone, refrigerator, washing machine, microwave oven, etc. It is recommended to unplug all power supplies.

(4) Do not use solar water heaters to take a bath in thunderstorm weather.

(5) In case of lightning fire, cut off the power supply as soon as possible, do not splash water with electricity, use special fire extinguishers such as dry powder fire extinguishers to extinguish the fire, and dial "1 19" or "1/kloc-0" to call the police quickly.

28. How to estimate whether lightning has come?

While listening and watching the weather forecast carefully, you can also estimate whether lightning has arrived through your senses.

(1) Looking up at the sky: Thick dark clouds (cumulonimbus clouds) in the sky begin to accumulate, become bigger and darker, and thunderstorms may occur when the cloud top develops rapidly. At this time, we should try to hide in a safe place as soon as possible.

(2) Listening to noise: If you hear the harsh noise from the small radio, it means there may be a thunderstorm nearby.

(3) Estimated distance: The easiest way to judge when a thunderstorm will come is to judge the distance between your position and thunder by calculating the interval between seeing lightning and hearing thunder when you see a flash point. If the interval is long, lightning is far away from you, and vice versa.

hail

29. What is hail?

Hail is solid precipitation that falls from strong cumulonimbus clouds to the ground, ranging from a bean to an egg and a fist. It is a meteorological disaster mainly caused by smashing.

30. What should people do if there is hail weather?

(1) Close the doors and windows, and properly arrange outdoor items that are easily affected by hail.

(2) Do not go out at will, and ensure that the elderly and children stay at home.

(3) Students in rural kindergartens and schools should stay in the classroom and suspend outdoor activities.

(4) If you want to stop working in the wild, find a place to hide immediately.

(5) Outdoor personnel should not avoid hail under telephone poles and trees.

(6) You can put wooden boards or pots, baskets and other appliances on your head to prevent being hurt by hail.

(7) While preparing for hail suppression, we should also prepare for lightning protection.

3 1, what is artificial hail suppression?

Artificial hail suppression is a measure to prevent hail disaster from the source. By manual operation, the catalyst is added to the hail cloud, so that the eighth grade hail does not grow up, forcing it to "fall early" and "fall early", thus achieving the purpose of disaster reduction. At present, the commonly used method is to transport water to make the hail not long.

bitter cold

32. What is frost?

Frost refers to the white crystallization of objects near the ground or when the ground temperature drops below 0℃. Sometimes, when there is less water vapor in the air, there will be no crystallization (called black frost). In the growing season of crops, fruit trees and trees, when the ground temperature drops below 0℃, the phenomenon that plants are injured or withered and die due to the freezing of the distribution in plants is called frost.

33. What should people pay attention to when they encounter frost?

(1) Pay attention to adding clothes to keep warm, especially to prevent the old, the weak, the sick, the disabled and the young from frostbite.

(2) Old and weak patients should try not to go out.

(3) Take measures to keep warm and prevent slipping when going out, and be careful when riding a bike.

(4) Take anti-skid measures when driving and drive carefully.

(5) Beware of gas poisoning, especially for farmers who use coal stoves for heating.

Five, the scene emergency rescue essentials

34. What about heatstroke?

(1) Immediately carry the heatstroke victim to the shade, uncover his clothes, apply cold compress to his head or take a cold bath.

(2) Drink some light salt water or cool drinks, and you can take Ren Dan or ten drops of water.

(3) People with breathing difficulties should be given artificial respiration in time and sent to the hospital with an ice machine.

35, how to first aid lightning burns?

(1) If the clothes of the lightning victim catch fire, you can splash water on the injured person or wrap the injured person with a thick coat and blanket to put out the flame.

(2) For those who have stopped breathing and heartbeat, do artificial respiration first, and treat the burned area.

(3) Cool the wound with cold water, then cover the dressing, wrap it with clean cloth and transfer it to the hospital.

36, how to rescue lightning "suspended animation"

People who are injured by lightning often have cardiac arrest and respiratory arrest, which is actually a phenomenon of "suspended animation" caused by lightning. Don't believe in the superstition of "being struck by lightning", immediately organize on-site rescue, lay the injured person flat on the ground, give artificial respiration, and do cardiac compressions at the same time. Call the emergency center immediately, and the injured will be effectively treated and rescued by professionals. Mouth-to-mouth (nose) artificial respiration and chest compressions are commonly used methods.

Matters needing attention in cardiopulmonary resuscitation

(1) Hit the heart of the left nipple rhythmically in the chest, 2-3 times. If the pulse still does not recover, do mouth-to-mouth resuscitation for 4 times immediately.

(2) When a person performs cardiopulmonary resuscitation, he/she performs 15 cardiac compressions and then performs artificial respiration twice.

(3) When two people cooperate with cardiopulmonary resuscitation, first do four artificial breaths, then one person stops after five consecutive heart compressions, and the other person does/kloc-0 artificial breaths.

37. How to rescue drowning debris flow suffocation?

(1) After being involved in floods or mudslides, keep calm and find and catch floating objects as soon as possible.

(2) If rescuers can't swim, don't go into the water to save people. Life buoys and bamboo poles can be used to help drowning people on the shore.

(3) After rescuing suffocation, put it flat on the ground, immediately remove the water, mud and dirt from its mouth, and unbutton the button and neckline.

(4) Pick up the waist and abdomen of the wounded, make his back up, his head droop, pour water and spit out sludge.

(5) If the injured person stops breathing, artificial respiration should be carried out immediately. If the injured person's heart stops, chest compressions should be performed first.

(6) If the asphyxiated person is awake, hot drinks can be given.

(7) If there is any trauma, it should be stopped bleeding, bandaged and fixed.

(8) After the above treatment, immediately transfer to the first aid station or a nearby hospital.

38. What weather is prone to gas poisoning?

From early winter to early spring, the temperature is low, the daytime changes little, there is little wind or no wind, there is dense fog or continuous rainy days, especially when the temperature is reversed (that is, the temperature at the bottom is low and the temperature at the top is high), the overflow of carbon monoxide in the chimney is blocked and slowed down, and sometimes even flue gas backflow occurs. If the doors and windows are closed too tightly and the sealing of the coal stove is not strict, the chimney will leak and smoke poisoning will easily occur.

39, how to first aid gas poisoning in winter?

If people have symptoms of gas poisoning, don't worry. You can take the following first aid measures.

(1) Take the poisoned person to a ventilated place as soon as possible.

(2) Let the poisoned person rest quietly and keep warm.

(3) In case of unconscious severe poisoning, rescue should be carried out on the spot after notifying the emergency center, and external cardiac compression and artificial respiration should be carried out in time. If there is a foreign body in the mouth of the poisoned person, it should be taken out first.

(4) The poisoned person should be treated in hyperbaric oxygen chamber as soon as possible to reduce sequelae.

skill

(1) After discovering gas poisoning, be sure to keep warm to avoid freezing, and call for help quickly "120".

(2) Putting a basin of water on the stove can't prevent gas poisoning. The key is to install air barrels on doors and windows to keep the chimney clear.

(3) Gas poisoners must go through the examination and treatment of the hospital system before they can leave the hospital. It takes a year or two for gas poisoning patients to be completely cured.

40. How to give first aid to a broken bone?

(1) According to the history of trauma, the change of vital signs and the injured position, the injury judgment of fracture patients can be made simply and quickly.

(2) Initial resuscitation measures If the heartbeat and breathing of the wounded stop, cardiopulmonary resuscitation measures should be immediately implemented on the spot, and the wounded should be kept warm to ensure smooth respiratory tract. Avoid moving the wounded too much.

(3) Hemostasis and wound dressing Under normal circumstances, the bleeding can be stopped after compression and dressing, and the wound should be bandaged with a cleaner cloth as far as possible.

(4) When the injured limb is properly fixed, the affected part should be quickly fixed with splint. Fixing materials can be made from local materials, such as branches, branches, boards, etc. In the absence of external fixation materials, temporary self-fixation can also be carried out, such as binding the injured upper limb to the upper trunk, or binding and fixing the injured limb to the healthy limb.

(5) Quickly transfer to the nearest hospital. Victims of fracture must be properly fixed and sent to hospital. In the process of transportation, it should be closely observed and accompanied by medical personnel. Special attention should be paid to the treatment and posture of spinal fracture, and all actions should be cautious, safe and gentle.

4 1, how to deal with traumatic bleeding

(1) Finger pressing hemostasis On the side of the wound near the heart, find the beating blood vessels and press them tightly with your fingers. At the same time, we should be prepared to switch to other research methods.

(2) Pressure bandaging hemostasis method: Put a cushion made of sterilized gauze and cotton on the wound, and then bandage it hard. If the bleeding does not stop, in the case of massive bleeding, you should immediately find a doctor or send it to the hospital.

42. How to deal with frostbite?

(1) Let the injured leave the low temperature site and frozen items quickly, and move the patient indoors.

(2) If the clothes are frozen with the human body, take off the clothes after melting with warm water. Remember not to use hot water.

(3) Keep the frostbite area clean and apply frostbite cream. Never soak the frostbitten area with hot water or bake it with fire.

(4) Cover with clothes and blankets to keep warm.

(5) Seek medical attention as soon as possible.

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