China e-commerce technology and information network infrastructure.

At present, B2B e-commerce in China has maintained a good momentum of development by adhering to the national conditions and the prudent and pragmatic policy. However, we are also soberly aware that the environment for developing B2B e-commerce in China is still not perfect, and there is still a big gap compared with developed countries. The following will analyze the B2B e-commerce environment in China from four aspects: infrastructure, cultural and social differences, industry structure and enterprise policies. (1) Infrastructure The development of information infrastructure in countries around the world is extremely uneven. The information infrastructure in developed countries has reached a relatively perfect level, while the information infrastructure construction in developing countries is still in its infancy. At present, due to economic strength and technical reasons, China's infrastructure for developing e-commerce lags behind the West, but it has improved rapidly. 1, Internet Status: The Internet in the United States today may be the Internet in China tomorrow. Observing the current situation of Internet in the United States is of great significance for analyzing the development of Internet in China. In terms of Internet infrastructure, the installed capacity of netizens and PCs in China is lower than that in the United States, and the consumption level of netizens is also lower than that in the United States. Therefore, the overall application of Internet in China lags far behind that in the United States, and presents different characteristics. Table 1-3 1 environmental differences between China and the United States (2004) PC installed capacity as a percentage of population; Internet users account for 65438+98 million 71%65438+62 million 58% China 29 million 2% 59 million 5%; Although the number of netizens in China is soaring year by year. However, a recent survey shows that up to now, the main purpose of netizens in China is still to obtain information and entertainment, and these netizens account for more than 1%. In the China Internet Research Report in 2004, Morgan Stanley made a comparative analysis of the relative leading degree of Internet technology and services between China and the United States, Europe, Japan and South Korea. In its analysis, it can be clearly seen that compared with the United States, China is relatively ahead in SMS and online games technology/services; The United States is a leader in e-commerce, online advertising and broadband applications. Especially in e-commerce, China lags far behind the United States. At present, the Internet in China is similar to that in the United States three or four years ago. Although Internet enterprises in China have mastered the Internet applications of short messages and online games, thus successfully creating a unique Internet profit model, from the long-term and fundamental trends, online consumption and business will gradually become the mainstream forms like the real society. Today in the United States is tomorrow in China. Three years later, the leading role in China Internet market must be B2B e-commerce enterprises. 2. The degree of enterprise informatization B2B e-commerce model provides a virtual online trading platform. Enterprises entering online transactions must have certain qualifications, and this qualification is that there must be a qualified electronic production management system within the enterprise. And this system can seamlessly connect with external information flow, and realize the informationization of the whole process of production, procurement and sales of enterprises. Enterprise informatization is the requirement of the times and the foundation of national economic informatization. With the rapid development and popularization of modern information technology, the survival and competitive environment of enterprises has undergone fundamental changes, and informatization has become the best choice for enterprises to gain competitive advantage. China's enterprise information construction has a history of more than 20 years, and has made certain achievements. In the process of development, there are both successful experiences and failed lessons. Generally speaking, with the promotion of enterprise management system reform, informatization has a good development momentum, but compared with the major developed countries in the west, there is a big gap in the scale, level and level of enterprise informatization in China. As early as 1993, 24,000 enterprises in the United States used electronic data interchange (EDI). Subsequently, after several years of development, all large companies in the United States have realized office automation, and some multinational companies have also realized virtual offices. The informatization construction of American enterprises has entered a relatively advanced stage: 60% of small enterprises, 80% of medium-sized enterprises and more than 90% of large enterprises widely carry out e-commerce activities with the help of the Internet, among which B2B accounts for more than 80% of the total e-commerce. Take the American company SISCO as an example. Cisco is a provider of Internet equipment and application solutions, and is a very authentic "traditional enterprise". However, Cisco has successfully migrated its management and operations to the Internet. Cisco has established a virtual ordering system for all its products (routers, switches and other network interconnection devices), so only a few ready-made products are needed. Before the company established a virtual ordering system, the process of ordering a product was very complicated. Usually, engineers in customer companies need to know the product types and configurations that customers need first. Then, the engineer sends this information to the company's purchasing department, which sends the order to Cisco by phone or fax. Cisco's customer service administrator then enters the order into Cisco's system. Once the order is approved by the system, the production plan will be arranged within 24 hours. At present, 80% of Cisco's global orders are processed through the network. If you place an order in the traditional way, if there is a mistake, you will get it back and then deliver it. Not only will the cost of oneself and partners increase, but the satisfaction of users will also decrease. Orders placed through the Internet will be automatically checked when submitted to ensure that every order is correct. Partners and users can also track the order processing process on the network, so that the costs of both parties can be controlled and customer satisfaction can be improved. Cisco is an advocate and successful practitioner of e-commerce, and has benefited a lot from its application. Through the successful application of e-commerce, Cisco saves $800 million in operating costs every year and greatly improves customer satisfaction. It is precisely because of the successful application of e-commerce that Cisco has gained strong market competitiveness. In contrast, the overall level of enterprise informatization in China is still relatively low. In 2004, an authoritative organization investigated the informatization construction of more than 2,000 large domestic enterprises. The results show that only 65,438+00% of the enterprises surveyed have used ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning). According to the survey of information construction of 3000 large enterprises in Canada, only 3.7% of them have entered the mature stage. The main reasons for the slow informatization construction of Chinese enterprises are: some enterprises have insufficient understanding of the urgency and importance of informatization, insufficient necessary manpower, material resources and capital investment, weak supporting ability of information technology, high cost of informatization construction and imperfect relevant policies and regulations. Enterprises' ability to reuse information is not strong, and more enterprises are limited to the development of general management systems in the integration of internal management systems. However, there are not many typical enterprise cases that integrate various internal systems and implement comprehensive management based on ERP. Success is often something that can only be appreciated and cannot be imitated. It can't be said that copying Cisco's information and communication scheme will make it a "world advanced enterprise". Index, in order to develop the informatization construction of enterprises in China healthily, we should encourage enterprises to do what they can, and combine with the actual situation, not only with the national conditions of China, but also with the specific conditions of enterprises themselves. There is still a long way to go in the informatization construction of enterprises in China. 3. Logistics Distribution In recent years, the development of B2B e-commerce has expanded the sales scope of enterprises, changed the traditional sales methods of enterprises and the shopping methods of consumers, made home delivery and other logistics services inevitable, and promoted the rise of the logistics industry in China. However, at present, the development of China's logistics industry is still in the primary stage, and the logistics level is still difficult to meet the needs of B2B e-commerce. Compared with developed countries, China's logistics industry has the following five gaps: (1) high cost. According to the forecast of the World Bank, the proportion of logistics cost in GDP in China is about 16.7%, which is about twice as high as that in developed countries. (2) Slow turnover In 2000, the working capital turnover rate of China's industrial enterprises was 1.62 times, while the average turnover rate of Japanese manufacturing industry was 15 ~ 18 times, and some well-known multinational companies such as Wal-Mart and Carrefour reached 20~30 times. (3) The inventory is so large that by the end of 2000, the amount of funds deposited in China's inventory goods reached 4 trillion yuan, accounting for nearly 50% of the total GDP. At present, the ratio of commodity inventory to workers' GDP in the world is generally lower than 1% in developed countries and only 5% in developing countries. (4) Inefficiency According to experts' estimation, the idling rate of automobiles in China alone is as high as 37%, which is equivalent to 6.5438+0.5 million trucks idling back and forth. From production to consumers, opinion goods have to be handled, loaded, unloaded, stored and exposed for a long time. Therefore, China's annual material loss is about 300 billion yuan. (5) Traditional circulation officers still account for a considerable proportion. According to the data, the proportion of using third-party logistics enterprises in developed countries and regions such as the United States, Japan and Europe has reached 30%`70%, while in China's industrial enterprises, raw material logistics is handed over to third-party logistics, accounting for 18%, and sales logistics is only 16%. With the continuous development of third-party logistics, for example, Shanghai General Motors Company outsources all its logistics to third parties, while focusing on the design, production and manufacturing of automobiles. The third-party liquor-free company is responsible for the packaging conversion of thousands of parts, trying to skillfully transfer the company's parts according to the instructions issued by GM, and even setting up an office at GM's production site to solve the logistics problem, so that GM's logistics system can operate efficiently and orderly, and it can focus more on its core business. As we all know, logistics distribution is an important part of e-commerce. In the logistics distribution of B2B e-commerce, except for a few data products that can be directly transmitted through the network, most goods need to be distributed downwards. Without solving the distribution problem, it is impossible to form a complete commercial activity, and B2B e-commerce will be greatly discounted. To solve the logistics distribution problem in China, the government and society need to cooperate with you. Postal, telecommunications, highway, river transport, shipping, aviation and professional express delivery companies should break the blockade between regions and departments and build a multi-functional and all-round logistics distribution network. At the same time, enterprises engaged in B2B e-commerce should focus on studying the distribution system that adapts to their own business characteristics, and truly achieve fast and effective logistics distribution and realize low-cost distribution. (ii) Cultural and social differences 1. Cultural differences Because in B2B e-commerce transactions, buyers and sellers often can't meet directly, but rely on the certificate (CA) issued by the third party (authoritative party) to explain their identity to each other online. Both buyers and sellers are "back to back". China Leng prefers face-to-face communication and is willing to rely on long-term trust, family affection or historical business relations. This is often due to the lack of understanding of strangers' credit and the imperfect legal protection mechanism in China's traditional business environment. Therefore, relationships become a necessary condition for doing business. Especially for some big businesses, it is difficult to do without meeting, eating or giving gifts, and this set of business practices is also difficult to transplant to the Internet. The unique national culture of the United States, which is known from the Internet and commercial economy, provides good conditions for the rapid popularization of B2B e-commerce. The United States is cold and adventurous, and has a national character of constantly trying new opportunities. Therefore, they are often bound by various rules, dare to innovate and are willing to accept new things. Facing the infinite series brought by B2B e-commerce, they are not skeptical, but enthusiastically embrace this new opportunity. But does this mean that online B2B business is difficult to succeed in China? Not necessarily. Companies in China can be divided into two types: one is export companies with highly standardized products, and they often need to deal with foreign customers. In these transactions, relationship is not an important factor (many online sales are completed by auction, and companies mainly compete according to the price and quality of products that can be clearly defined in advance). The second category is to be a company oriented to China's local market, and you may not feel comfortable doing business with companies you have never met. This will hinder the development of B2B e-commerce, especially the establishment of public electronic market. In China, it is suggested to combine face-to-face relationship with efficient B2B e-commerce transactions. There is no reason to think that buyers and sellers do not need to spend too much energy to establish close personal relationships as long as they conduct online transactions; It is essential for both parties to understand the process before the transaction, such as establishing e-commerce connection between them, which will complement and develop the relationship between them more effectively. For example, in an electronic market dominated by buying houses or buyers, companies can establish network connections with their numbered business partners to strengthen their business ties. In the public electronic market, China enterprises may not value the relationship between the two parties, but pay more attention to the price and quality when trading products that ordinary commodities consume, such as popular industrial raw materials. For example, on the www.chemconnect.com Global Chemical Industry Products Trading Network, suppliers from China conduct online transactions with foreign buyers. 2, social differences The mother of B2B e-commerce in the United States is to let enterprises reduce costs, speed up circulation, and then increase profits for enterprises, which is consistent with B2B in China. However, due to the differences in social types between China and the United States, the development of B2B between China and the United States is doomed to be inconsistent. According to the report of Aberdeen Group, the price of American products includes 22.8% direct cost, 13.6% introduction cost, 210.7% personnel cost and 210.3% tax. 26% profit. According to its estimation, by using B2B mode, the direct cost of 15% and the indirect cost of 70% can be reduced. Specifically, if manual mode is used, the average processing cost of an order is $65,438+007, and if B2B is used to do something automatically, it only needs $30. In addition, by using B2B, the procurement cycle can be shortened by 50%~70%. Based on the above considerations, the adoption of B2B model in the United States can achieve the purpose of reducing costs. However, China's economic situation is different from that of the United States. The United States, as a typical "people are expensive and things are cheap" society, can reduce personnel through automatic processing, while the personnel cost in China is relatively low. It is certainly possible to use B2B mode to reduce costs and reduce general processing personnel, but it is necessary to increase more expensive professionals, and at the same time, it is necessary to maintain the cost of communication and equipment, which may not necessarily decrease, but may increase. Therefore, the development of B2B e-commerce in China should not blindly copy the United States, but should seek its own development path in combination with China's National Day. (III) Industry Structure The opportunities brought by e-commerce to different industries are very different, not only the order of penetration into each industry is different, but also the benefits obtained by each industry are different. Research shows that computer and communication equipment manufacturers are particularly suitable for adopting e-commerce. At the same time, in the next five years, five major industries, namely computer and communication equipment, food and beverage, automobiles and accessories, manufacturing equipment and raw materials, construction and real estate, will be the key industries in the future. Since B2B e-commerce in the United States started earlier than that in China, it has flourished in various industries. In contrast, China's industrial structure is mixed when conducting B2B online transactions: 1) Most enterprises in China belong to manufacturing industry, and their trading products are mostly direct commodities (raw materials), which are not easy to determine, and are often intermediate products of a certain business process, so it is difficult to transfer these products to online transactions. Therefore, the best products for online trading in China may be chemicals, rubber, textiles, shoes, leather and other products that can be easily identified in online trading catalogues. 2) China's tertiary industry is underdeveloped, and the seller-led B2B e-commerce websites established by tertiary industry enterprises such as airlines and banks have little development potential. It is difficult for them to benefit from e-commerce alone. Therefore, in these industries, the establishment of industry websites or the joint development of e-commerce by third parties can improve industry productivity and increase income. 3) Many domestic industries have problems such as low barriers and excessive competition, which will stimulate the development of e-commerce to some extent. For example, in the home appliance industry, the competition is fierce, and the brand wars of major companies are playing happily. In order to gain further commercial advantages, they will take all means to improve efficiency, including e-commerce. At present, all major power plants in China have touched the net and conducted B2B transactions. 4) Many industries in China have low market intensification, many intermediate links, low supply chain efficiency and high cost, which are manifested in extensive management. The biggest feature of e-commerce is that it can strengthen the extensive process. The outstanding problem of China's current economic development is that traditional industries are too extensive. The transaction cost in the industry is high. The implementation of B2B e-commerce can eliminate duplication of work, reduce ineffective middlemen and improve the operation efficiency of supply chain through electronic orders, automated transactions, collaborative inventory management and collaborative planning. But the problem is that B2B implementation needs to optimize the traditional unreasonable business processes in order to achieve further success, which will inevitably encounter obstacles (such as layoffs). Eliminating unreasonable processes in the past may touch some people's vested interests, thus slowing down the development of B2B. (IV) Enterprise Policy B2B e-commerce has always been favored by Chinese and foreign enterprises because of its excellent functional characteristics and inevitable temptation. However, the management of many enterprises in our country is in the stage of subjective and random experience management, which can not meet the requirements of market economy, which greatly affects the development of B2B in our country. The important performance is: 1, the scale of enterprises is not large, and almost all of them have formed the pattern of several large monopoly enterprises in various market segments in the United States. These enterprises are relatively large in scale, and all of them have realized a complete ERP system internally. Therefore, the core of B2B in the United States is not on the B on both sides, but on the to in the middle. The end result is that the ERP systems of both parties can interoperate directly through B2B. However, the general characteristics of small and medium-sized enterprises in China and the law of market development determine that no industry in the network can be monopolized, and the scale of enterprises using China is generally relatively small. What ERP system do most enterprises use? It is good to have a MIS (Management Information System). So far, the most popular management software in China enterprises is financial software, with a penetration rate of less than 50%. In this way, if China's B2B simply assumes that there is a perfect ERP system within the enterprise, then this B2B must not find a few users. 2. The business process of the enterprise is not standardized. The internal responsibilities of most enterprises in China are not clearly defined and their business processes are not standardized. However, in order to benefit from e-commerce, companies must automate certain processes and establish clear authorization procedures. For example, if a large manufacturer wants to purchase office supplies and computer equipment online, then: 1) In the west, a company like SAPOracle will install a purchasing software system for the company, which defines a series of "user characteristics". Each user can directly place an order online within a certain range without the approval of the boss, or get an electronic reply from the leader when the amount exceeds the authorized range, and then conduct online transactions. The successful implementation of the above system needs to clearly divide employees into specific categories and formulate clear procedures. 2) In many enterprises in China, people often resist this formally defined procedure, thinking that it lacks "humanity". It is for this reason that ERP projects are difficult to be successfully implemented in China, and the examples of e-commerce solution providers are not good. 3. Lack of information between enterprises * * * Only by sharing information about demand, decision-making and production with partners in the supply chain can enterprises obtain all the benefits of e-commerce. Dell is a good example. The company always keeps the supply chain information transparent: in every Cisco, its suppliers can know the order level and inventory in the company's production system, so they can deliver the right number of products to the company at the right time. B2B e-commerce operation in China is far from so complicated. Besides technical will, the deeper reason lies in the psychological state of China enterprises. They lack trust in business partners and are generally good at "going it alone" and not good at "effective alliances". This is mainly because the competition among enterprises in China is still in the primary stage, and the competition among enterprises is mostly limited to the contest of a single individual. In the future, the competition in China market will adapt to the increasingly demanding requirements of customers and upgrade to the competition among supply chains where enterprises are located, which will force enterprises to learn to enjoy the information in supply chain operation. Therefore, Chinese enterprises should quickly change their business philosophy and policies, and bring their business operations into the orbit of the Internet as soon as possible, so as to promote the rapid development of B2B e-commerce in China. The development prospect of B2B e-commerce in China Although B2B e-commerce in China is still in the initial stage of development, as one of the most important application modes of e-commerce, B2B e-commerce contains unlimited business opportunities and provides a broad development space for China enterprises. At present, the environment for developing B2B e-commerce in China (operating environment such as network infrastructure, market environment, information security, certification center construction, etc.). ) gradually improve, the national policies and regulations on e-commerce are improving day by day. Although there will be many uncertainties and risks in the process of developing B2B e-commerce in China, there is no doubt that the development of B2B market in China has started, and China has boarded the network express. The scenery ahead will be more and more splendid, and B2B e-commerce in China will surely create more glory. Conclusion and Prospect B2B e-commerce is in the initial stage in the West and China, and it still has great advantages and great development space, and opportunities and challenges coexist. However, we also clearly see that the development level of B2B e-commerce in China is still relatively low, and there is still a big gap compared with developed countries. Credit system, online payment and logistics network are still the three core bottlenecks restricting the development of e-commerce market in China. At present, the development of B2B e-commerce in China is still in the initial stage of information and product release, mainly to provide a multi-point to multi-point trade information exchange platform, due to the lack of a perfect online bank guarantee and delivery system and a perfect credit rating record and system. From June 5438 to October 2004 10, Maimai.com, who started to operate, made it clear at the first press conference that the B2B market in China had not developed to the point where everyone could share the cake, and the urgent task was to make the cake bigger together. Although the development of B2B e-commerce in China can learn from the beneficial experience of developed countries such as the United States, it may not be successful to copy the American model because the e-commerce environment in China is quite different from that in the United States. Therefore, the successful development of B2B e-commerce in China must draw a blueprint for future development according to its own characteristics. To develop a B2B business model with China characteristics, we can start from the following four aspects: 1) Large enterprises become pioneers in the development and application of e-commerce, first of all, realize the electronization of enterprise supply chain management, connect the last home (supplier) and the next home (seller) through the Internet, and establish an online procurement system. 2) Establish professional websites as the entry point of e-commerce and gradually realize online transactions. 3) Use e-commerce to explore the international market and realize global procurement and distribution. 4) SMEs develop B2B e-commerce through intermediary websites. At present, the growth environment of B2B e-commerce in China has basically taken shape, and a mature, fully guaranteed, coordinated development, virtuous circle and Chinese-style B2B e-commerce is ready to emerge!