The communication bureau called me and said that I had a mobile phone card to send fraudulent text messages, but I didn't. They also put me through to the police.

You obviously met a liar, so there is no unit called the communication bureau. There is also a basic common sense that if you were really suspected of fraud, the police would have come to you.

In addition, there is no fixed telephone starting with 0 137 in China. Mobile phones are even more impossible.

Naive people like you are rare. It's easy for swindlers to impersonate the public security bureau these days, or even impersonate the telephone number of the public security bureau.

Don't be afraid, at most, your identity information has been leaked by you.