The scenic history of Jingji Villa

At the southern foot of Panshan Mountain in Jixian County, it was the second largest royal palace garden outside Beijing in the Qing Dynasty after the Summer Resort. After many vicissitudes of life, although the villa has been destroyed, the ruins are still very complete, and there are detailed relevant documents and pictures handed down from generation to generation. It can be found from this that the management of Jingji Villa not only inherits many of the ideas of the Summer Resort, but also has unique characteristics. It is one of the royal garden masterpieces during the heyday of the Qing Dynasty, and can be called the "sister chapter" of the Summer Resort.

In the ninth year of Qianlong's reign, "it was ordered to build Jingji Villa in the Yang of the Mountains." The project lasted eleven years and was completed in the nineteenth year of Qianlong's reign, and was named "Jingji Villa".

After the villa was completed, Qianlong personally named the eight scenic spots inside and outside. The eight sceneries inside are: Jingji Villa, ancient clouds, layers of rocks and greenery, clear and empty jade world, the sound of pine trees blowing, the round mirror always shining, the hibiscus on all sides, and the remains of Zhenguan. The eight outer scenic spots are the scenic spots in the winding mountains outside the villa: Tiancheng Temple, Wansong Temple, Wujian Tai, Pangu Temple, Yunzhao Temple, Zigai Peak, Qianxiang Temple, and Pumice Boat. Together they are called the "Sixteen Scenes of Imperial Titles", and later six new scenes were added: Bantian Tower, Chishangju, Nonglexuan, Yuhua Room, Lengran Pavilion and Xiaoputuo. In addition, there are Leshan Study Room, Wanluo Thatched Cottage, surrounded by cloud mountains, looking extremely clear, and seeing thousands of miles away, with deep forests and smooth rocks, Yunlin Stone Chamber, Stone Forest Jingshe, Green Seed Pavilion, Zao Yunting Pavilion, Mo Qing Pavilion, and Stone Pavilion. Buddhist Hall, Canglang Pavilion, Thousand Feet of Snow, Cuishi Pavilion, Duoshan Pavilion, Fanghe Pavilion, Jinglan Pavilion, West Point View, Xiabiao Pavilion, Xinjingzhai, Zhongfang Pavilion, Qingjie Hall, Degaixuan, Duhua Pavilion etc. architecture and landscape. According to Yao Wenhan's "Mountain Picture" (now in the National Palace Museum, Taiwan), there are more than 100 landscapes in the villa.

In the 13th year of the Republic of China, in order to raise military pay, the warlord Hu Jingyi first cut down pine trees, then demolished houses, and finally sold land by acres in the name of selling off official property. The income was less than ten thousand gold. At the same time, the garden caretakers also scrambled to grab it, causing the royal garden that had been in operation for nearly two hundred years to disappear.

Although only the foundation of Jingji Villa remains, its humanistic background and cultural phenomena are extremely rich. From a historical perspective, Qianlong was an emperor, but he was also a scholar. Gardening and landscaping are a physical manifestation of the ancient literati's attachment to mountains and rivers. They built gardens for the abbot and borrowed scenery from the small rooms. But none of them had the economic strength of Qianlong, a literary emperor. Qianlong's large-scale gardening during his reign not only showed his inherent literary feelings, but also showed his respect for Han cultural traditions as a Manchu emperor. respect. Therefore, Jingji Villa is an important example for us to study the history and culture of the Qing Dynasty.

From a development perspective, the important role of Jingji Villa in the development of Panshan cannot be ignored. It is not only a cultural heritage, but also the largest capital for the sustainable development of Panshan. Therefore, the protection of the villa should also be put on the important agenda. However, the situation of protecting the villa is still grim:

First of all, the construction of buildings, halls, halls and offices destroyed the original landscape layout of the villa. The municipal sanatorium occupies the grand palace gate of the villa and "Jingji Villa", one of the eight scenic spots. The fiscal sanatorium occupies the small palace gate of the villa and part of Nonglexuan. In recent years, the Invalids Sanatorium within the villa has also been undergoing extensive construction. In order to build a hotel building, part of Panshan Shihai (i.e. Little Rock City) was destroyed, and a very modern east wing building was built, which is extremely inconsistent with the natural landscape of Panshan. .

Secondly, the disorderly development of “farmhouses” has seriously damaged Panshan’s historical environment. With the rapid development of tourism in our county, "farmhouses" came into being. From a positive perspective, they are a new economic growth point for our county to increase farmers' income, but its side effects cannot be ignored; within the scope of Jingji Villa, there are There are more than 140 permanent residents, with more than 400 people. Currently, there are many businesses in "farmhouses" and picnic restaurants. As the business gradually grows, the scale becomes more and more impressive. Some farmers even use their own contracted fields to open up mountains and build buildings. The buildings not only severely damaged the historical environment of the villa, but also violated the country's current land policy.