Common knowledge of fire safety of market merchants

1. There is no fire protection knowledge and regulations that mall merchants should know.

Shopping malls and markets are generally referred to as various places and spaces that provide commercial activities for people's daily shopping behavior, including department stores that sell many kinds and varieties (mainly industrial products). Shopping malls selling civilian goods; Vegetables, meat, eggs, aquatic products and non-staple food markets; A (supermarket) business place open to customers, where goods can be directly selected and paid at the marked price; A joint venture shopping mall with various shops and stalls can also coexist with the business hall of department stores or attach catering, repair and other service industries.

Shopping malls and markets belong to public gathering places, which are characterized by dense personnel, large mobility, complex space composition, many electrical equipment, many combustibles and heavy fire load. A slight negligence in fire safety management may cause a fire, which may easily cause heavy casualties. Therefore, it is of great significance to do a good job in fire prevention and control in such places. According to the goal of improving the "four abilities" of social units in the national fire safety "firewall" project, this manual introduces and standardizes the contents of the "four abilities" construction, and briefly introduces some basic knowledge and skills of fire prevention, fire fighting and self-rescue and escape in shopping malls and markets, for the use and reference of social units in the "four abilities" construction of fire safety.

Note: The "four abilities" of fire safety refer to the ability to check and eliminate fire hazards, the ability to organize fire fighting, the ability to organize personnel to evacuate and escape, and the ability to conduct fire education and training. 1. Check the ability to eliminate fire hazards, and earnestly achieve "self-inspection of fire safety and self-elimination of fire hazards"; 2. Organize the ability to put out the initial fire, and earnestly "find the fire early and put out the small fire"; 3. Organize personnel to evacuate and escape, and earnestly "escape from the fire and help yourself, and guide personnel to evacuate"; 4. Ability of fire prevention publicity, education and training, and earnestly "identify fire prevention facilities and popularize fire prevention knowledge".

Article 1 The application of "four abilities" in the fire safety construction of shopping malls and markets. Check the ability to eliminate fire hazards. Shopping malls and markets organize fire inspections at least once a month, and built-in departments and teams organize fire inspections once a week; The fire protection personnel of the unit shall conduct fire inspection every day, and the fire inspection during business hours shall be conducted at least once every two hours. After the business is over, the kitchen area and cooked food processing area should inspect the business premises to find and eliminate fire hazards in time.

The key points of fire inspection are: 1, whether the evacuation passages, fire exits and fire truck passages of shopping malls and markets are unblocked and whether the fire prevention spacing is occupied; Whether the normally closed fire door is kept in a normally closed state, and whether the door closers and sequencers are kept intact; Whether items are stacked under the fire shutter; Whether there are obstacles on the doors and windows that affect escape and fire fighting and rescue; Whether to maintain corresponding safe evacuation routes between market areas; Whether to set up stalls or put items on stairs, safety exits and evacuation passages; Whether the outdoor market is set up within 5 meters on both sides of the high-voltage line; Whether there are other fire safety violations that affect the use of evacuation routes and fire control facilities; 2, shopping malls, markets, safety evacuation signs, fire accident emergency lighting settings are correct, eye-catching, complete and easy to use; 3. Whether to formulate fire fighting and emergency evacuation plans for shopping malls and organize employees to conduct drills; Whether the employees have mastered the basic knowledge of fire prevention, fire fighting and evacuation; 4, shopping malls, market fire control room or duty room personnel are on the job; Whether the personnel in the fire control room are trained and certified; Whether the personnel in the fire control room insist on being on duty 24 hours a day, with no less than 2 people in each shift. Whether the fire fighting equipment operates normally, and whether all kinds of alarm facilities and communication equipment connected to the fire fighting control room are smooth and easy to use; Whether the duty record is complete and true; 5. Whether the fire water source is sufficient; Indoor and outdoor fire hydrants and water pump adapters are damaged, buried, blocked and occupied, which affects the use; 6. Fire fighting equipment is fully equipped and complete; Whether all kinds of fire extinguishing agents, materials and oil are complete and sufficient; 7. Whether inflammable and explosive articles are stored or operated in the market; 8, the market is in accordance with the provisions, establish and improve the volunteer fire brigade and equipped with special, * * fire prevention personnel; Whether the stall operators have received fire safety education and training.

9, all kinds of electrical wiring, equipment meets the requirements of fire prevention, with or without illegal use; Whether commercial lighting electricity is set separately from power and fire fighting; Whether the electrical circuits and equipment are installed, inspected and maintained by regular electricians; Whether welding or cutting is carried out without the approval of the competent market department; Whether to pull wires or overload electricity; 10, whether the safety management measures for key fire safety parts such as water pump room, power distribution room, fan room and elevator room are implemented; 1 1. Whether to smoke or use naked flames in stalls and yards in the market; Whether flammable and explosive liquids and gas cookers are used in the market without the approval of the competent department, and practical fire safety measures are taken; 12, whether the storage materials in the storage area such as the turnover warehouse of the shopping mall are placed on the floor or shelf above the indoor floor 10cm; Whether all lamps are equipped with explosion-proof lampshades; Whether the distance between the warehouse and the roof fire-fighting equipment and facilities is not less than 0.5m, whether the distance between the warehouse and the lamps is not less than 1 m, and whether fire warning signs such as no smoking are set. 13, whether there is smoking or fire in the mall; Whether the customer carries inflammable and explosive dangerous goods; 14. Whether the fuel and gas pipeline valves in the kitchen area and cooked food processing area of the shopping mall are damaged or leaked; Whether stoves, range hoods and flues are cleaned in time; After the business is over, whether the fire source and power supply are cut off and whether there is any residual fire.

Immediately rectify the fire hazards found in the inspection; If it cannot be rectified immediately, the Registration Form for Fire Hazard Rectification shall be filled in and reported to the competent person in time, and the fire safety manager or the person in charge of fire safety of the department shall organize the appraisal of the reported fire hazard. The person in charge of the centralized management functional department of fire safety work shall put forward rectification opinions and preventive measures one by one for the problems existing in the Registration Form for Fire Hazard Rectification.

The responsible person or manager of fire safety of the unit shall implement the responsible department, responsible person, rectification period and required funds. Second, the organization has the ability to put out the initial fire. There are many combustible materials in shopping malls and markets, which spread quickly after the fire.

Therefore,.

2. What problems should be paid attention to in the fire safety of bazaars?

The bazaar is one of the fire-prone places because of its large number of people, large mobility and many flammable items.

So, what fire safety issues should the market pay attention to? (1) The fire protection design of all newly built, expanded, rebuilt and interior decorated markets must conform to the provisions of the relevant national fire protection technical specifications and be reported to the local public security fire control supervision institution for review. After the completion of the project, it can only be used after it has been accepted by the public security fire control institutions.

Organizers and operators need to change the building pattern or the nature of use, and should report to the local public security fire control institutions for approval in advance. (2) The ceiling of the outdoor market shall be made of incombustible or flame retardant materials.

The open-air market shall not block the passage of fire engines and affect the use of public fire control facilities; Keep a safe distance of more than 50 meters from workshops, warehouses and flammable and combustible materials yards with Class A and Class B fire hazards. Outdoor markets are not allowed to set up stalls within five meters on both sides of high-voltage lines.

(3) The market should be divided into several areas according to the types of goods and fire risks, and corresponding safe evacuation routes should be maintained between the areas. (4) Fireworks and firecrackers and burning items are strictly prohibited in the bazaars.

Eye-catching fire signs should be set up in designated areas or areas where fireworks and firecrackers are strictly prohibited. (5) Electrical circuits and equipment in bazaars must meet the requirements of relevant national electrical design and installation specifications, and qualified construction units and qualified electricians are responsible for installation, inspection and maintenance.

Individuals are prohibited from erecting temporary lines. (6) The lighting power of bazaars should be set separately from the power and fire power.

Power switches and sockets in the market should be installed in closed distribution boxes. The distribution box shall be made of incombustible materials.

Outdoor markets should not be equipped with high-temperature lighting such as iodine tungsten lamp.

3. How to strengthen the fire safety work in the small commodity wholesale market?

I. Characteristics and fire risk of small commodity wholesale markets 1. Small commodity wholesale markets are generally located on the first and second floors of commercial and residential buildings or converted from old shopping malls, and some are even located in underground or semi-underground buildings. The fire protection design of buildings does not meet the requirements of current fire protection technical specifications.

More than 95% of them are converted from other buildings, most of which are equipped with atriums and escalators, which are connected at different levels. There is no fire separation measure, and the fire partition area is too large; In order to display small commodities and increase natural lighting, some owners removed a large number of firewalls and replaced them with ordinary transparent glass. Once a fire breaks out, it will easily lead to the rapid spread of the fire. 2. Flammable and explosive articles are concentrated, and the flow of people is large, which is easy to cause great economic losses and heavy casualties.

Most of the commodities in the small commodity wholesale market are classified and stored in various stores in batches, and there are many inflammable and explosive articles with various types. For example, there are a large number of tobacco, alcohol and non-staple foods and various edible oils in food; The washing area deals in cosmetics such as mousse and hair gel; The knitting area deals in a large number of garments and various textiles.

In addition, the small commodity wholesale market integrates small commodity sales and goods storage, which increases the fire fighting load. Once a fire breaks out, it is easy to form violent combustion, thus causing serious economic losses. 3, fire safety channel is not smooth, difficult to evacuate.

One is a narrow passage. In the small commodity wholesale market, commodity display racks and cabinets are generally placed vertically or horizontally and in groups. In order to make full use of space to store more goods, the interval between shelves and groups is narrow, and it is beyond the booth operation, which does not meet the requirements of the specification.

In other small commodity wholesale markets, in order to pursue the effect of placing goods, vertical groups and horizontal groups are interlaced, so it is quite difficult to evacuate people and logistics. Second, there are few safety exits and insufficient evacuation width.

There is a conflict between fire prevention and theft prevention in small commodity wholesale markets. For the purpose of anti-theft, many small commodity wholesale markets arrange the entrances and exits in the same direction, and the number is small, so only one person can pass in order, which does not meet the evacuation requirements. There are many factors that lead to fire.

All kinds of electrical equipment in the small commodity wholesale market are the main factors leading to the fire. For example, fluorescent lamps and ballasts are generally used as lighting decorative lights in small commodity wholesale markets. After long-term use, their surface temperature is high, which is easy to ignite nearby combustibles; The high-power air conditioners, refrigeration equipment and other electrical equipment used in the fresh and dried products area of this place have high power and long running time, which makes the electricity consumption in the small commodity wholesale market often overload and prone to fire danger; Many small commodity wholesale markets also have cupcake bakeries and snack bars. And often use some electric ovens, cooking boxes, toasters and other electrical appliances, which can easily lead to fire accidents if they are not well managed. In addition, some lawless elements often take small commodity wholesale markets as terrorist targets, set fires or make explosions in the markets, causing fire accidents and venting their dissatisfaction with society.

After the fire broke out, it had a great impact on the surrounding people. Small commodity wholesale markets are mostly located on the first, second and third floors of commercial and residential buildings. Improper fire separation, ventilation and smoke exhaust measures in small commodity wholesale markets can easily spread to residential buildings, posing a direct threat to residents' lives and property.

Second, the fire safety management of small commodity wholesale market is prone to problems 1. Early fires are not easy to find. Because there are many shelves and operating points in the wholesale market of small commodities, the shielding of commodities may affect the sensitivity of smoke detectors.

2. The evacuation distance exceeds the standard. If the shelves in different shops are inconsistent, the evacuation distance shall be calculated in a straight line during the audit.

After the business households entered, the straight line became a broken line. 3. The evacuation sign is not obvious.

According to the requirements of building codes, evacuation signs should be installed on the wall below the ground 1 m, and the installation spacing should not exceed 20 meters. In practice, it is likely to be blocked by goods.

4. The configuration of fire extinguishers does not match. First, the quantity is insufficient, second, the models are not matched, and third, the setting position is unscientific.

5. People have poor fire awareness. Because of the complexity and mobility of people in small commodity wholesale markets, they know little about basic fire protection knowledge, have not received systematic fire safety training, and personal bad habits such as smoking at will are likely to cause fire hazards.

Third, the fire prevention countermeasures of small commodity wholesale market 1, close the source, and eliminate congenital fire hazards. The fire department should strictly follow the requirements of the relevant national fire protection technical specifications when reviewing the design of the newly-built small commodity wholesale market building, so that the design of the small commodity wholesale market can meet the requirements of the national fire protection technical specifications in terms of building fire resistance rating, fire protection zoning, internal decoration, safe evacuation and fire protection facilities.

For the rebuilt small commodity wholesale market, the setting of safety exits and the safety of the surrounding people should be fully considered. For small commodity wholesale markets located downstairs in commercial and residential buildings, fire separation measures must be taken to prevent the fire from spreading from doors and windows to residential buildings. 2. Ensure that customers and safe evacuation passages occupy the rated area.

As a public gathering place, the small commodity wholesale market should fully consider the area required for customer flow. At present, there is no specification in China. According to the actual situation and foreign experience, the ratio of the area occupied by shelves and customers is generally not less than 1 ~ 1.5, and the minimum for smaller markets is not less than 1 ~ 1.

The public area occupied by customers shall be no less than 0.4 square meters per capita according to the average customer flow during peak hours, so as to prevent counters and commodities from occupying too many passages and affecting evacuation. 3, strictly control the fire partition.

According to the relevant requirements of the Code for Fire Protection Design of Buildings (hereinafter referred to as "Building Code") and the Code for Design of Commercial Buildings in Jiangsu Province (hereinafter referred to as "Commercial Code"), the maximum allowable building area of each floor of the shopping mall market is 2500 square meters. When the automatic sprinkler system is added, the area can be doubled.

Fire partition can be separated by fire shutter and should be linked with fire alarm system. When installing fire shutter in the aisle of the market, it should be lowered twice. After the first fire smoke detector receives the signal, the fire shutter should be lowered to1.8m above the ground, and after the second fire temperature detector receives the signal, the shutter will be lowered to the bottom.

If there is no fire shutter installed on the passage, it is only for fire separation, then the smoke detector will land on the ground once after receiving the signal. At the same time, manual start-stop buttons should be installed on both sides of the fire shutter.

For the atrium.

4. What requirements should the fire protection facilities in shopping malls and bazaars meet?

Fire control facilities in shopping malls include automatic fire alarm system, indoor and outdoor fire hydrant system, automatic sprinkler system, smoke control system, evacuation indication sign, emergency lighting, accident broadcast, fire doors, fire shutter, fire extinguishing equipment, etc.

(1) automatic fire alarm system. Does the building area of any floor of the mall exceed 3000m2 or the total building area exceeds 6000m? A multi-storey shopping mall with a building area of more than 500m? Underground, semi-underground shopping malls and first-class high-rise shopping malls should be equipped with automatic fire alarm systems.

The setting of automatic fire alarm system shall comply with Code for Design of Automatic Fire Alarm System (GB 50116-2013). Leakage fire alarm system should be set up in business hall and other places where people gather.

(2) Fire extinguishing facilities. Shopping malls should be equipped with indoor and outdoor fire hydrant systems, and should meet the requirements of relevant fire technical specifications.

Shopping malls with indoor fire hydrants should be equipped with fire hose coils. The building area exceeds 200m? Commercial service outlets should be equipped with fire hose reels or portable fire hoses.

Is there any floor with a building area exceeding 1500m? Or the total construction area exceeds 3000m? Multi-storey shopping mall with a construction area of more than 500m? Underground shopping malls and high-rise shopping malls should be equipped with automatic sprinkler systems. Shopping malls should be equipped with fire extinguishers according to Code for Design of Fire Extinguisher Configuration in Buildings (GB50M0—2005).

5. What are the fire safety knowledge of large supermarkets?

I. escape route 1. Can the safety exit escape normally? * Is the safety exit door (push rod lock on it) functioning normally, without hidden lock and bolt, easy to push open, giving an alarm sound and testing it at least once a month? * Is it possible to directly reach the safe area outside the store from the in-store safety exit? 2. Is the evacuation passage clear and free from potential safety hazards? * Are there any sundries, obstacles or water in the fire exits and evacuation stairwells? Can the emergency exit door be fully opened? * Are there no thresholds or steps within the emergency exit door 1.4m? * Are the evacuation doors in shopping malls horizontal doors, not sliding doors, rolling doors, hanging doors and revolving doors? 3. Is the evacuation passage wide enough and reasonable? * Is the clear width of the main evacuation walkway not less than 3.0m, and the clear width of other evacuation walkways leading to safety exits not less than 2.0m? (Note 1: When the building area of the first floor business area is less than 500m2, the clear width of the main evacuation walkway can be 2.0m, and that of other evacuation walkways can be1.5m; ; (Note 2: Clear width: If there is a stack head in the middle of the main channel, the "clear width" is the sum of the channel widths on both sides of the stack head. )

* Is the width of the rear compartment channel kept above 1m? * Does the safe evacuation of the business area not pass through the warehouse? When crossing is necessary, is an evacuation walkway set up and separated from the warehouse by a partition wall with a fire resistance of not less than 2.0h? Second, the emergency lighting and evacuation instructions 1, emergency lighting and evacuation instructions lighting is sufficient? Is the function normal? * Are shops, back warehouses, processing rooms, back offices, fire escape routes and evacuation stairs equipped with fire emergency lighting? Is the emergency light damaged? Is it charged (battery-powered emergency lighting only)? * Is there a visual continuous light storage type auxiliary evacuation indication sign on the ground of the evacuation walkway? Is it correct to point to the nearest safety exit? Is the auxiliary evacuation sign blocked or covered? Is the evacuation direction indicated by the auxiliary evacuation indication sign consistent with the direction indicated by the light evacuation indication sign above? * Is there a "safety exit" light sign above all safety exit doors? * After pressing the "test key" or disconnecting the municipal power supply, are all emergency lights, evacuation signs and "emergency exit" lights on? And all escape routes can be clearly distinguished? 2. Is the light evacuation sign installed correctly and not covered? * Is the light evacuation sign set 2.2m~3.0m above the evacuation walkway? Or, is it located below the height of the wall and cylinder at the corner of the evacuation walkway and at both sides of the intersection 1.0m from the ground? * Is the light evacuation sign not blocked by any posters, price tags, commodities, etc? * Does the light evacuation sign correctly point to the nearest safety exit? Is the light evacuation sign damaged? * Is the spacing of light evacuation signs not more than 20m? * Is the specification of the light evacuation indication sign not less than 0.85m*0.30m? (Note 1: When the building area of the first floor business area is less than 500m2, the specifications of evacuation signs should not be less than 0.65m*0.25m. (3) Does the fire broadcast system work normally? * Is there a pre-recorded evacuation in the fire broadcast system? * Suppose the Red Team confirms that the recording of the fire broadcast can be played correctly? If not, is there an announcer broadcasting the fire live through the microphone? * When the fire alarm rings, can you hear the fire broadcast clearly in the business hall? Four. Guidance training 1. Is there a detailed emergency evacuation plan? The plan should at least include: * When to evacuate? * Who? How to inform employees to evacuate customers? * Who is the evacuation guide for each shift and each exit? Where is a safe place outside the shopping mall? This website should not be threatened by burning buildings; Do not occupy the fire lane. )

* Is there an emergency evacuation plan specifically for employees with mobility difficulties/disabilities, and arrange special personnel to help these employees evacuate? * Does the emergency evacuation plan include renting counter personnel? 2. Do you conduct fire safety training and drills for store employees? * Do you organize centralized fire training for all employees in the mall at least once every six months, and keep training records? Have new employees, new promoters and rental counter employees received fire protection training? * Does the mall conduct a fire drill every quarter? Have employees who have worked for one year participated in at least one fire drill in the past year? 3. Spot check 10 employees/promoters/cleaners/lease counter employees. Do they know the following fire protection knowledge? Do you know how to use a fire extinguisher? Do you know that in case of fire, you should escape through the escape passage, and where is the nearest safety exit from your workplace? Which exit is impossible to escape (if any)? Do you know how to open the emergency exit door correctly? Do you know the exact safe place after prison break? 5. Are the fire-fighting equipment 1, fire blankets, fire hydrants and fire valves normal? * Is the kitchen and bakery frying room equipped with fire blankets? Have employees engaged in post speculation and post bombing received any training on how to keep people away from fire sources, how to prevent oil pans from catching fire, and how to use fire blankets? * Fire hydrant box equipment is complete? (Fire hydrant valve, hose, water gun) * Is the fire hydrant pump control cabinet set in automatic state? Can the fire hydrant pump run normally? * Is the fire pipeline valve not closed by mistake? Valve screws are rustless, rotate well, and keep lubricated by oiling? * Are all non-signal valves listed and locked? (Signal valve: a valve that will receive an alarm signal when the fire control center is closed. 2. Is the fire extinguisher in good condition? * Are fire extinguishers and hydrants checked monthly? Check whether the records are intact? * Whether the pressure pointer of the fire extinguisher is in the green * * * area, and whether the display is normal? * Is the fire extinguisher bottle free of rust and depression? Is the nozzle not missing? * Is the fire extinguisher no more than 5 years away from the factory date? 6. 1 and whether the storage of articles meets the fire protection requirements? * Whether goods are stored within 0.5m below the evaporator of automatic sprinkler, lamp and freezer, and whether the fan mouth is blocked? (Note: The overall level of goods should be below 0.5m of sprinkler, and all goods should be within the protection range of sprinkler; Instead of 0.5 meters below the nozzle and less than 0.5 meters around. )

* Is there any object within the range of 1.5m before the fire hydrant? Can the fire hydrant door open normally? * Is the manual alarm button not blocked and blocked by items? .

6. How does the person in charge of the market do a good job in fire safety?

The person in charge of the market shall strictly implement the responsibilities of the first person in charge of fire safety in the market and do a good job in fire safety as required: (1) Implement the responsibilities of fire safety in the market, formulate the fire safety system and fire safety operating rules of the unit, and formulate fire fighting and emergency evacuation plans; (two) in accordance with national standards and industry standards, the allocation of fire facilities and equipment, set up fire safety signs, and organize regular inspection and maintenance to ensure that it is in good condition and effective; (three) at least once a year to conduct a comprehensive inspection of building fire control facilities, to ensure that they are in good condition and effective, and the inspection records should be complete and accurate, and kept on file for future reference; (four) to ensure the smooth passage of evacuation routes, safety exits and fire engines, and to ensure that the fire prevention and smoke prevention zones and fire prevention intervals meet the technical standards for fire control; (five) the organization of fire inspection, timely elimination of fire hazards; (six) to organize targeted fire drills; (seven) the installation and use of electrical products and gas appliances, as well as the design, laying, maintenance and testing of lines and pipelines, must comply with the technical standards and management regulations for fire control; (eight) other fire safety duties as prescribed by laws, regulations and rules.

7. What are the contents of fire management in shopping malls?

A fire control center is set up in the shopping mall, directly led by the security department, responsible for the strict fire control supervision of the whole shopping mall, and has certain authority in fire control work.

Its main task is: to be responsible for the training of fire fighting business knowledge of employees in the whole shopping mall. Carry out fire prevention publicity and education.

Formulate various fire safety systems, urge all departments to implement fire safety measures, investigate and understand the reasons for violating fire regulations, put forward suggestions for solutions, and report the situation to the security department and the general manager. Responsible for checking the fire safety situation of all parts of the mall and all kinds of fire-fighting equipment, fire-fighting equipment, finding hidden dangers, and urging relevant departments to make rectification in time.

Responsible for reporting the daily fire situation in the mall and the weekly fire situation nearby to the security department in writing, and submitting it to the general manager. Responsible for the deployment of supplementary fire-fighting equipment, and carry out regular inspection, maintenance and repair of fire-fighting equipment in conjunction with relevant departments to eliminate fire-fighting equipment failures in time.

Responsible for 24-hour monitoring of main fire engines, closed-circuit television and fire alarm signals. In case of fire alarm, fire and other problems, report to the security department and the general manager, and propose solutions.

Be responsible for making fire prevention plans for key parts and organizing drills. Responsible for the safety supervision of hot parts in shopping malls.

Responsible for assisting in the declaration and approval procedures of fire control facilities for new and renovation projects in shopping malls. Responsible for the registration of personnel entering and leaving the mall, and supervise the fire safety during construction.

Assist in the fire safety and security work in important reception tasks. Manage fire fighting business files.