The red army's guide words for climbing snow-capped mountains and crossing grasslands are dirty, dirty and dirty.

The grassland crossed by the Red Army is mainly the Zoige area in northwest Sichuan. It is located in the northeast of Aba Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture, on the eastern edge of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, with an average elevation of more than 3,400 meters.

1In August, 935, the right-wing army led by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the Red Fourth Front Army Headquarters entered the grassland. The marching queue is divided into two roads, left and right, and advances in parallel. The left wing is the Red Army of Lin Biao, which goes first; Followed by the central leading organs, the Red Army University and so on. On the right are the Red Thirty Army and the Red Fourth Army led by Xu and Chen Changhao. Peng led the Red Army to the rear and took the left-wing marching route. Before entering the grassland, the Red Army tried every means to raise food. Hulled highland barley, ground into wheat grains, ground into flour and fried, becomes dry food fried noodles; Slaughter horses and yaks to make dried meat for consumption; To find and identify wild vegetables under the leadership of Tibetans for the needs of grassland; Also prepare soju, pepper or pepper juice to keep out the cold. Despite our best efforts, the food raised by the Red Army is still not enough for the whole army to eat. Each person can carry up to 8~ 10 kg of grain, generally 5~6 kg. The lack of food made the Red Army pay too much for its life when crossing the grassland.

The revolutionary ideal is higher than the sky. In order to catch the enemy by surprise and take the initiative, the Red Army made a long March across the grassland, which made it a "great miracle in Chinese and foreign military history". The difficulty of the Red Army crossing the grassland is unimaginable for future generations.

Traveling is difficult.

First of all, it's difficult. The endless grassland is full of aquatic plants, swamps and mires, and there is no road at all. People and horses must walk on the grass and jump from one grass to another.

There are three fears when crossing the grass: first, I am afraid that I will fall into a quagmire if I don't step on the grass. The mire is usually deep. If I struggle hard, I will sink deeper and deeper, and if I can't save it, I will be swallowed up by sludge; Mud water is not only inedible, but also soaked in broken legs and feet, which will be red, swollen and even festering; Second, fear of rain; Third, I'm afraid of crossing the river.

Huang Kecheng said in his memoirs: Once, the troops were wading across the river when it suddenly rained heavily. The river surged and the torrent rolled, and many people who were still in the river were washed away and swallowed up by the flood. In this way, countless Red Army soldiers died on the grassland.

Secondly, it is difficult to eat. The prepared highland barley fried noodles need to be boiled. Without water, thirst is terrible. When it rains, highland barley gets wet and becomes a knot in my heart. If you mix it with boiling water, it will become fine noodles if you are not hungry. There are still many comrades who have no time to grind flour before entering the grass and bring highland barley. This kind of highland barley can only be eaten one grain at a time. If you use less, just count one grain at a time, and try to save a day or two. Biting highland barley is not good, it is still difficult to digest. What if there is still such a long journey? Eat wild vegetables, grass roots and bark to satisfy hunger. Some wild vegetables and weeds are poisonous. If you eat lightly, you will vomit and diarrhea, and if you are poisoned, you will die. There were no edible wild vegetables, so I took off my belt, leather shoes and even fur vest, and a saddle and cooked it. Some soldiers are so hungry that they don't eat anything, so they look for undigested highland barley in other people's excrement, or pick it out by themselves, wash it and cook it in a teapot. Eating is like this, so is drinking. Some soldiers drank human urine and horse urine.

There is really no food, the endless grassland is deserted, and the soldiers have eaten everything they can.

Wild vegetables, grass, belts, and even skins, drums and drums on sandals. In the memory of the old Red Army, I chewed a belt that was hard to swallow in these ways:

The first one is cooking. Guo Caigao, an old Red Army soldier, remembers cutting the belt into strips with a knife, then cooking it until the top layer was soft and carefully scraping it off, which contained edible cowhide.

The second is to roast and eat. Li, the old Red Army, said that you can eat it when it becomes soft, but you can't bake it for a long time, or it will be wasted. After baking, bite into a small piece and chew; Chew a few times and drink water; I chewed it for a day before swallowing it, and I ate a belt for a month.

Third, cook first and then bake. Pu Guoen, the old Red Army, has a belt given by his comrades. In the most difficult time, he untied it, soaked it in boiling water, then buried it in the fire and cooked it with an immortal fire.

Fourth, bake first and then cook. First, heat it with fire. After baking, scrape off the black ash and put it in the pot. When it is soft, cut it into shreds and mix it with wild vegetable porridge. In fact, there are only a few ribbons floating in the cauldron, which are visible and can't be caught. ...

Besides belts and sandals, there are wild vegetables. Winter amaranth, horsetail grass, bitter herbs, gray vegetables, rhubarb leaves, wild celery ... all vegetables in your mouth.

Eat wild vegetables, then eat grass roots. When they found that grass roots can satisfy hunger, the soldiers immediately sent a message to the troops behind them-sweet!

There was pain and there was sweetness. At that time, the soldiers came across a cow skeleton in a depression, and even a few pieces of meat were stuck on it. Tian Rengan, the old Red Army, was overjoyed and moved it back to the camp for collective distribution: the meat was given to the female doll, most of the skeleton was given to the brothers, and only a small part was left for them to eat slowly.

The best is He Long. At that time, the wife of Xiao Ke, deputy commander of the Red Second Army, was going to give birth. He Long quietly made a hook with hemp rope and needle, so he threw it into the grass and caught a fish. His cousin He recalled: "Perhaps moved by the spirit of the Red Army, fish also contributed. He Long asked the cook to cook the fish soup and send it over. Later, Mrs. Xiao Ke successfully gave birth to a baby boy. Because she was born in a bunker built by the Red Army, He Long named the baby a bunker ... "

When malaria recurred, Red Army soldier Dai Tianfu entrusted the hygienist to bring Mao Zedong a paper bag containing a small piece of horse meat for the seriously ill. The hygienist said with tears: "When Comrade Dai Tianfu died, let me give this horse meat to Chairman Mao! He said that he had nothing to worry about, but hoped that the revolution would succeed. Please take care of yourself. I'll tell other comrades in the security class to take good care of you! " The seven-foot man is crying. ...

Many comrades did not fall on the battlefield, but silently died in the grass. With more and more deaths, people behind can find the marching route accurately without a guide.

Third, it is difficult to keep out the cold. Grassland weather changes three times a day, with great temperature difference. In the morning, the sun came out late and it was very cold; At noon, Wan Li is clear and the sun is like fire; In the afternoon, there are often sudden clouds, thunder and lightning, heavy rain and hail; At night, the temperature drops to about zero degrees Celsius, which makes people tremble. It's too cold, so some soldiers just drink some wine or bite some pepper to drive away the cold. But there was not enough wine and pepper, and it was gone after a few days.

Camping is still difficult. The grass is full of muddy ponds, so it's usually very sad at night. When marching at night, we often find a dry place to camp, such as mounds, rivers, highlands and so on. I really can't find it, so I have to sleep in the grass. Or lie down on the spot, or sit and take a nap, or sleep back to back for a while. Lesbians often snuggle together, which is warmer. It is a good condition to use a tarpaulin made of branches to shelter from the wind and rain. Sometimes it rains and winds at night, and the tarpaulin set up with branches can neither shelter from the rain nor keep out the cold, so the soldiers have to spend the night in the wind and rain.

Sleeping in the grass is also worried that you will fall or roll into deep mud and die after falling asleep. So sometimes several people take turns on duty to avoid misfortune. However, the night is too cold. When I got up early the next morning, I often saw some soldiers sleeping on the grass, even comrades who had a back-to-back rest with themselves.

Deng Yue, the 40th Army 1 18 division commander of the Volunteers who fired the first shot to resist US aggression and aid Korea, was a Hong Haier, in a daze. He dragged the ponytail of Chen Geng, the head of the cadre regiment, out of the grass. When sleeping out at night, the left-behind comrades rest back to back in groups of three or five. The next day, when the comrades of the shelter team went to call them, they pushed and shoved, and their bodies were completely cold and stiff. They left this world in this sleeping position. Especially in the last two days after walking out of the grass, there were piles of people sleeping quietly on the grass like this, as many as dozens.

In such an extremely harsh environment, the officers and men of the Red Army, with the revolutionary ideal of * * *, maintained strict fine discipline and optimistic revolutionary spirit, carried forward touching class friendship, did not collapse, did not disperse, shared joys and sorrows, overcame the difficulties of nature with great spiritual strength, and finally made a way out under the threat of death.

The Party History Research Office of Aba Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture in Sichuan Province once provided a document: during the three main forces of the Red Army crossing the snowy mountain grassland several times in two years, the number of non-combatants was more than 1 10,000. Zhang Wentian's wife, Liu Ying, said in her memoirs: The Red Army sacrificed the most when crossing the grass, and these seven days and seven nights were the most difficult days in the Long March. After walking out of the grass, I feel that I have returned to the world from the dead world.

Road insurance

The first is the hard road.

There is no road on the grass. Under the "magic carpet" of beautiful wild flowers and thick straw mats, there are human-eating traps everywhere.

A person is afraid of sleeping. Liang Cheng, the mother of the old Red Army, didn't understand the pressure at that time, but she learned it at the cost of her life: in order to increase the area and avoid sinking, two, three or more people must sleep back to back.

One foot can't stand up. Yuan Ziqing, the old Red Army, was already very careful. Are walking on the grass roots, or soft. Be very careful when pulling one foot up, or the weight will be on the other foot. If the force is too great, the grass may sink.

The most terrible thing is that once it sinks, nine times out of ten, there is only time to say goodbye; The most terrible thing is that when a person falls, others often fall with them when trying to save him.

As a result, the Red Army's long March across the grassland was so tragic again and again:

Hu Miandi, the old Red Army, saw with his own eyes that a soldier in the class was trapped, and immediately reached out and pulled another soldier to follow. The speed is very fast, and the mud is almost neck-less. The first trapped soldier exhausted his last strength, took off his military cap and waved it twice to bid farewell to his comrades. ...

Speaking of falling into the pit, Bin Xu, the old Red Army, blushed: "It's like a black mud river floating in the haystack, surrounded by mud, and you can't get around it. The troops in front are inexperienced and sink as soon as they intervene. Later, I learned to be smart and jumped from one haystack to another like a frog. But the problem is coming again. A haystack can only jump twice, and the third jump will break through the ground. So specially ordered, a haystack jump two people ... "

Secondly, it is highly toxic and hard to prevent. Grassland poison, the first poison is water.

When Liu Jinguo, the old Red Army, crossed the grass, his half leg was soaked in water, swollen and purulent, and the color was the same as the poisonous yellow water in the grass.

Before the mother of the old Red Army entered the grassland, each of the comrades prepared a small piece of black cloth to wrap her feet. When she walked out of the grassland, the cloth was completely soaked with poisonous water.

Lin Yuan, the old Red Army, remembers that when he stepped on the grass, black water would come out, and those with wounds on his feet would rot. His foot was not injured, but since then, all his toenails have fallen off.

Grass is poisonous, and the second poison is grass. At that time, Tao, an old Red Army military doctor, had seen such a thrilling scene: at that time, a platoon didn't eat for a few days, and suddenly it came across a piece of grass with big leaves, and everyone picked it and ate it. Soon, the whole platoon jumped and screamed, ran for a while and then fell down and never got up.

In order to test the poison, at that time, many soldiers fought bravely for the first place. Zhao Benqing, the old Red Army, couldn't help crying when he said it: "It was agreed that we should take turns to test the poison. One day it was my turn, but the purser took me to the cooking place and looked silly. I saw a veteran in charge of pulling wild vegetables lying beside the cauldron. Seeing us coming, he struggled to tell us not to eat any more. When the purser saw this, he scolded, "It was agreed that everyone would take turns to try it. Why didn't you listen?" He replied helplessly:' I am in charge of food, but I have nothing to cook for everyone, and my heart is already very sad. If the food I cook for everyone is poisonous, I will feel even more sad. So I ate first, just to save everyone ... "Before the words were finished, the veteran died. The quartermaster kept scolding the veteran for breaking the rules, but he burst into tears:' He is a good man, he is a good comrade ... "

Grassland is poisonous, and the most poisonous is Qi. Rotting swamp miasma, life is invisible. The old red army song remembers that the wake-up call rang one morning, but there was no movement in the tent. When he approached, several comrades were lying quietly, without breathing.

Monk, the old Red Army, remembers that a few days before he entered the grassland, he got up in the morning and saw a comrade-in-arms with a fat face. I didn't know it was edema, and everyone laughed. Who knows that when it comes to camping, fat people are gone.

The most uncomfortable thing is the next trip to the grassland. I can't laugh anymore when I see fat people. ...

The Red Army won in the difficult Long March;

Crossing the grassland, the history book says: "Crossing the grassland is a great miracle in Chinese and foreign military history. The difficulties encountered in marching on the grassland are unimaginable, almost exceeding the survival limit that the human body can bear. In the face of extreme difficulties and hardships, the officers and men of the Red Army have always maintained high passion, left difficulties and obstacles behind and bravely advanced. They rely on the noble sentiment of unity and mutual assistance, indomitable iron will, optimistic and enterprising revolutionary spirit and persistent pursuit of ideals and beliefs. With their own blood and lives, they played a magnificent triumph of unity and struggle. The people conquered the sky, wrote a generous sad song that was not afraid of difficulties and died, and wrote an immortal chapter of' revolutionary ideals are higher than the sky'. "

Crossing the grass is like the great man's rhetoric-from Pangu's creation to today's three emperors and five emperors, has there been a long March like ours in history? !

Climbing snow-capped mountains and crossing grasslands has become an important way for people to experience the spirit of the Long March today. However, the Red Army's trip to the snowy mountains and grasslands more than 70 years ago was undoubtedly the most tragic death March in human history.

At that time, the snow-capped mountains crossed by the Central Red Army mainly included Jin Jia Mountain, Mengding Mountain, Dagushan Mountain, Yakesha Mountain and Changde Mountain. The Red Second Army has crossed more than a dozen snow-capped mountains such as Yulong Snow Mountain, Big Snow Mountain, Haizi Mountain, Mabaya Mountain, Myra Mountain and Dege Queer Mountain. During the Long March, which lasted 1 years, the Red Fourth Front Army crossed five snow-capped mountains with an altitude of more than 4,400 meters, including Mengding Mountain and Jin Jia Mountain twice. In Qiao Qi Village at the foot of Jin Jia Mountain, the Red Army climbed over the Jin Jia Mountain Monument and stood among the mountains, facing the Jin Jia Mountain in the distance. Jin Jia Mountain, whose main peak is more than 4,950 meters above sea level, is regarded by local Tibetan compatriots as a sacred mountain that even birds can hardly fly over, and it is also the first big snow mountain that the Red Army crossed in the Long March.

On June 2nd, 1935, the 4th Regiment of the 1st 1 Division of the Central Red Army came to the mountainous area of Jin Jia as an advance team of the whole army, and began the most tragic journey on the Long March.

In mid-August, 1935, the Red Army soldiers were divided into two groups, starting from Zhuokeji and Maoergai respectively and entering the unpredictable grassland. The Central Red Army of nearly 20,000 people began to climb over the snow-capped mountains. By the end of August, after crossing the grass, there were only 8,000 people left in the central column and the first and third legions of the right wing, and about 5,000 people left in the fifth and ninth legions of the left wing, a decrease of more than 7,000 people.

1In September, 935, Zhang Gongming, who held the command of the Red Fourth Army, split the Red Army and led the Red Fourth Army that had just crossed the grassland and the Central Red Army that was partially incorporated into the Fourth Army to turn south.

1 in July, 936, when the Red Second and Sixth Army Corps arrived in Ganzi and joined the Red Fourth Army after1month of snow March, the number of 1000 troops decreased by more than 2,000.

"The whole division 1500 people, there are less than 700 people left out of the grass." Chen Hao, then deputy political commissar of the 10th Regiment of the Fourth Division of the Second Legion, said that the people who survived were also supported by the great strength formed by the friendship of war and the love of comrades. How many snow-capped mountains and how many warriors have turned into mountains?

How many warriors have been swallowed up by the extinct snow-capped mountains and barren water and grass fields? So far, there are no exact figures. The research by the Party History Research Office of Aba Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture in Sichuan Province shows that the three main forces of the Red Army lost at least 10,000 people in non-combat during the period of crossing the snowy mountains and grasslands several times in two years.

At an altitude of 4,800 meters, on the pass of the northern slope of Yakexia Mountain, a tomb of Red Army martyrs lies across the snow clouds.

1936, 12 Red Army soldiers were buried at the top of this snowy mountain on the eve of the victory of the Long March, and their bones were not discovered until 16 years later. Thus, there is the highest Red Army tomb in the world.