Knowledge of English grammar

English knowledge structure (2065438+September 6, 2004)

I. International Phonetic Alphabet: * * 48

(1) Vowel: 20 (the exhaled airflow is not hindered by the vocal organs)

(2) Consonant: 28 (exhaled airflow is blocked by vocal organs)

Two: morphology (types of words) (study various forms of words and their usage)

(1) noun: (1) noun category; ② Number of nouns; (3) Noun case; (4) the nature of nouns; ⑤ Noun usage; (6) Noun modifiers (7) Noun transformation

(2) Verb: (1) finite verb; (2) Non-finite verbs; ③ Verb tense; ④ Verb voice

(3) Adjectives: (1) Classification of adjectives; ② adjective function; (3) the position of adjectives; ④ Adjective comparative degree and superlative degree; (5) Collocation of adjectives and prepositions

(4) Times: (1) cardinal words; ② ordinal number; (3) word segmentation; ④ digital expression of time, date and age.

(5) Adverbs: (1) The composition, classification and function of adverbs: (2) the position of adverbs; ③ Adverb comparative degree and superlative degree.

(6) Pronouns: (1) personal pronouns; (2) possessive pronouns; (3) Reflexive pronouns; (4) demonstrative pronouns; ⑤ indefinite pronouns; 6) interactive pronouns; 7) interrogative pronouns; 8. connecting pronouns; The use of information technology

(7) Preposition: (1) Classification of prepositions; (2) Preposition object; (3) the function of prepositional phrases; (4) Preposition position; (5) the usage of prepositions; 6) Fixed collocation of prepositions

(8) Article: (1) indefinite article; (2) definite article; (3) zero articles; ④ the position of the article

(9) Conjunction (1) Conjunction constitutes (2) Conjunction position; (3) Equivalence conjunction (coordinate conjunction); ④ Subordinate conjunctions

(10) interjection: (1) definition of interjection; ② exclamation function; ③ the position of interjection

Syntax (Syntax is the study of sentence components, word order and sentence types)

(1) Subject: (1) Noun acts as; (2) noun phrases act as; (3) infinitive acts as; (4) Gerund acts as; (4) sentence as

(2) Predicate: (1) verb acts as; ② Verb phrases act as

(3) object: (1) noun acts as' (2) verb infinitive acts as; ③ Gerund acts as; (4) noun phrases act as; (5) the function of the sentence is

(4) Attribute: (1) adjective acts as; 2 adverbs act as; (3) Nouns act as; (4) Preposition phrases act as; (5) infinitive acts as; (6) Gerund acts as; A participle acts as a sentence.

(5) Adverbial: (1) adverb acts as; (2) Preposition phrases act as; (3) infinitive acts as; 4 participles act as; (5) the function of the sentence is

(6) Complement: (1) noun acts as; 2 noun phrases; (3) Adjective acts as; (4) Preposition phrases act as; (5) infinitive acts as; (6) Gerund acts as; ⑦ participle acts as; (7) The function of sentences is

(7) Parentheses: (1) infinitive; 2 prepositional phrases; ③ participle phrases

Fourth, sentence types.

(1) statement: (1) affirmative statement; ② Negative statement

(2) interrogative sentences: (1) general interrogative sentences; (2) choice questions; ③ Special interrogative sentences; ④ Interrogative question

(3) imperative sentence: (1) imperative sentence; (2) Functions of imperative sentences; ③ Emphasize imperative sentences.

4 exclamatory sentences; (1) exclamatory sentence; (2) exclamatory sentence function; (3) Emphasis of exclamatory sentences (4) Omission of exclamatory sentences

Fifth, the sentence structure

(1) simple sentence: (1) subject+predicate; (2) subject +BE/ connecting verb+predicate; (3) Subject+Predicate+Object; (4) Subject+Predicate+Indirect Object+Direct Object; (5) Subject+Predicate+Object+Object Complement

(2) Complex sentence: (1) indicates additive relation; (2) indicates the selection relationship; (3) the contrast of table transformation; ④ Table causal relationship

(3) compound sentence: (1) noun clause; 2 attributive clauses; ③ Adverbial clause

Sixth, verb classification.

(1) finite verbs: (1) notional verbs (2) auxiliary verbs (3) connecting verbs (4) modal verbs.

(2) Non-finite verb: (1) infinitive; ② Gerund; (3) present participle; ④ past participle

Seven. Restrictive verb

(1) notional verbs: (1) transitive verbs; ② intransitive verbs

(2) Auxiliary verb: (1) be; (2) indeed; 3 do it; (4) already; ⑤ Have; [6] Zeng

(3) Conjunctive verb: (1) indicates sensory verb; (2) verbs indicating changes; ③ Verb indicating result

(4) Modal verb: (1) Should/Should/Will/May/Can/Can/Must/Dare.

Eight. Non-finite verb:

(1) infinitive: (1) as the subject; ② As an object; (3) as a predicative; (4) as an attribute; ⑤ as an adverbial

(6) as a supplement;

(2) Gerund: (1) as the subject; ② As an object; (3) as a predicative; (4) as an attribute; ⑤ as an adverbial

(6) as a supplement;

(3) Present participle: (1) as predicative; (2) as an attribute; (3) as an adverbial; ④ As a supplement;

(4) Past participle: (1) as attribute; (2) as a predicative; (3) as an adverbial; ④ As a supplement.

Nine. Verb voice

(1) Active voice: the subject is the sender of the action; The object is the recipient of the action.

(2) Passive voice: the subject is the receiver of the action; The object is the sender of the action.

(3) Active-passive conversion: subject and object exchange positions,

(4) Notice of passive voice: omit the infinitive of "TO" and add "TO"

X. verb tense

(1) General present tense: (1) indicates the state am/is/are/; ② indicates action do/does.

Present continuous tense: am/being/being+being done.

The present perfect tense: has/has+completed.

The present perfect continuous tense: I have been doing it

(5) General past tense: (1) indicates that the state is was/were/; (2) indicates that the action is done.

Past continuous tense: was/ were +doing

Past perfect tense: already+completed.

Past perfect continuous tense: I have been doing it.

Simple future tense: will/will/will do.

Future continuous tense: should/will/will do.

Future perfect tense: should/will+have done/will do.

(12) Future perfect continuous tense: shall/ will+has been doing.

Past tense and future tense: should/will do/have/will do.

Past and future continuous tense: what should/will be done

Past and future perfect tense: should/will/have/will be completed.

The past and future perfect continuous tense should, will,/have, and will always be done.

Eleven, simple sentence structure (five basic sentence structures)

(1) subject+predicate

② Subject+Predicate+Predicate

(3) Subject+Predicate+Object (verb followed by object)

(4) Subject+Predicate+Indirect Object+Direct Object (verb followed by double object)

(5) Subject+Predicate+Object+Object Complement (verb followed by compound object)

XI。 Types of complex sentence structures

(1) means addition, equivalence (1) and the same, and; Not only ... but also ... and; Neither ... nor ... nor ... (4) So, so (5) is there, so, so (6) and, are the same.

(2) indicates a choice: (1) or; ② Otherwise; (3) Otherwise; (4) Any kind of ... or .....

(3) indicates a turning point. Contrast: (1) But; ② Not yet; 3 static; ④ However; ⑤ Despite this; (6) when; In view of

(4) Causality: (1)SO is used to indicate the result; (2) Used to express reasons.

12. Structure type of complex sentence: (1) coordinate complex sentence; ② Subordinate complex sentences

(1) Noun clause: (1) subordinate conjunction that/what:(2) interrogative pronoun who/ who /what/ where; (3) Where is the interrogative adverb when? Why; how

(2) Attributive clause: (1) restrictive attribute; ② Non-restrictive attribute

(3) adverbial clause (1) time adverbial clause; ② adverbial clause of place; ③ Conditional adverbial clauses; (4) adverbial clause of reason; (5) adverbial clause of purpose; 6) Adverbial clause of result; (7) comparative adverbial clauses; 8) Adverbial clause of mode

adverbial clause

Thirteen. substantive clause

(1) subject clause: (1) subordinate conjunction that/what:(2) interrogative pronoun who/who/what/which; (3) Where is the interrogative adverb when? Why; how

(2) object clause: (1) that; ② Whether/if; 3 what; (4) which ones; ⑤ How to proceed; why

(3) Predicative clause: (1) that/what; Whose/whose/what/which/; When/where/why/how; Like/like/; as /

(4) appositive clause: (1) that; 2 why; (3)who (common noun; Facts, news, ideas, hopes, ideas, questions)

Fourteen, attributive clauses

(1) restrictive attributive clause: (1) relative pronoun who/ who/who/which/that; ② Relative adverb "When/Where/Why"

(2) Non-restrictive attributive clauses

Fourteen, adverbial clauses

Adverbial clause of time: (1) before before ...; (2) After the passage; ③ When and when ...; (4) as a pawn, and ...); When ...; Since 6 years ...; (7) Tilting or farming; Being at any time; Once ...

Adverbial clause of place: (1) Where ...; No matter where

(3) Conditional adverbial clause: commonly used subordinate conjunction (1)if; 2 unless; , if not endless; ③ Hypothesis; Support; (4) hypothesis; ; (5) If provided; ; As long as, as long as

(4) Cause adverbial clause: (1) Because; (2) since, because; 3 due to; such being the case

(5) Purpose adverbial clause: commonly used subordinate conjunctions; (1) That leads to; For, for; 3 fear, fear; Lest, lest

(6) Resultant adverbial clause: (1); (2) Therefore, the result of (2) makes; 3 So ... that's so ... that; 4 So ... that ... that.

(7) Comparative adverbial clauses: the commonly used subordinate conjunctions (1) are more than ...; (2) as ... as; ; It's not like this ... it's different from ... ④ The more ... the more. .....

(8) adverbial clauses of mode: subordinate conjunctions (1) are often used as ...; ; ② Justness; As if, as if

(9) Adverbial clause: commonly used subordinate conjunction (1) through; (2) although; 3 although 3 as; (4) Even if, even if; ⑤ Whether ... or ... Where ... or; In any case; Anyway ... no matter ...; Anyway.

Absolute structure: it is a special structure, which can be understood as a phrase used as an adverbial in a sentence, and it mainly consists of two parts; Logical subject+logical predicate, the logical subject has nouns and pronouns, and the logical predicate consists of non-predicate verbs and adjectives; Adverbs; Preposition phrase; Nouns act as. Absolute structure is used to modify the whole sentence.

Sixteen. Definition and usage of direct speech and indirect speech

(1) Direct quotation: Direct quotation by others is called direct quotation.

(2) Indirect Speech: Words that convey the meaning of others in their own words are called indirect speech.

(3) Conversion method: (1) indirect statement-that is, guiding the object clause; (2) Indirect interrogative sentences-using what/if, interrogative pronouns and interrogative adverbs to guide object clauses; (3) Indirect imperative sentence —— The predicate verb of imperative sentence is changed to infinitive as object complement, and the original sentence quoted verb say should be changed to ask, tell, order, beg and advise. The negative sentence needs to be preceded by an infinitive, and the imperative sentence of not means that the suggestion needs to be changed to a hint/suggestion ... structure; (4) exclamatory sentences can be guided by what or how or that.

17. Types of emotions

(1) Complaining tone: used to state facts and possible things, including affirmation, negation, doubt and exclamation.

(2) imperative mood: used to make requests, invitations, suggestions, instructions and warning orders to the other party.

(3) subjunctive mood: used to indicate that what is said is not a fact or an impossible situation, but a wish, a suggestion, a hypothesis contrary to the fact, etc.

18. subjunctive mood: (1) the subjunctive mood of the past; (2) Virtual to the present; ③ Virtual future

(1) True conditional sentence: A true conditional sentence means that the hypothetical situation is possible.

(2) Fictitious conditional sentence: If the hypothetical situation is impossible or unlikely to happen, it is an untrue conditional sentence. (1) indicates the subjunctive mood contrary to the present fact: (2) indicates the subjunctive mood contrary to the past fact; (3) subjunctive mood contrary to future facts; (3) the subjective desire to express a complete hypothesis.

(3) The usage of subjunctive mood in 14 subordinate complex sentence: (1)it is/was important (necessary, assignable, appropriate, desirable, etc. )+that ... should (meaning should), it is necessary for you to seize every possible opportunity/it is appropriate to conduct an independent investigation.

What is surprising (natural, incredible, strange, surprising, etc.) ... should be done (meaning unexpectedly). You (should) don't understand me/it's strange that tourists (should) never visit this place (3) suggest (request, demand, command, proposal, decision, etc.) ... that people should drink more boiled water.

(4) I meant to do it, but I didn't do it: pay attention to the past perfect tense of the verbs hope, want, plan, mean, intentions and expect and the past tense+of these verbs all indicate hopes, plans and intentions that have not been realized in the past.

(5) Things that should/will/want to be done in the past and future; What I have done/will do; What should have been done; It's better to have done it, rather to have done it, and other structures indicate that we should have done something but didn't.

(5)If only structure: using subjunctive mood, it means "If only ..." If only I were younger.

Expressing wishes and other information: I hope you came to the party yesterday.

(7) time suggestion method; Tone suggestion method; Keywords and sentence pattern hints

Nineteen, special sentence patterns

Have a structure: (1) Yes/Yes/Once; ② There are/will be; (3) there have been; It seems/happens to have/exist/happen.

(2) Inverted sentence: (1) completely inverted; ② Semi-inverted; (3) rhetorical questions; ④ There is inversion; The first sentence is here and here; There; ; Now; ; Then; ; Such and such; ; Adverbs such as BE, COME, GO, etc. Used before the verb, the subject should be postpositioned; (6) Never; ; Not only; Until not until; ; Almost none; ; Almost none; ; Just ... hardly; ; First ... use the inverted word order at the beginning of negative words, such as no faster ... when ...; Once, the same is true; Not really; The word order of sentences or coordinate clauses that do not start here or there should be reversed; (8) In the subjunctive conditional sentence, omit IF and use the inverted word order; (9) In adverbial clauses with AS guidance, as can be placed between the predicate and the predicate; (9) Use reverse word order in sentences where prepositional phrases are predicative or predicative. (10) Use the inverted word order. May you succeed in some sentences expressing your wishes! May you all be happy!

(3) the structure of stressed sentences: (1) structure IT IS+ emphasis part+that/who; (1) can emphasize the subject; (2) Adverbials of place or time can be emphasized; (3) The object can be emphasized;

(4) Elliptic sentence structure: (1) Simply omitting the subject, predicate and predicate; (2) Repetition is omitted in complex sentences; (3) In complex sentences, when expressing time, place, conditions, ways, comparisons and adverbial clauses, if the predicate contains the verb BE, the subject is the same as the subject of the main sentence, or the subject is it, some subjects and predicates in the clauses are often omitted.

(5) Bracket structure: (1) adjectives and descriptive phrases brackets; ② Adverbs and adverb phrase parenthesis

(3) Preposition phrase brackets; ④ participle phrase brackets; ⑤ infinitive phrase parenthesis; (6) Parentheses of single sentences or clauses; Position of brackets

[6] separation structure:

(1) Usage occasions of clutch sentences: (1) Idioms; (2) avoid ambiguity; (3) In order to grasp the key points of the sentence and avoid top-heaviness; (4) Insert modifiers, because the modified words are embedded in another structure, so they often have to be separated.

(2) Separation of components: (1) separation of subject and predicate; (2) separation of verb and object; (3) separation of preposition and object; (4) The attribute is separated from the modifier; (5) Separation of attributive clauses and antecedents; [6] Indefinite separation

(7) Reduction method and structural analysis method

Twenty, the subject and predicate are consistent

(1) Principle of subject-predicate agreement 3: (1) Principle of grammatical agreement; (2) the principle of consistency of meaning; ③ Proximity principle

(2) The subject is specific words, phrases and clauses: (1) indefinite pronouns; ② collective noun; (3) Nouns end in plural; (4) Nouns with modifiers; (5) Nominalization adjectives; (6) Non-predicate verb phrases and clauses; 7) representing a metric; Price; Time; Words of equal length

(3) The coordinate structure as the subject: (1)and, both ... and; Every ... every ... every ... and every; ③ Not ... but ... not only ... but ...; (4) Or, either ... or ..., neither ... nor.

Twenty-one, situational communication terminology

(1) social class

(1) greetings and replies: (1) general greetings; ② Long time no see; (3) Greetings to work, study, life and health. Greeting answer

(2) Introduction and response: (1) Understand both; ② Introduce yourself; (3) the answer to the introduction;

(3) Farewell and response: (1) Hint and farewell; (2) prompt the answer; (3) when saying goodbye; (4) Ask others to convey greetings when saying goodbye; see you again

(4) Thank you and reply: (1) Thank you; 2 answer thanks;

(5) Apology, regret, sympathy and response: (1) Apologize; (2) an apology answer; (3) regret and sympathy

(6) Invitation and response: (1) Invitation; (2) the reply to the invitation;

(7) Wish, congratulations and reply: (1) Express wishes; (2) Best wishes for special occasions (festivals, birthdays, etc.). ); 3 congratulations; (4) Congratulations to the third party; Answers to wishes and congratulations

(8) Request permission and reply: (1) Request permission; (2) the reply to the license request;

Offer (help, etc.). ) and reply: (1) Offer to help; (2) providing a helpful answer;

(10) Answer: (

(1 1) Appointment: (1) Request an appointment; (2) set the appointment time; (3) Answer the appointment request and appointment time

(12) Call: (1) Find someone to answer the phone; (2) ask the other party's name; (3) tell the other person your name; (4) ask the other party to wait; Write down/transmit information; (6) tell others that he has a phone number; Once others.

(13) Asking for directions Answer: (1) Asking for directions; 2 guide the way;

(14) Talking about the weather: (1) Asking about the weather; ② Talking about the weather; 3 comment on the weather; ④ Talking about temperature;

(15) Language difficulty: (1) I didn't hear or understand clearly; ② require pronunciation.

(16) Reminder and warning: (1) Reminder; (2) Warning

(17) comments and suggestions: (1) suggestions; 2 suggestions; (3) Reply to comments and suggestions

(18) Dining: (1) The host answers the guests; (2) the guest's address to the host;

(19) See a doctor: (1) The doctor asked about the condition; (2) explain the condition; (3) doctor's examination; (4) Explain the diagnosis results; ⑤ Medical advice

(20) Shopping: (1) Shop assistants greet customers; (2) the customer's answer to the clerk's greeting; (3) the clerk asks the customer about the situation; (4) the customer asks the clerk about the situation; ⑤ Asking about the price; (6) Answer to price consultation

(2) Attitude category:

(1) Agree and disagree: (1) Agree; ② Disagree;

(2) Like and dislike: (1) Like; ② disgust

(3) Affirmation and uncertainty: (1) Affirmation; ② Uncertainty

(4) Possibility and impossibility: (1) Possibility; ② Impossible.

(5) Can and can't: (1) Yes; ② No.

(6) Prohibitions and objections:

(7) Judgments and opinions:

(8) Will and intention:

(9) Blame and complain:

(3) Emotional category: (1) Joy; 2 surprises; ③ Anxiety; ④ Comfort; ⑤ Satisfaction; [6] Regret; Once sympathy; Being disappointed; 9. Depression