Comprehensive information on adenine nucleoside triphosphate

Adenine nucleoside triphosphate (adenosine triphosphate for short) is an unstable high-energy compound composed of 1 molecule of adenine, 1 molecule of ribose and 3 molecules of phosphate groups. Also known as adenosine triphosphate, referred to as ATP.

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP adenosine triphosphate) is composed of adenine, ribose and three phosphate groups. It releases more energy when hydrolyzed and is the most direct source of energy in the body. Basic introduction Chinese name: Adenine nucleoside triphosphate English name: Adenosine triphosphate Chinese alias: 5'-adenosine triphosphate, adenosine triphosphate English abbreviation: ATP CAS number: 56-65-59000-83-3 EINECS number: 200-283 -2 Molecular weight: 507.18 Molecular formula: C10H16N5O13P3 Substance information, simplified molecular formula, energy substances, physiological functions, metabolism, anaerobic metabolism, aerobic metabolism, ATP in the human body, regeneration and transformation, coordination principle, Substance information alias: adenosine triphosphate in English Name: 5'-Adenylate triphosphate; Adenosine 5'-triphosphate; [(2R, 3S, 4R, 5R)-5-(6-Aminopurin-9-yl)-3, 4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methyl (hydroxy -phosphonooxyphosphoryl) hydrogen phosphate; ATP The elemental composition of the simplified molecular formula of ATP is: C, H, O, N, P, the simplified molecular formula is A-P~P~P, A in the formula represents adenosine, and T represents three (English The starting letter of triple is T), P represents a phosphate group, "-" represents an ordinary phosphate bond, and "~" represents a special chemical bond, called a high-energy phosphate bond (a phosphate bond with an energy greater than 29.32kJ/mol is called a high-energy phosphate bond). It has 2 high-energy phosphate bonds and 1 ordinary phosphate bond. The energy for synthesizing ATP, for animals, humans, fungi and most bacteria, comes from the energy released by cells during respiration; for green plants, in addition to respiration, during photosynthesis, ADP synthesizes ATP Light energy is also used. ATP is broken by the "~" (high-energy phosphate bond) farthest from A (adenosine) under the action of ATP hydrolase, and ATP is hydrolyzed into ADP Pi (free phosphate group) energy. When ATP molecules are hydrolyzed, it actually refers to the hydrolysis of high-energy phosphate bonds in the ATP molecules. The energy released when high-energy phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed is as much as 30.54kJ/mol, so ATP is a high-energy phosphate compound in cells. ATP is a high-energy phosphate compound. In cells, it can mutually convert with ADP to store and release energy, thus ensuring the energy supply for various life activities of cells. There are two main ways to generate ATP: one is that cells containing chloroplasts in plants generate ATP during the light reaction stage of photosynthesis; the other is that all living cells can generate ATP through cellular respiration. Energy Substances Muscles store a variety of energy substances, mainly adenosine triphosphate (ATP), creatine phosphate (CP), muscle glycogen and fat. Physiological Functions Physical exercise accelerates the consumption of energy substances in the body, promotes the decomposition and synthesis of substances in the body, enables tissue cells to receive more nutritional supplements than the original level, and the organism acquires more vigorous activity capabilities, thereby enabling the body to continue to develop and improve. This This is the basic principle that physical exercise promotes healthy development of the body. Physical exercise consumes energy substances in the body. After a period of rest, the energy substances in the body can recover or even exceed the original level. This change is called excess recovery. The extent and timing of excess recovery depend on the amount of exercise.

The greater the amount of exercise within a certain range, the more energy and substances are consumed in the body, and the greater the extent of over-recovery, but the time required is also longer. When the body is in the over-recovery stage, a second appropriate exercise and rest are required. It can gradually increase the body's energy supply level, thereby continuously improving the human body's exercise capacity. Long-term exercise is performed under the conditions of aerobic metabolism and relies on fat metabolism to provide energy. Therefore, aerobic exercise is an effective way to consume fat and achieve weight loss. Anaerobic metabolic capacity is an important basis for speed quality. Methods for developing anaerobic metabolic capacity in physical education classes generally use intermittent exercises and continuous exercises. Intermittent exercise mainly develops the energy supply capacity of the ATP-CP system. Generally, each exercise should be within 30 seconds, take a 1 to 3 minute active rest, and then perform appropriate exercises to improve speed quality. Continuous practice mainly develops the supply capacity of the lactic acid system. Generally, each exercise lasts for more than 30 seconds, and each rest period is shorter, which can improve speed endurance. Aerobic metabolic capacity is the body's ability to perform aerobic exercise for a long time. The key to developing aerobic metabolism lies in adequate oxygen supply, that is, the maximum value of oxygen absorbed and utilized by the human body per unit time - the maximum oxygen consumption. The maximum oxygen consumption is closely related to the blood circulation carrying and transporting oxygen per unit time. Therefore, the quality of cardiopulmonary function directly affects the maximum oxygen consumption. By using exercises with low or medium intensity and longer duration, since the body can get sufficient oxygen supply for aerobic oxidation and energy supply, it can improve aerobic metabolism and thus improve cardiopulmonary function. The body's energy supply methods during exercise can be divided into two categories: one is anaerobic energy supply, that is, in the absence of oxygen or relatively insufficient oxygen supply, it mainly relies on the decomposition of ATP and CP and the anaerobic glycolysis of glycogen for energy supply. (That is, glycogen is decomposed into lactic acid without oxygen and supplies energy to the body). This type of exercise can only last for a short period of time (about 1 to 3 minutes). All-out running and short-distance sprinting below 800 meters are all anaerobic energy-supplying sports. The other type is aerobic energy supply, that is, the energy during exercise mainly comes from the aerobic oxidation of glycogen (fat, protein). Due to sufficient oxygen supply during exercise, glycogen can be completely decomposed and a large amount of energy is released, so it can last for a long time. Such sports include running over 5,000 meters, swimming over 1,500 meters, jogging, walking, disco, ballroom dancing, cycling, Tai Chi, etc. From this, we can get a simple revelation: that is, high-intensity exercise cannot last for a long time, and the total energy consumption is small, so it is not an ideal way to lose weight; while lower-intensity exercise has sufficient oxygen supply and can last for a long time. The longer the time, the more total energy consumption, which is more conducive to weight loss. The ultimate goal of weight loss is to consume excess body fat, not to reduce water or other components. Adenosine triphosphate metabolism Anaerobic metabolism During strenuous exercise, the body is in a state of temporary hypoxia. The metabolic process of energy substances in the hypoxic state is called anaerobic metabolism. It includes the following two energy supply systems. ①Non-lactatergic (ATP-CP) system-generally can maintain muscle activity for 10 seconds anaerobic metabolism ②lactatergic system-generally can maintain muscle activity for 1 to 3 minutes Non-lactatergic (ATP-CP) system and lactatergic system are The main way to supply energy to muscles when engaging in short-term, strenuous exercise. The time it takes for ATP to release energy for muscle contraction is only 1 to 3 seconds, relying on the decomposition of CP to provide energy. However, the PC content in the muscle can only provide the energy decomposed after ATP synthesis to sustain muscle contraction for 6 to 8 seconds. Therefore, fast activities within 10 seconds mainly rely on the ATP-CP system to supply energy for muscle contraction. The lactic acid energy system is when strenuous exercise continues. The muscle glycogen in the muscles undergoes glycolysis in a hypoxic state. After a series of chemical reactions, lactic acid is finally produced in the body and energy is released for muscle contraction. This metabolic process can provide about 1 to 3 minutes of muscle contraction time. Aerobic metabolism is the complete oxidation and decomposition of liver glycogen or fat under sufficient oxygen conditions, eventually generating a large amount of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and water (H 2 O), while releasing energy and generating ATP, which is called an aerobic oxidation system.

ATP in the human body: There are about 50.7g of ATP in the human body, which can only sustain strenuous exercise for 0.3 seconds. ATP and ADP can be quickly converted to maintain a balance. The process of converting ADP into ATP requires energy. The conversion of ADP into ATP is the main source of energy required. When ADP combines with a phosphate group and obtains 8 kcal of energy, ATP can be formed. For animals, humans, fungi and most bacteria, it comes from the energy released by the decomposition of organic matter during cell respiration. For green plants, in addition to relying on the energy released by respiration, light energy is also used to convert ADP into ATP during photosynthesis in the chloroplast. When ATP is hydrolyzed, ADP is formed and a phosphate radical is released, simultaneously releasing energy. This energy will be used in cells. The movement caused by muscle contraction, the activity of nerve cells, and all other activities in the organism use the energy generated when ATP is hydrolyzed. Regeneration and transformation ATP is easily regenerated in cells, so it is a continuous source of energy. This process in which the energy released by exergonic reactions is used for endergonic reactions through the hydrolysis and synthesis of ATP is called the ATP cycle. Because ATP is a commonly used carrier of energy in cells, it is often called the energy currency in cells. ATP connects photosynthesis, metabolism and genetics. The energy supply mechanism for the mutual conversion of ATP and ADP in cells is unique in the biological world. From the perspective of bioenergetics, ATP is the core of the biochemical system, that is, various biochemical cycles (such as Calvin cycle, glycolysis and tricarboxylic acid cycle, etc.) are coupled with ATP, or ATP-ADP Coupled with various metabolisms (synthesis and decomposition). ATP is the only product of the conversion of light energy into chemical energy, and the genetic system is part of the biochemical system. Therefore, ATP is considered to have played a key role in the origin of the genetic code. Coordination principle (1) Since there is N element on the imidazole ring and benzene ring, as well as the N element on the amino group on the benzene ring, they all have lone pairs of electrons. When metal ions are added to the solution, coordination may occur. bit reaction. (2) There is competition between hydrogen ions and metal ions in acidic solutions (metal ions may be protonated), that is, the hydrogen ion concentration is too high. (3) The coordination abilities of the N element on the benzene ring, imidazole ring and amino group are different. The stronger the coordination ability, the easier it is for coordination reactions with metal ions.